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FAMILY Clariidae Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758); Native; Walking Catfish; Found in river basins across the Philippines; Alcala et al., 2010, Guerrero 2014, Kottelat 2013; LC Clarias fuscus (Lacepède, 1803); Native; Hongkong Catfish; Found in wetlands and river basins of Luzon and Visayas Island groups; ANSP 63701; Kottelat 2013; LC Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822); Introduced; North African Catfish; Introduced to river basins across the Philippines; Guerrero 2014, Garcia et al., 2018; LC Clarias macrocephalus Günther, 1864; Native; Bighead Catfish; Found in river basins across the Philippines; ANSP-FISH 63702; Kottelat 2013; DD Clarias meladerma Bleeker, 1846; Native; Blackskin Catfish; Found in river basins of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao Island groups; Kottelat 2013; LC Clarias nieuhofii Valenciennes, 1840; Native; Slender Walking Catfish; Found in river basins of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao Island groups; USNM 55620; Kottelat 2013; LC

Jamandre, Brian Wade (2023): Freshwater fishes of the Philippines: a provisional checklist. Zootaxa 5301 (2): 151-181, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5301.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5301.2.1

Tan, Heok Hui, Sukri, Rahayu Sukmaria, Kahar, Rafhiah, Dommain, René (2023): First record of Encheloclarias (Teleostei: Clariidae) from Brunei Darussalam with notes on the taxonomic status of E. baculum Ng & Lim, 1993, and E. prolatus Ng & Lim, 1993. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 237-247, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0018

Chan, Jeffery C.F., Tsang, Alphonse H.F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C.H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David, Liew, Jia Huan (2023): The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 128-168, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012

Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) (Fig. 17) Distribution. Plover Cove Reservoir, Kowloon Reception Reservoir (Lai, 2011); Ho Chung River (DSD, 2021); Ng Tung River (GBIF.org, 2021); Ko Po area (Fanling); Kam Tin River, Tin Shui Wai River, Aberdeen Upper Reservoir, Aberdeen Lower Reservoir, Kowloon Reservoir, Kowloon Byewash Reservoir, Tai Lam Chung Reservoir, Shing Mun Reservoir, Lower Shing Mun Reservoir, Pok Fu Lam Reservoir, Wong Nai Chung Reservoir, Tai Tam Byewash Reservoir, Tsing Tam Reservoir, High Island Reservoir (H.T. Cheng, pers. comm., 2021); Tan Shan River, Tung Tsz Stream, Lam Tsuen River (current survey). Native range. Central and South America. Remarks. These records might comprise several species, which are not identifiable to species level due to complex taxonomy and hybridisation (Wu et al., 2011)., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 139, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765, {"references":["Lai SYH (2011) Reservoir fishes of Hong Kong with remarks on conservation options. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, (27): 63 - 82.","Wu LW, Liu CC & Lin SM (2011) Identification of exotic sailfin catfish species (Pterygoplichthys, Loricariidae) in Taiwan based on morphology and mtDNA sequences. Zoological Studies, 50 (2): 235 - 246."]}

Tan, Zhi Wan, Toh, Elysia X. P., Cai, Yixiong, Tan, Heok Hui, Yeo, Darren C. J. (2023): Discovery of Encheloclarias (Teleostei: Clariidae) from Singapore, with notes on morphology and distribution. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 196-206, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0015

Bernt, Maxwell J., Stiassny, Melanie L.J. (2022): A New Species of Air-breathing Catfish (Clariidae: Clarias) from Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo. American Museum Novitates 2022 (3990): 1-20, DOI: 10.1206/3990.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2022/issue-3990/3990.1/A-New-Species-of-Air-Breathing-Catfish-Clariidae--Clarias/10.1206/3990.1.full

Clarias gariepinus: Benin: AMNH 235815, 2, 146–147, Mono River at Agbannankin. Democratic Republic of Congo: Bas Congo: AMNH 246957, 55, 16–342, Luozi River, about 2 km from Luozi, 4°55′1.4″S, 14°5′29.4″E. Clarias jaensis: Republic of Congo: Niari: AMNH 264353, 1, 253, tributary of the Nyanga River west of Mayoko. AMNH 264352, 1, 219, Léala River (tributary of Louessé River), 2°13′27.8″S, 12°49′9.8″E. Clarias laeviceps: Liberia: AMNH 59064, 4, 183–304, small stream in mountainside, 1 km east, 12 km north of Zigida, Wologizi Mountains, St. Paul’s River drainage. Clarias liocephalus: Uganda: AMNH 216262, 2, 106–181, Lake Nabugabo to Juma River (Lake Victoria drainage). Clarias pachynema: Cameroon: AMNH 236519, 4, 117–189, Pont So’o, confluence of So’o and Fala Rivers, Nyong Basin. Gabon: Haute-Ogooue: AMNH 211416, 2, 170-173, Mopia, Franceville. Ogooue-Ivindo: AMNH 263005, 2, 46–77, Bale Creek on border of Ivindo National Park at Impassa. Republic of Congo: Kouilou: AMNH 258345, 2, 126–130, Npakou (Emissaire Lac Ndembo), 4°21′14.6″S, 11°38′15.2″E. Clarias platycephalus: Democratic Republic of Congo: Kasai Occidental: AMNH 247473, 1, 269, Tshina River, 6°12′6″S, 22°44′4.2″E. Clarias stappersii: Democratic Republic of Congo: Orientale: AMNH 6492, 1, 220, Dungu River at Faradje, Uele River drainage, (Ubangi, Middle Congo River). Zambia: Luapula: CUMV 91263, 1, 165, Lwela River at bridge on Mansa-? Road, 11°33′25.2″S, 29°10′10.2″E. Clarias theodorae: Zambia: Western Province: AMNH 215586, 5, 83–192, Barotse floodplain, 1 km west of Sefula. Clarias werneri: Uganda: AMNH 216263, 2, 165–176, Lake Nabugabo. Dinotopterus cunningtoni: Tanzania: CUMV 82794, 1, 242, Lake Tanganyika, Jakobsen’s Beach near Kigoma, 4°54′36.39″S, 29°35′51.96″E. Heterobranchus longifilis: Central African Republic: AMNH 230730, 1, 266, Bamingui River, Bamingui-Bangoran National Park, 7°30′N, 19°50′E. Xenoclarias eupogon: Uganda: AMNH 71860, 4, 174–200, Lake Victoria, east of Dagusi Island., Published as part of Bernt, Maxwell J. & Stiassny, Melanie L. J., 2022, A New Species of Air-breathing Catfish (Clariidae: Clarias) from Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo, pp. 1-20 in American Museum Novitates 2022 (3990) on page 18, DOI: 10.1206/3990.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7160977

Clarias monsembulai, new species Figures 2–5, table 1 Clarias buthupogon (in part): Monsembula Iyaba and Stiassny (2013). HOLOTYPE: AMNH 244176, 1, 226 mm SL, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equateur, Salonga National Park, Luilaka River at Ilenge, 2°35′ 47″S, 21°34′ 36″E. R. J.C. Monsembula Iyaba, 11 November 2007. PARATYPES: AMNH 244163, 1, 244 mm SL; Yenge River ca. Boyenga, 1°03′50″S, 20°44′44″E; AMNH 252236, 3, 164–193 mm SL; small stream at Katanyongo, near Salonga National Park, 2°08′10.7″S, 21°07′9.5″E; AMNH 244162, 1, 183 mm SL; Salonga River at Watsikengo; AMNH 252219, 2, 187–231 mm SL; Salonga National Park at Bekongo, 1°54′42.74″S, 20°51′11.35″E; AMNH 244164, 1, 127 mm SL, Luilaka River, beach at Monkoto; AMNH 252267, 1, 179 mm SL, Mpongo, large stream ca. 2 kilometers from Luilaka River, near Salonga National Park, 1°55′19.9″ S, 20°51′49.8″E; AMNH 252222, 1, 167 mm SL; Luilaka River at Lokaka in Salonga National Park, 2°0′24.9″S, 20°58′6.2″E; RMCA 2022-019 -P-0001-0002, 2, 143–172 mm SL, Salonga River at Watsikengo. NONTYPE SPECIMENS: AMNH 242721, 14, 54–81 mm SL, small tributary of Luilaka River near Monkoto in Salonga National Park, 1°45′0″S, 20°40′49.9″E. DIAGNOSIS: Clarias monsembulai can be distinguished from all congeners, with the exception of C. buthupogon, by its exceptionally long maxillary barbels (60% of standard length or greater) vs. maxillary barbels less than 60% SL (usually considerably less). It differs from C. buthupogon in the absence of fine, pale spots over the surface of the body and by an exposed bony surface of the cleithrum reaching 14%–20% of head length (vs. cleithrum deeply imbedded in soft tissue with only a narrow bony ridge visible externally). Clarias monsembulai can be further differentiated from C. angolensis, the species with which it shares closest phenotypic similarity, by longer nasal barbels (37%–51% SL vs. 22%–34% SL), longer internal mandibular barbels (29–37% SL vs. 16–27% SL), longer external mandibular barbels (45%–57% SL vs. 24%–40% SL); and by the coloration of maxillary barbels which are white or cream-colored distally over more than half of their length (vs. brown or gray over more than half their length). DESCRIPTION: Morphometrics summarized in table 1. Maximum observed total length 270 mm (standard length 244 mm). Head broad, depressed with slightly convex dorsal profile, snout rounded. Anterior nares tubular, medial to posterior nares and nasal barbels. Mouth subterminal, lips and bases of barbels papillose. Four pairs of barbels, all extending beyond dorsal fin origin. Barbels rounded at base, becoming flat, ellipsoid in cross section. Body cylindrical between head and anal fin origin, becoming laterally compressed posteriorly. Dorsal fin with 80–86 rays, originating a short distance (less than 10% SL) behind supraoccipital process. Anal fin with 57–61 rays, origin nearly equidistant from snout tip and caudal fin base. Dorsal and anal fins not confluent with caudal fin. Pectoral fin with robust spine and 10–12 rays. Spine sharply pointed with slight posterior curve. Strong serration present on both anterior and posterior margins. Serrae angled proximally, larger on posterior margin, increasing in number with body size. Pelvic fins present on all specimens examined, with six rays. Caudal fin rounded, with 18–22 rays. Elements of skull and pectoral girdle shown in figure 3. Neurocranium robustly ossified. Fourth infraorbital contacting suprapreopercle in all specimens examined (80–244 mm SL). Frontal fontanel long and narrow (knife shaped). Supraoccipital fontanel narrowly oblong, supraoccipital process sharply pointed in both juveniles and adults. Premaxillary and vomerine tooth plates similar in width, about 30% of head length. Premaxillary teeth villiform. Vomerine toothplate with short posterior median process, teeth subgranular. Dentary teeth villiform, extending over half of dorsal surface, nearly reaching coronoid process. First branchial arch with 16–18 slender gill rakers. Second and fourth arches diverticulate, forming arborescent suprabranchial organ (fig. 4). Rosette on second arch with few branches, not overlapping larger, more extensively, branched rosette on fourth arch. Respiratory organ occupies approximately one fourth of suprabranchial chamber volume. Seven or eight branchiostegal rays. Urohyal trifurcate, lateral processes longer than posteromedial process. Cleithrum superficial, visible externally as striated bony band at isthmus (fig. 5). Coracoid with single circular foramen at margin with cleithrum near articulation with pectoral spine. Parapophyses of fourth and fifth vertebrae expanded, forming hourglass-shaped Weberian apparatus encapsulating bilobed gas bladder. Posterolateral processes of os suspensorium forming ventral floor of Weberian capsule. Fifty-eight to 61 (mode = 60) vertebrae posterior to first four vertebrae comprising Weberian apparatus. Two free neural spines between skull and first dorsal-fin pterygiophore. First rib articulated with seventh vertebra, 12 ribs present. No fusion of caudal fin hypurals. COLORATION: Preserved specimens are dark brown dorsally, fading to light brown, gray, or cream colored ventrally. Some lighter colored specimens exhibit a faint mottling of irregular dark brown markings over a slightly lighter background. Fins uniformly dark brown. Barbels brown at base, becoming creamy white over most of their length. Underside of head pale, but with band of dark pigment above fleshy furrow between mandibular barbels and isthmus. Lateral line visible as a series of small regularly spaced white pores extending from the base of the head to the base of the caudal peduncle. Pores of the secondary canals of the lateral line system form a regular pattern over the flanks, but these pores are not readily visible against the darkly pigmented skin. DISTRIBUTION: The species is currently known only from the Momboyo, Luilaka, Salonga, and Yenge river systems within the Cuvette Centrale of the middle Congo River Basin (fig. 6). However additional collecting throughout the region will likely extend this range (E. Decru, personal commun.). ETYMOLOGY: Named in honor of Raoul Monsembula Iyaba (professor of biology, University of Kinshasa) for collecting the type series of this species, and in recognition of his substantial contributions to central African ichthyology., Published as part of Bernt, Maxwell J. & Stiassny, Melanie L. J., 2022, A New Species of Air-breathing Catfish (Clariidae: Clarias) from Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo, pp. 1-20 in American Museum Novitates 2022 (3990) on pages 4-9, DOI: 10.1206/3990.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7160977, {"references":["Monsembula Iyaba, R. J. C., and M. L. J. Stiassny. 2013. Fishes of the Salonga National Park (Congo basin, central Africa): a list of species collected in the Luilaka, Salonga, and Yenge rivers (Equateur Province, Democratic Republic of Congo). Check List 9: 246 - 256."]}

Low, Bi Wei, Ng, Heok Hee, Tan, Heok Hui (2022): Two new species of blackwater catfishes (Siluriformes: Siluridae and Clariidae) from the Natuna Archipelago, Indonesia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 70: 385-396, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2022-0020

This study is a dressing the breeding process of the african catfish kept in RAS recycling waste heat from the biogas plant. The weight, SGR, FCR, FC, survival rate and were evaluated. During the first test different breeding densities were established (30, 60, 90, 120 kg.m-3) and fishes were kept in the tanks without lowering the the density to the original. Into the tanks with the same quality of the water, we introduced juveniles of the african catfish. Results of the first test showed that the best growth of the african catfish is achieved in the breeding density up to 230 kg.m-3. In the second experiment, the different breeding densities were established (90, 120, 150 a 180 kg.m-3). These densities were periodically lowered to the starting density each Month. In this test we achieved higher SGR and lower FCR. There were no significant differences among the density's groups. Third test was based on the presence of the sorting of the fish in tanks. While not sorting negative influence has appeared. In the non-sorted group, we found couple of marked-sized fish and couple of bellow average fish. Also, the growth parameters showed better results in the sorted group. All experiments showed that the best breeding density is from 180 up to 230 kg.m-3.

The current status of the inland waters ichthyofauna of Turkey is revised, and an updated checklist of the freshwater fishes is presented. The latest checklist included all species listed in the available previous study that was published in 2015, which is now updated after a period of five years. We revised the validity of previously accepted species and added newly described and reported species in Turkey. Some previously erroneously reported species and not established alien fishes were excluded from this checklist. A total of 384 fish species belonging to 20 orders and 34 families have been reported in the inland waters of Turkey. Among these, 15 species (3.9%) are non-native and 208 species (54.2%) are considered as endemic to Turkey. A total of 119 species previously reported from Turkey have been excluded from Turkish ichthyofauna list, either in the present study or in previous studies.

Clariidae Bonaparte 1845 Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822 [N]―[LC], North African catfish/Karabalik, sekiz biyik/Southern Anatolia and translocated into some other parts of Anatolia, e.g. River and Pinarbasi Stream, Eskisehir (Geldiay & Balik 2007, Kuru 2004, Fricke et al. 2007; Kuru et al. 2014; Çiçek et al. 2015; Emiroglu et al. 2016)., Published as part of Çiçek, Erdogan, Sungur, Sevil & Fricke, Ronald, 2020, Freshwater lampreys and fishes of Turkey; a revised and updated annotated checklist 2020, pp. 241-270 in Zootaxa 4809 (2) on page 254, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4809.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3934124, {"references":["Geldiay, R & Balik, S. (2007) Freshwater Fishes of Turkey. V. Edition, Ege University Press, Bornova, Izmir, 638 pp.","Kuru, M. (2004) Recent systematic status of inland water fishes of Turkey. Journal of Education Faculty of Gazi, 24, 1 - 21.","Fricke, R., Bilecenoglu, M. & Sari, H. M. (2007) Annotated checklist of fish and lamprey species (Gnathostomata and Petromyzontomorphi) of Turkey, including a Red List of threatened and declining species. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, Serie A (Biologie), 706, 1 - 172.","Kuru, M., Yerli, S. V., Mangit, F., Unlu, E. & Alp, A. (2014) Fish Biodiversity in Inland Waters of Turkey. Journal of Academic Documents for Fisheries and Aquaculture, 1 (3), 93 - 120.","Cicek, E., Sungur-Birecikligil, S. & Fricke, R. (2015) Freshwater fishes of Turkey: A revised and updated annotated checklist. Biharean Biologist, 9 (2), 141 - 157.","Emiroglu, O., Ekmekci, F. G., Aksu, S., Baskurt, S., Atalay, M. A. & Tarkan, A. S. (2016) Introduction and establishment of tropi- cal ornamental fish, Pterygoplichthys spp. (Actinopterygii: Siluriformes: Loricariidae) in hot springs: Aquarium trade as a potential risk for biodiversity in Turkey. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 46 (4), 351 - 356. https: // doi. org / 10.3750 / AIP 2016.46.4.07"]}

Clarias macrocephalus Günther (SEA) References. Tan HTW et al., 2010. Distribution. Not known. Remarks. Hybrids between C. macrocephalus and C. gariepinus have been used for aquaculture (Tan HTW et al., 2010)., Published as part of Hui, Tan Heok, Peng, Kelvin Lim Kok, Huan, Liew Jia, Wei, Low Bi, Hing, Rayson Lim Bock, Beng, Jeffrey Kwik Teik & Yeo, Darren C. J., 2020, The non-native freshwater fishes of Singapore: an annotated compilation, pp. 150-195 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 68 on page 167, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2020-0016, http://zenodo.org/record/5343987, {"references":["Tan HTW, Chou LM, Yeo DCJ & Ng PKL (2010) The Natural Heritage of Singapore. Third edition. Prentice Hall, Singapore, ix + 323 pp."]}

Hui, Tan Heok, Peng, Kelvin Lim Kok, Huan, Liew Jia, Wei, Low Bi, Hing, Rayson Lim Bock, Beng, Jeffrey Kwik Teik, Yeo, Darren C. J. (2020): The non-native freshwater fishes of Singapore: an annotated compilation. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 68: 150-195, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2020-0016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of constant bright light on the cornea and retina of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) and to examine whether it can change after constant exposure to dim light. Twenty-one adult individuals of C. gariepinus were divided into three groups (n = 7). The first group was maintained under normal light (NL). The second group was exposed to the intense bright light (BL) (3020 Lux) of white light lamps for seven days. The third group was exposed to dim light for seven days (DL) following the previous exposure to intense bright light for seven days. The eyes of each fish group were removed and fixed. The following aspects of the eye were investigated: histopathological, immunohistochemical (GFAP and BAX) staining and biochemical study for lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PDH). Also, isoenzyme electrophoresis of LDH, G6PDH and SOD were performed. The present study found that, seven-days BL exposure caused damage to both cornea and retina. However, after exposure to dim-light after bright light there was partial improvement in corneal and retinal structure and an increase in the assayed SOD and G6PDH levels, along with a reduction in MDA content and activity of LDH. These findings demonstrate a plasticity that may help C. gariepinus survive disturbances in the aquatic environment.

Clarius anfractus Ng Remarks. Uncommon species, only found in low gradient oil palm estate streams with riparian reserves., Published as part of Wilkinson, Clare L. & Hui, Tan Heok, 2018, Fishes of the Brantian drainage, Sabah, Malaysia, with description of a new Rasbora species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), pp. 595-609 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66 on page 602, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5360110

Wilkinson, Clare L., Hui, Tan Heok (2018): Fishes of the Brantian drainage, Sabah, Malaysia, with description of a new Rasbora species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 66: 595-609, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5360110, {"references":["Brittan MR (1954) A revision of the Indo-Malayan fresh-water fish genus Rasbora. Monographs of the Institute of Science and Technology, Manila, 3: 1-224, 3 pls.","Chin PK (2002) The Fresh-water Fishes of North Borneo, Supplementary Chapter. In: Reprint (2002) of Inger & Chin (1962) The Fresh-water Fishes of North Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, 78 pp., 65 figs.","Choy S & Chin PK (1994) Freshwater fishes from the headwaters of the Belalong-Temburong river system, Brunei, Darussalam, Borneo. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 42(4): 757-774.","Doi A, Iwata T, Inoue M, Miyasaka H, Sabki MS & Nakano S (2001) A collection of freshwater fishes from the Rayu basin of western Sarawak, Malaysia. 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Volume 1. Natural Ecosystem and Species Components. ASEAN Academic Press, London. Pp. 119-130.","Roberts TR (1989) The freshwater fishes of western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia). Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, 14: 1-210.","Tan HH (2006) The Borneo Suckers.Revision of the Torrent Loaches of Borneo (Balitoridae: Gastromyzon, Neogastromyzon). Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, 245 pp.","Tan HH (2013) SAFE Project - Sabah: Kalabakan. Freshwater fish list with pictures (based on October 2011 survey), 8 pp. http://www.safeproject.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/SAFE- Project-FW-fish-list-w-PIC-Tan-Heok-Hui.pdf. (Accessed 1 May 2018).","Tan HH & Kottelat M (2009) The fishes of the Batang Hari drainage, Sumatra, with description of six new species. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 20(1): 13-69.","Tan HH & Lim KKP (2007) The fishes of Binyo-Penyilam and Bukit Sarang conservation areas Bintulu Division, Sarawak. In: Stuebing RB, Unggang J, Ferner J, Giman B & Kee KP (eds.) Proceedings of the Regional Conference: Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Planted Forests Southeast Asia, 15-18 January 2007. Forest Department, Sarawak Forestry Corporation & G, (i-ix). Pp. 79-82, pls. 5-6.","Walsh RPD & Newbery DM (1999) The ecoclimatology of Danum, Sabah, in the context of the world's rainforest regions, with particular reference to dry periods and their impact. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 354(1391): 1869-1883.","Wilkinson CL, Yeo DCJ, Tan HH, AH Fikri & Ewers RM (2018a) The availability of freshwater fish resources is maintained across a land-sue gradient in Sabah, Borneo. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 2018: 1-11."]}

The book “Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes” represents the most cohesive data compilation for the rio Paraná floodplain. However, considering the dynamicity of the taxonomy of freshwater fishes, several new records and taxonomic changes occurred along the past years. Therefore, the results of that publication were revisited, providing an update of the species list, their taxonomic status, records and geographic distribution, and also new keys for genera and species. The species included were those recorded in the rio Paraná basin, from the mouth of the rio Paranapanema to the Itaipu Reservoir, following the general methodology presented in the book. A total of 10 orders, 41 families, 126 genera, and 211 species were registered, with an increase of one order, six families, 14 genera, and 29 species when compared to the book. Additionally, four new genera recently described, five synonymization proposals, 14 new identifications, four new combinations, 12 new species recently described, 34 new records, and nine misidentified species were recorded. These results are associated with the redirection of human and financial resources to that area, which enabled monitoring and intensive exploration of its watercourses; as well as training of taxonomists, and new taxonomic resolutions. RESUMO O livro “Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes” representa a compilação de dados mais coesa para esta área. No entanto, considerando a dinamicidade da taxonomia de peixes de água doce, vários novos registros e alterações taxonômicas ocorreram ao longo desses dez anos. Assim, os resultados daquela publicação foram revisitados, fornecendo uma atualização da lista, status taxonômico, registros e distribuição geográfica das espécies, além de novas chaves de identificação para espécies e gêneros. Foram incluídas as espécies registradas na bacia do rio Paraná, entre a foz do rio Paranapanema e o reservatório de Itaipu, seguindo a metodologia geral apresentada no livro. Foi registrado um total de 10 ordens, 41 famílias, 126 gêneros e 211 espécies, com um aumento de uma ordem, seis famílias, 13 gêneros e 29 espécies quando comparado à primeira versão. Além disso, quatro gêneros novos descritos recentemente, cinco sinonimizações, 14 novas propostas de identificação, quatro novas combinações, 12 espécies novas descritas recentemente, 34 novos registros e nove espécies identificadas erroneamente foram registradas. Estes resultados estão associados ao redirecionamento de recursos humanos e financeiros para esta área, o que permitiu o monitoramento e exploração intensiva de seus corpos d’água; bem como a formação de taxonomistas e novas resoluções taxonômicas.

Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Fig. 19 Body elongated; greatest depth contained 5.5 to 9.3 and caudal peduncle depth 9.9 to 16.1 times in SL; head length 2.9 to 3.8, anal-fin base length 2.1 to 2.7, maxillary-barbel length 1.6 to 6.5 in SL; snout length 3.7 to 5.7, horizontal orbital diameter 7.6 to 19.2, least interorbital width 2.2 to 2.7 in HL. Mouth terminal with dentigerous tooth plates in both premaxilla, vomer and dentary. Dorsal fin with 61- 79, pectoral fin with I,9-12, pelvic fin with 6 and anal fin with 45-60 rays (Hanssens, 2009). Ground color grey to yellowish, abdominal region white. Maximum standard length. 700.0 mm. Biological data. Lives in lakes, rivers and seasonally swampy areas (Winemiller, Kelso-Winemiller, 1996). Feeds on plant material, plankton, arthropods, mollusks, fish, reptiles, and amphibians (Yalçin et al., 2001). Distribution. Africa and Asia Minor; introduced elsewhere (Eschmeyer et al., 2017). Remarks. Clarias gariepinus, native of Africa, has been captured in the upper rio Paraná floodplain since 2005 by Nupélia staff. Its occurrence in the region can be associated with fish-farming and escapes from recreational angling ponds., Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 65, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395, {"references":["Hanssens M. A review of the Clarias species (Pisces; Siluriformes) from the lower Congo and the Pool Malebo. J Afrotrop Zool. 2009; 5: 27 - 40.","Winemiller KO, Kelso-Winemiller LC. Comparative ecology of catfishes of the upper Zambezi River floodplain. J Fish Biol. 1996; 49 (6): 1043 - 61.","Yalcin S, Akyurt I, Solak K. Stomach contents of the catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822) in the River Asi (Turkey). Turk J Zool. 2001; 25: 461 - 68.","Eschmeyer WN, Fricke R, van der Laan R, editors. Catalog of fishes: genera, species, references [Internet]. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2017 [updated 2017 Jan 31; cited 2017 Feb 24]. Available from: http: // researcharchive. calacademy. org / research / ichthyology / catalog / fishcatmain. asp"]}

Clarias microspilus, a new species of walking catfish is described from the short coastal rivers draining the western face of the Leuser Mountain Range and debouching into the Indian Ocean in Nangroe Aceh Darussalam province, northern Sumatra, Indonesia. It can be distinguished from Southeast Asian congeners in having a combination of the following characters: distance between the tip of the occipital process and the base of the first dorsal-fin ray 6.5-9.2 % SL; body depth at anus 14.9-18.9 % SL; head width 18.6-21.7 % SL; head depth 12.9-16.0 % SL; interorbital distance 40.5-44.5 % HL; occipital process width 31.7-40.8% HL; 64-68 dorsal-fin rays; 51-56 anal-fin rays; anterior tip of frontal fontanel reaching line through middle of orbit; anterior margin of pectoral spine with 22-34 serrations and posterodorsal margin smooth.

A study of monogenean gill parasites from three species of the genus Clarias Scopoli, 1777 (Clariidae), namely Clarias camerunensis Lonnberg, 1895, C. jaensis Boulenger, 1909 and C. pachynema Boulenger, 1903, from the Nyong Basin (Cameroon) revealed the presence of three new monogenean species of the new genus Birgiellus, namely Birgiellus mutatus n. sp. from C. pachynema, B. calaris n. sp. from C. jaensis and B. kellensis n. sp. from C. camerunensis. The genus Birgiellus differs from the genus Quadriacanthus by the morphology of the ventral bar composed of a single piece (two distinct in Quadriacanthus) and the size of the uncinuli IV, which are not much different from the others (longest in Quadriacanthus). Birgiellus calaris differs from B. mutatus by its ventral anchors longer and larger, the morphology of the ventral bar with a short incision between the two branches, and a long and trapezoid handle, the size of the sclerotised structures of the male and female copulatory organs, the larger thickness of the hook in the male accessory piece, the latter having also a heel. Birgiellus kellensis is closer to B. calaris but can be distinguished by the small size of its dorsal and ventral anchors, its transverse bars, male copulatory organ, and the accessory piece, which also has not a heel but a secondary blade. According to the clause 8.5.2 of the International Zoological Code of Nomenclature (1999) the genus Birgiellus and the species B. mutatus and B. calaris, respectively, replace Claridectes, C. clarisa and C. alacris previously described by Birgi (1987), but whose specimens were not deposited in a museum. All the three taxa described exhibit a strict (oioxenous) host specificity.

Ng, Heok Hee, Kottelat, Maurice (2014): Clarias serniosus, a new walking catfish (Teleostei: Clariidae) from Laos. Zootaxa 3884 (5): 437-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3884.5.4

Clarias serniosus sp. nov. (Fig. 1) Type material. Holotype: MHNG 2745.072, 141 mm SL; Laos: Champasak Province, Bolavens Plateau, Houay Slarm near Ban Pha Nouandong, a tributary of Houay Xoy, itself a tributary of Xe Pian, 15 ��02' 34 "N 106 �� 21 ' 53 "E, 985 masl; M. Kottelat & T. Phommavong, 17 January 2013. Paratype: CMK 23382, 161 mm SL; data as for holotype. Diagnosis. Clarias serniosus is distinguished from all Southeast Asian congeners, except for C. meladerma, in having a dark gray head and body with black blotches (vs. black blotches absent). C larias serniosus differs from C. meladerma in having a greater distance between the occipital process and the base of the first dorsal-fin ray (8.5 % SL vs. 2.8���4.8), a smooth (vs. serrated) anterior edge of the pectoral spine, a longer pectoral fin (8.5���10.1 % SL vs. 5.2���8.5) and a deeper caudal peduncle (8.4���8.6 % SL vs. 5.3���7.3). The following combination of characters additionally diagnoses C. serniosus from Southeast Asian congeners: occipital process length 15���17 % HL, head length 28.2���28.6 % SL, head width 18.5���19.2 % SL, head depth 13.0��� 13.7 % SL, smooth anterior edge of pectoral spine, 67 dorsal-fin rays, body depth at anus 16.2���16.5 % SL, and 57 total vertebrae. Description. Morphometric data in Table 1. Head depressed; dorsal profile slightly convex; ventral profile almost straight. Bony elements of dorsal surface of head covered with thick skin; bones and sutures not readily visible. Anterior pair of nostrils tubular, medial to maxillary barbel base. Posterior pair of nostrils bordered by nasal barbels anteriorly and fleshy membrane posteriorly; posteromedial to maxillary barbel base. Eye ovoid, horizontal axis longest, subcutaneous; located dorsolaterally on head. Anterior fontanel long, narrow (���knifeshaped��� of Teugels, 1986); anterior tip reaching to line through anterior orbital margin. Occipital process rounded. Gill openings narrow, extending from dorsal-most point of pectoral-fin base to isthmus. Gill membranes free from isthmus but united to each other, with 8 (2) branchiostegal rays. Mouth subterminal, with fleshy, plicate lips. Oral teeth small and in irregular rows on all tooth-bearing surfaces. Premaxillary tooth band rectangular, with median notch on posterior edge. Dentary tooth band much narrower than premaxillary tooth band at symphysis, tapering laterally. Vomerine tooth band unpaired, continuous across midline, crescentic, smoothly arched along anterior and posterior margins. Premaxillary and dentary teeth viliform; vomerine teeth subgranular. Barbels in four pairs; long, slender, with thick fleshy bases. Maxillary barbel extending to middle of pectoral-fin base. Nasal barbel extending nearly to tip of supraoccipital process. Inner mandibular-barbel origin close to midline, extending to halfway between posterior orbital margin and base of pectoral spine. Outer mandibular barbel originating posterolateral of inner mandibular barbel, extending to base of pectoral spine. Body terete, becoming compressed towards caudal peduncle. Dorsal profile rising very gently from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin, thereafter almost horizontal to end of caudal peduncle. Ventral profile slightly convex to middle of head, thereafter almost horizontal to end of caudal peduncle. Skin smooth. Lateral line complete, midlateral in position. Vertebrae 19 + 38 = 57 (2). Dorsal fin with long base, spanning posterior three-quarters of body; with 67 (2) rays covered by thick layer of skin, without spine. Dorsal-fin margin straight, parallel to dorsal profile of body. Pectoral fin with small spine, sharply pointed at tip, and 8 * (1) or 9 (1) rays. Anterior spine margin smooth; posterior spine margin smooth or with uneven asperities. Pectoral-fin margin straight anteriorly, convex posteriorly. Pelvic-fin origin at anterior third of body, with i, 5 (2) rays and convex margin; tip of adpressed fin reaching base of first two or three anal-fin rays. Anus and urogenital openings located at vertical through middle of adpressed pelvic fin. Anal fin with long base, extending for posterior three-fifths of body, and 49 * (1) or 54 (1) rays covered by thick layer of skin; margin straight and parallel to ventral edge of body. Caudal fin rounded, with i,7,6,i (2) principal rays. Coloration. In 70 % alcohol: dorsal and lateral surfaces of head and body dark gray, fading to pale gray on ventral surfaces. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of head and body with irregular, small black blotches randomly distributed throughout. Dorsal, anal and caudal fins dark gray. Pectoral-fin rays dark gray, with hyaline interradial membranes. Pelvic fins hyaline. Barbels and pectoral spines dark gray dorsally and light gray ventrally. In life: Body and fins dark gray, almost black. Blotches black, distinct but not conspicuously contrasted. Distribution. Clarias serniosus is known only from its type locality in the Xe Pian drainage (a tributary of the Xe Kong, itself a tributary of the Mekong) flowing from the Bolavens Plateau in southern Laos (Fig. 2). Habitat and ecology. The Bolavens Plateau is a large basalt plateau of southern Laos, about 50 by 80 km (Sanematsu et al., 2011), 1000-1300 masl, surrounded by the Mekong and Xe Kong floodplains (about 100 masl). It has very steep slopes, especially along its southern and eastern edges. It has a very wet climate with heavy rainfall in all seasons. Most rivers leave the plateau through high and dramatic series of waterfalls and gorges. The Houay Xoy, a tributary of the Xe Pian, itself tributary of the Xe Kong, is one of the few streams without high falls (based on 1: 100,000 maps and air photographs; ground survey was not possible). The type series of C. serniosus was obtained in a small tributary of the Houay Xoy on which a small wooden weir had been constructed in an area recently logged and converted for agriculture. In the sampling area, the stream was about 2���4 m wide, and less than 70 cm deep (at the beginning of the low-water season). The bottom was almost exclusively soft sand, probably the result of erosion and sedimentation. About 100 m of the stream was sampled with electricity. The two individuals of C. serniosus were obtained in a shaded area of very degraded forest. Only three other fish species were present: Devario gibber, Schistura clatrata and Channa gachua. The small number of species is a common situation of disturbed areas and these three species are common species, often observed in degraded habitats with running water, and they are known throughout the plateau as well as downstream. Clarias serniosus is likely to be present also downstream of the plateau in the Xe Kong drainage. On the day of capture, water temperature was estimated to be 10���15 ��C (air temperature fluctuated between 6 ��C at night and about 25 ��C in the afternoon). Etymology. The specific epithet is the Latin adjective serniosus, meaning covered with an eruption or scabby, in allusion to the color pattern of small, irregular dark patches., Published as part of Ng, Heok Hee & Kottelat, Maurice, 2014, Clarias serniosus, a new walking catfish (Teleostei: Clariidae) from Laos, pp. 437-444 in Zootaxa 3884 (5) on pages 438-440, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3884.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/224374, {"references":["Teugels, G. G. (1986) A systematic revision of the African species of the genus Clarias (Pisces; Clariidae). Annales du Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (Zoologie), 247, 1 - 199.","Sanematsu, K., Moriyama, T., Sotouky, L. & Watanabe, Y. (2011) Laterization of basalts and sandstone associated with the enrichment of Al, Ga and Sc in the Bolaven Plateau, southern Laos. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, 62, 105 - 129."]}

Family Clariidae Bonaparte 1845 Heterobranchia Latreille 1825:125 [ref. 31889] (tribe)? Macropteronotus [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Clariadini Bonaparte 1845:387 [ref. 32998] (subfamily) Clarias [Clarias inferable from the stem?; stem corrected to Clari- by Bonaparte 1846:5 [ref. 519], confirmed by Günther 1864:13 [ref. 1974] and by Gill 1872:19 [ref. 26254]; changed to Chlariidae by Fowler 1904:499 [ref. 1367] based on Chlarias, confirmed by Jordan 1905:184 [ref. 31955]; not Clariidae in Rotifera = Clariaidae] Heterobranchoidei Bleeker 1858a:40 [ref. 32230] (family) Heterobranchus [also Bleeker 1858b:33, 37, 41, 333 [ref. 365]; also as phalanx Heterobranchini Bleeker 1858a:40 [ref. 32230] and Bleeker 1858b:335 [ref. 365]] Uegitglanididae Chardon 1968:223, 232 [ref. 33056] (family) Uegitglanis Horaglanidinae Jayaram 2006:309 [ref. 28762] (subfamily) Horaglanis, Published as part of Laan, Richard Van Der, Eschmeyer, William N. & Fricke, Ronald, 2014, Family-group names of Recent fishes, pp. 1-230 in Zootaxa 3882 (2) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7047777, {"references":["Bonaparte, C. L. (1845) Specchio generale del sistema ittiologico. Atti della sesta Riunione degli Scienziati Italiani, 6, 386 - 390. [also as a separate entitled ' Specchio generale dei sistemi erpetologico, anfibiologico ed ittiologico. Giacomo Pirola, Milano, 11 pp.] [September, ref. 32998]","Latreille, P. A. (1825) Familles naturelles du regne animal, exposees succinctement et dans un ordre analitique, avec l'indication de leurs genres. J. - B. Bailliere, Paris, 570 pp. [ref. 31889] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 16094","Bonaparte, C. L. (1846) Catalogo metodico dei pesci europei. Atti della Settima Adunanza degli Scienziati Italiani 7 a Adunanza, (1845), Napoli, Part 2, 1 - 95. [also issued as separate, Napoli, 1846, 97 pp.] [ref. 519]","Gunther, A. (1864) Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Siluridae, Characinidae, Haplochitonidae, Sternoptychidae, Scopelidae, Stomiatidae in the collection of the British Museum, Volume 5. British Museum. London, xxii + 455 pp. [10 December, ref. 1974] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8315","Gill, T. N. (1872) Arrangement of the families of fishes, or classes Pisces, Marsipobranchii, and Leptocardii. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 247, i - xlvi + 1 - 49. [November, ref. 26254] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 18974","Fowler, H. W. (1904) A collection of fishes from Sumatra. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Second series, 12 (4), 495 - 560, Pls. 7 - 28. [ca. 10 June, ref. 1367] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 47093","Bleeker, P. (1858 a) De heer Bleeker brengt nog ter tafel het eerste deel van eene ichthyologiae Archipelagi Indici Prodromus … Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie, 16, 38 - 41. [July, ref. 32230]","Bleeker, P. (1858 b) De visschen van den Indischen Archipel. Beschreven en toegelicht. Siluri. Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neerlandicae, 4, i - xii + 1 - 370. [also published as a separate: Ichthyologiae Archipelagi Indici Prodromus. Vol 1. Siluri. Batavia, xii + 370 pp. published on 23 September 1858. See for an English translation: van Oijen, M. J. P., Loots, G. M. P. & Limburg, F. G. J. (2009) (January) P. Bleeker. A precursor of the fishes of the Indian Archipelago. Part I. Siluri. Zoologische Mededelingen, 83 (1): 1 - 317] [23 September, ref. 365]","Chardon, M. (1968)] Anatomie comparee de l'appareil de Weber et des structures connexes chez les Siluriformes. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Serie in 8 °, Sciences Zoologiques, 169, 1 - 277, Pls. 1 - 3. [December, ref. 33056","Jayaram, K. C. (2006) Catfishes of India. Narendera Publishing House, Delhi, xxii + 383 pp., 111 Pls. [ref. 28762]"]}

Laan, Richard Van Der, Eschmeyer, William N., Fricke, Ronald (2014): Family-group names of Recent fishes. Zootaxa 3882 (2): 1-230, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1

Resume Thc paper summarizes aspects of nutrition and growth in Clurias species. Of the many Clarias species cultured, Clarias gariepinus has been subject to particularly intensive rescarch; the species has been widely introduced for aquaculture outside its natural range. Clarias arc omnivorous fish. Their dietary protein reyuirements arc about 40%, thcir cnergy requirements range between 13 and 17 kJ.g-'. Controversy exists on their ability to utilize carbohydrates, despite the fact that their natural feed may contain high lcvcls of carbohydrates. Comparison of growth performances as recordcd in literature indicate that C. gariepinus seems to perform better in terms of growth rates and feed conversion than other species (C. isheriensis, C. batrachus, C. fuscus). Monosex culture (in C. gariepinus) or triploidy (in C. gariepinus and C. batruchus) do not seem to hold much future for improving growth and feed utilization, in contrast to hybridization. Selection for improved growth could have drawbacks, such as an increased level of agression. To achieve improved growth, selection for lower maintenance requirements or better glucose metabolization seems preferable over selection for high feed utilization efficiencies.

Wright, Jeremy J., Bailey, Reeve M. (2012): Systematic revision of the formerly monotypic genus Tanganikallabes (Siluriformes: Clariidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (1): 121-142, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00789.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00789.x

In the present M. Sc. thesis the effect of water temperature (thermal range: 17.4 - 38.6 °C) on early life history (during interval from egg fertilization to full yolk sac depletion by 50 % of larvae; Fe - Re50) in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was examined. Length of the incubation period (i. e. interval from egg fertilization to the moment of hatching of 50 % of individuals; Fe - H50), length of the hatching period (i. e. interval from hatching of 5 % of individuals to hatching of 95 % of individuals; H5 - H95), length of the period up to the first intake of exogenous food (i. e. interval from H50 to the first intake of exogenous food by 50 % of individuals; H50 - S50) and length of the period up to the full yolk sac resorption (H50 - Re50) were inversely proportional to the incubation temperature. Period of the yolk sac resorption was significantly prolonged (approximately six times) because of using of exogenous food (compared to treatments without added external food supplies). Embryonic development was theoretically stopped at temperature 15.4 °C and hatching occured after c. 12 effective day-degrees. Size of larvae increased during embryonic and larval period. Size of larvae at H50, S50 and Re50, was inversely proportional dependent on the incubation temperature. Size of individuals at Re50 was increased (approximately twice) because of using of exogenous food (compared to treatments without added external food supplies). Yolk sac volume (YsV) decreased during embryonic and larval period. YsV at H50 was correlated with size of egg and YsV was S50 was inversely proportional to the incubation temperature. A dry weight of yolk sac at H50 represented c. 89 % of total dry weight of hatched larvae. During the period of endogenous feeding c. 75 % of dry weight of egg was converted into the larval somatic tissues. Efficiency of energy conversion during the period of endogenous feeding is lower (60 %). The energetical value of total dry matter and content of sulfur in dry matter was decreasing during the period of endogenous feeding (in order: egg, hatched larvae, larvae at Re50). Content of nitrogen and carbon in dry matter was increasing during the embryonic period and afterwards was decreasing during the larval period. In term of survival, the zone of thermal tolerance for early life history in African catfish ranges from 19 to 33 °C (with thermal optimum between 23 and 30 °C), i. e. this fish belongs to the typical thermophilous species. The suboptimal temperatures lies within intervals 21 - 23 °C and 30 - 33 °C, respectively. Temperatures below 17.5 °C as well above 35.5 °C can be considered as the lethal temperatures already during embryonic period and those below 19 °C and above 33 °C as the lethal ones during larval period, respectively. In term of bioenergy, the thermal optimum for early life history in African catfish lies between 23 - 28 °C.

Clarias gracilentus sp. nov. (Fig. 1) Clarias Nieuhofi (non Bleeker)��� Pellegrin & Chevey, 1937: 315. Clarias nieuhofi (non Bleeker)��� Rainboth, 1996: 163. Type material. Holotype: UMMZ 248862, 189.6 mm SL; Vietnam: Phu Quoc Island, swamp draining into Rach Vem, 10 �� 22 'N 103 �� 56 'E (coordinates approximate); V. T. Nguyen and T. H. Le, 26 February 2010. Paratypes: BMNH 1937.9.17: 39���40 (2), 173.2���207.5 mm SL; Cambodia: Kampot province, Bokor; J. Delacour & W. Lowe, 1928. NLHC 2010.RV 1 (1) 251.5 mm SL; NLHC 2010.RV 2 (1) 254.5 mm SL; NLHC 2010.RV 3 (1) 299.5 mm SL; NLHC 2010.RV 4 (1) 317.5 mm SL; NLHC 2010.RV 5 (1) 265.5 mm SL; UMMZ 248863 (4), 151.0��� 224.1 mm SL; ZRC 52046 (1), 221.4 mm SL; data as for holotype. NLHC 2010.RT 1 (1), 281.5 mm SL; NLHC 2010.RT 2 (1), 260.5 mm SL; NLHC 2010.RT 3 (1), 294.5 mm SL; NLHC 2010.RT 4 (1) 305.5 mm SL; Vietnam: Phu Quoc Island, swamp draining into Rach Tram, 10 �� 24 'N 103 �� 58 'E (coordinates approximate); V. T. Nguyen and T. H. Le, 13 January 2010. Diagnosis. Clarias gracilentus can be distinguished from all Southeast Asian congeners, except for C. nieuhofii, C. nigricans and C. pseudonieuhofii in having a greatly elongate body with correspondingly long dorsal- and anal-fin ray bases. This elongation is manifested in the higher number of total vertebrae (74���84 vs. 54���71), dorsal- (81���101 vs. 62���80) and anal-fin (68���89 vs. 47���70) rays seen in all four species of the C. nieuhofii species complex compared to all other Southeast Asian Clarias. Clarias gracilentus differs from C. nieuhofii in having a narrower head (11.9���12.9 % SL vs. 13.2���15.8), more slender body (8.2���11.7 % SL vs. 10.8���14.4) and shorter pelvic fin (4.3���5.5 % SL vs. 5.0��� 6.3), from C. nigricans in having a larger eye (5.4���7.2 % SL vs. 4.5���5.6), larger interorbital distance (42.7 ���48.0% HL vs. 40.3 ���44.0), shorter distance between the occipital process and the base of the first dorsal-fin ray (5.3���8.4 % SL vs. 8.1���9.8) and longer pectoral fin (8.5���10.1 % SL vs. 5.2���8.5), and from C. pseudonieuhofii in having a longer occipital process (7.8���14.7 % HL vs. 4.6���6.8), shorter pelvic fin (4.3���5.5 % SL vs. 6.4���7.5) and longer anal-fin base (60.0��� 63.9 % SL vs. 56.0��� 58.9). Description. Biometric data in Table 1. Head depressed; dorsal profile slightly convex and ventral profile almost straight. Bony elements of dorsal surface of head covered with thick skin; bones not readily visible, but sutures sometimes evident. Anterior pair of nostrils tubular and medial to maxillary barbel base. Posterior pair of nostrils bordered by nasal barbels anteriorly and fleshy membrane posteriorly; posteromedial to maxillary barbel base. Eye ovoid, horizontal axis longest, subcutaneous; located dorsolaterally on head. Anterior fontanel short and squat (���shoe-shaped��� of Teugels, 1986); anterior tip reaching to line through middle of orbits. Occipital process rounded. Gill openings narrow, extending from dorsal-most point of pectoral-fin base to isthmus. Gill membranes free from isthmus but united to each other with 8 (n= 8) branchiostegal rays. First branchial arch with 3 + 13 * (n= 2), 3 + 14 (n= 2) or 4 + 13 (n= 2) gill rakers. Mouth subterminal, with fleshy, plicate lips. Oral teeth small and in irregular rows on all tooth-bearing surfaces. Premaxillary tooth band rectangular, with median notch on posterior edge. Dentary tooth band much narrower than premaxillary tooth band at symphysis, tapering laterally. Vomerine tooth band unpaired, continuous across midline, crescentic and smoothly arched along anterior and posterior margins. Premaxillary and dentary teeth viliform; vomerine teeth subgranular. Barbels in four pairs; long and slender with thick fleshy bases. Maxillary barbel extending to base of third or fourth dorsal-fin ray. Nasal barbel, extending to middle of pectoral fin. Inner mandibular-barbel origin close to midline; barbel thicker and longer than nasal barbel and extending just beyond base of last pectoral-fin ray. Outer mandibular barbel originating posterolateral of inner mandibular barbel, extending to midway between base of last pectoral-fin ray and base of first pelvic-fin ray. Holotype Range Mean ��SD % SL Body anguilliform and cylindrical, becoming compressed towards caudal peduncle. Dorsal profile rising very gently from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin and thereafter almost horizontal to end of caudal peduncle. Ventral profile slightly convex to middle of head and thereafter almost horizontal to end of caudal peduncle. Skin smooth. Lateral line complete and midlateral in position. Vertebrae 22 + 58 = 80 (n= 1), 23 + 58 = 81 * (n= 1), 22 + 60 = 82 (n= 1), 23 + 59 = 82 (n= 2), 23 + 60 = 83 (n= 1), 24 + 59 = 83 (n= 1) or 22 + 62 = 84 (n= 1). Dorsal fin with long base, spanning posterior three-quarters of body; with 96 (n= 1), 97 (n= 2), 99 (n= 1), 100 * (n= 3) or 101 (n= 1) rays covered by thick layer of skin and without spine. Dorsal-fin margin straight, parallel to dorsal edge of body. Pectoral fin with small spine, sharply pointed at tip, and 8,i (n= 8) rays. Almost entire length of anterior spine margin with a series of small serrations; posterior spine margin smooth or with uneven asperities. Pectoral-fin margin straight anteriorly, convex posteriorly. Pelvic-fin origin at anterior third of body, with i, 5 (n= 8) rays and convex margin; tip of adpressed fin reaching base of first two or three anal-fin rays. Anus and urogenital openings located at vertical through middle of adpressed pelvic fin. Anal fin with long base, extending for posterior three-fifths of body, and 84 (n= 1), 85 * (n= 2), 86 (n= 1), 87 (n= 1) or 89 (n= 3) rays covered by thick layer of skin; margin straight and parallel to ventral edge of body. Caudal peduncle very short. Caudal fin rounded, with i,6,6,i (n= 8) principal rays. Coloration. In 70 % alcohol: dorsal and lateral surfaces of head and body dark gray, fading to pale gray on ventral surfaces. Fifteen to twenty-one vertical rows of two to five white spots present, subtended ventrally by two irregular rows of white spots running below lateral line. Dorsal and caudal fins dark gray with very thin hyaline distal margin. Anal fin light gray, with thin hyaline distal margin. Pectoral-fin rays dark gray, with hyaline interradial membranes. Pelvic fins hyaline. Barbels and pectoral spines dark gray dorsally and light gray ventrally. Distribution. Clarias gracilentus is known from the Rach Tram and Rach Vem drainages on the northern part of Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam, and from the Kampot River drainage in southern Cambodia (Fig. 2). This species is expected to occur elsewhere on Phu Quoc Island and southern Cambodia, but further surveys are needed to verify this. Habitat and ecology. On Phu Quoc Island, C. gracilentus inhabits forested swamps and slow-flowing streams. During the dry season, the fish hides in small holes under dead-tree roots. At the type locality, the water was clear, cool (24���27 ��C), tinted brown, acidic (pH 4.5���5.5) and well oxygenated (DO 4 mgl - 1). Other fishes collected at the type locality were Monopterus albus (Synbranchidae), Channa sp. (Channidae), and Betta cf. prima (Osphronemidae). Gut contents of dissected specimens consisted of smaller fishes (frequently Channa and Betta, and occasionally smaller individuals of C. gracilentus), freshwater crabs, molluscs, and terrestrial arthropods (insects and spiders). Etymology. The specific epithet is the Latin adjective gracilentus, meaning slender, in reference to the slender body of this species when compared to C. nieuhofii., Published as part of Ng, Heok Hee, Hong, Dang Khanh & Tu, Nguyen Van, 2011, Clarias gracilentus, a new walking catfish (Teleostei: Clariidae) from Vietnam and Cambodia, pp. 61-68 in Zootaxa 2823 on pages 62-65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201228, {"references":["Pellegrin, J. & Chevey, P. (1937) Poissons d'Indochine recueillis par MM. J. Delacour et Lowe. Description d'une espece nouvelle. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 62, 313 - 318.","Rainboth, W. J. (1996) Fishes of the Cambodian Mekong. FAO Species Identification Field Guide for Fishery Purposes. FAO, Rome, 265 pp.","Teugels, G. G. (1986) A systematic revision of the African species of the genus Clarias (Pisces; Clariidae). Annales du Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (Zoologie), 247, 1 - 199."]}

Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos Air-breathing fish are classified as obligatory (when breathing obligatory atmospheric air independently of the water O2 tension) or facultative air-breather (using an air breathing organ ABO -, when theirs gills are not able to extract all O2 necessary to maintain the aerobic mechanisms under hypoxic conditions). The catfish, Clarias gariepinus, is airbreathing fish that shows modifications on the gill lamella, forming a ventilatory fan, and on the 2o e 4o gill arches, forming an arborescent organ. These structures form the ABO of this specie.The objectives of the present study were: 1. To determine if C. gariepinus is an obligatory or a facultative air breather. 2. To analyze the cardio-respiratory responses ( VO2 - metabolic rate; VG - gill ventilation; VT ventilatory volume; fR respiratory frequency; EO2 O2 extraction from the ventilatory current; fH- heart frequency) in response to progressive hypoxia. 3. To verify if the critical O2 tension (PcO2) of this specie is correlated with the O2 uptake from the atmospheric air.To classify the air-breathing mode of C. Gariepinus, the fish (Wt ~ 350 g; n = 7) were maintained in normoxia during 24 hours without access to air. The fR maintained constant during all the experiment and there was no mortality, indicating that C. gariepinus is a facultative air-breather. To analyze the cardio-respiratory responses to progressive hypoxia, VO2 , EO2, fR, VT, VG , EO2 and fH were recorded under the following water O2 tensions(PwO2): 100, 70, 50 e 30 mmHg. Fish maintained a constant VO2 until the PcO2 (~ 55 mmHg), below which VO2 decreased significantly. This decreasing was followed with the significant reduction of EO2 in PinspO2 of 62,7 ± 1,30 mmHg reaching values of 19,6 ± 1,9 % in severe hypoxia. The VG and the VT increased progressively until PinspO2 of 28,0 ± 0,5 mmHg, reaching highest values of, respectively, 1545,7 ± 63,5 mLH2O.kg-1.min-1, 33,9 ± 0,8 mLH2O.Kg-1.resp-1 e 57,2 ± 1,4 resp.min-1. The fH reduced progressively from 43,4 ± 0,4 bpm, in normóxia, arriving significant values just above the PcO2 and reaching minimum values (19,2 ± 3,0 bpm) in severe hypoxia. Under progressive hypoxia (100, 70, 50, 30 e 20 mmHg) and with the access to the atmospheric air, C. gariepinus (Wt ~ 610 g; n = 9) presented a 5-fold increase in the air-breathing frequency (fRA). A bradycardia was observed just before the air breath and a tachycardia just after.Concluding, C. gariepinus is a continuous facultative air-breathing fish that regulate the 2 O V until the PcO2 of ~54 mmHg. Below this tension fish increase the VG mainly due to a larger increase of VT (lower metabolic cost of VG ). The hypoxic pre-air breath bradycardia is characteristic of aquatic breathers while the post-air breath tachycardia is typical of air respirators. The fRA increased proportionally with the progressive hypoxia, mainly just above the PcO2. These results show that C. gariepinus is adapted to survive at hypoxic habitats and that this species show a higher dependence of the atmospheric air than the others facultative air-breathing fishes. Peixes de respiração aérea são classificados como respiradores aéreos obrigatórios (aqueles que respiram ar atmosférico independente das tensões de O2 da água) ou facultativos (aqueles que usam o órgão de respiração aérea ABO quando as brânquias não conseguem extrair a quantidade de O2 necessário para manter o metabolismo aeróbico em condições hipóxicas). O bagre-africano, Clarias gariepinus, é um peixe de respiração aérea que apresenta modificações na lamela branquial, formando um leque ventilatório, e, nos 2os e 4os arcos branquiais, os órgãos arborescentes. Estas últimas estruturas formam o ABO desta espécie.Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: 1. Determinar se C. gariepinus é um respirador aéreo facultativo ou obrigatório. 2. Analisar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias ( VO2 - taxa metabólica; EO2 - extração de O2 da corrente ventilatória; VG - ventilação branquial; VT - volume ventilatório; fR - frequência respiratória; fH- frequência cardíaca) em resposta a hipóxia gradual. 3. Verificar se a tensão crítica de O2 (PcO2) desta espécie está relacionada com a tomada de O2 do ar atmosférico.Para classificar a modalidade da respiração aérea de C. gariepinus, os peixes (Wt ~ 350 g; n = 7) foram mantidos em normóxia durante 24 h sem acesso ao ar atmosférico. A fR manteve-se constante durante todo o experimento e não houve mortalidade, indicando que C. gariepinus é um respirador aéreo facultativo. Para analisar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias em normóxia (controle) e hipóxia gradual, a VO2 , EO2, fR, VT, V G e fH foram registradas durante as seguintes tensões de O2 (PwO2): 100, 70, 50 e 30 mmHg. Os peixes mantiveram VO2 constante até a PcO2 (~ 55 mmHg), abaixo da qual a VO2 decresceu significativamente. Esta diminuição da VO2 foi acompanhada da diminuição significativa da EO2 em PinspO2 de 62,7 ± 1,30 mmHg atingindo valores de 19,6 ± 1,9 %, em hipóxia severa. A VG , VT e fR aumentaram progressivamente até a PinspO2 de 28,0 ± 0,5 mmHg, chegando a valores máximos de, respectivamente, 1545,7 ± 63,5 mLH2O.kg-1.min-1, 33,9 ± 0,8 mLH2O.Kg-1.resp-1 e 57,2 ± 1,4 resp.min-1. A fH diminui progressivamente de 43,4 ± 0,4 bpm, em normóxia, até alcançar valores significativos próximos a PcO2 e valores mínimos em hipóxia severa (19,2 ± 3,0 bpm). Em experimentos de hipóxia gradual (100, 70, 50, 30, 20 e 10 mmHg) com acesso ao ar atmosférico, C. gariepinus aumentou aproximadamente 5x a frequência de respiração aérea (fRA). Em cada tensão hipóxica ocorreu uma bradicardia pré-RA seguido de taquicardia significativa pós-RA (típico de respiração aérea); a fR manteve-se praticamente constante (~ 32 resp.min-1) até as duas últimas PwO2 (20 e 10 mmHg), nas quais a fR diminuiu para 23,0 ± 1,18 resp.min-1.Finalmente, C. gariepinus é um peixe de respiração aérea facultativa contínua que regula a VO2 até a PcO2 de ~ 55 mmHg. Abaixo desta tensão o animal aumenta a VG devido principalmente a um pronunciado aumento na VT (diminuição do custo metabólico da VG ). A bradicardia hipóxica pré-RA é uma característica de respiradores aquáticos, enquanto a taquicardia hipóxica pós-RA é típica de respiradores aéreos. A fRA aumentou proporcionalmente com a hipóxia gradual, principalmente próximo a PcO2. Tais resultados demonstram que C. gariepinus está adaptado a sobreviver em habitats hipóxicos e demonstra uma maior dependência do ar atmosférico do que outros respiradores bimodais facultativos.

CLARIAS BATRACHUS (LINNAEUS, 1758) FIG. 1 Silurus batrachus Linnaeus, 1758: 305 (type locality: Asia, Africa). Neotype: NRM 54718, 174.1 mm SL; Java: vicinity of Bandung; C. L. Hubbs, 22.v.1929. Other material examined: UMMZ 155807 (3), 168.0��� 215.0 mm SL; data as for neotype. UMMZ 70684 (1), 101.2 mm SL; Java: Kali Mandiku Jember. UMMZ 155704 (3), 193.1���206.2 mm SL; Java: vicinity of Bogor. UMMZ 155708 (3), 136.8���153.0 mm SL; UMMZ 155710 (5), 55.3���139.0 mm SL; UMMZ 155711 (5), 162.0���209.0 mm SL; Java: Ranu Lamongan, lake at Klakah. UMMZ 155709 (1), 172.2 mm SL; Java: Ranu Klidungan. UMMZ 155801 (1), 116.6 mm SL; Java: Cikedang, tributary to Citanduy, 1.5 km N of Ciawi. UMMZ 155802 (2), 128.7���131.9 mm SL; Java: Ciwalen, tributary of Citanduy at Godebak between Panaunbangan and Panjalu. UMMZ 155803 (5), 128.0���152.0 mm SL; Java: vicinity of Singaparna. UMMZ 155805 (3), 81.8���159.7 mm SL; Java: Citi���is (creek), just below road near mouth in Cimanuk, 3 km N of Garut. UMMZ 155806 (3), 153.6���183.9 mm SL; Diagnosis: Clarias batrachus is distinguished from all Asian congeners in having a narrow snout, in dorsal view with straight lateral outline and convex anteriorly (Fig. 1). It can be further distinguished from all Asian congeners in having a unique combination of the following characters: 63���74 dorsal-fin rays (vs. 82���108 in C. nigricans, C. nieuhofii and C. pseudonieuhofii; 56���63 in C. fuscus), 47���58 anal-fin rays (vs. 56���96 in C. anfractus, C. nigricans, C. nieuhofii, C. pseudonieuhofii and C. sulcatus), 54���60 vertebrae (vs. 61���71 in C. anfractus, C. batu, C. insolitus, C. leiacanthus, C. microstomus and C. planiceps), distance between occipital process and dorsal fin 5.5��� 8.9% SL (vs. 1.2���5.6% in C. intermedius, C. macrocephalus, C. meladerma and C. pseudoleiacanthus; 9.9���13.1% in C. batu, C. insolitus and C. microstomus), frontal fontanelle long and thin (vs. short and squat in C. anfractus, C. brachysoma, C. dussumieri, C. kapuasensis, C. leiacanthus, C. olivaceus, C. planiceps and C. pseudoleiacanthus), anterior margin of pectoral spine rugose and with irregular bumps (vs. smooth in C. anfractus, C. kapuasensis and C. pseudoleiacanthus and with distinct serrations in C. brachysoma, C. dussumieri, C. fuscus, C. insolitus, C. intermedius, C. magur, C. meladerma, C. olivaceus and C. planiceps). Description: Biometric data as in Table 1. Head depressed; dorsal profile slightly convex and ventral profile almost straight. Snout narrow, lateral outline straight and anterior outline convex when viewed dorsally. Bony elements of dorsal surface of head covered with thick skin; bones not readily visible, but sutures sometimes evident. Frontal fontanelle long and thin (���knife-shaped��� of Teugels, 1986: 6); anterior tip reaching just posterior to line through posterior orbital margin. Occipital process rounded. Eye ovoid, horizontal axis longest, subcutaneous; located dorsolaterally on head. Gill openings narrow, extending from dorsalmost point of pectoral-fin base to isthmus. Gill membranes free from but united to each other across isthmus. Mouth narrow and subterminal, with fleshy, plicate lips. Oral teeth small and in irregular rows on all tooth-bearing surfaces. Premaxillary tooth band rectangular, with median notch on posterior edge. Dentary tooth band much narrower than premaxillary tooth band at symphysis, tapering laterally. Vomerine tooth band unpaired, continuous across midline; crescentic and smoothly arched along anterior margin, posterior margin with a median posteriorly directed process. Premaxillary and dentary teeth viliform, vomerine teeth subgranular. Barbels in four pairs; long and slender with thick fleshy bases. Maxillary barbel extending nearly to base of first dorsal-fin ray. Nasal barbel extending nearly to tip of occipital process. Inner mandibularbarbel origin close to midline; barbel thicker and longer than nasal barbel and extending to base of pectoral spine. Outer mandibular barbel originating posterolateral of inner mandibular barbel, extending to tip of pectoral fin. Body cylindrical, becoming compressed towards caudal peduncle. Dorsal profile rising gently from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin and thereafter almost horizontal to end of caudal peduncle. Ventral profile slightly convex to middle of head and thereafter almost horizontal to end of caudal peduncle. Skin smooth. Lateral line complete and midlateral in position. Vertebrae 17 + 37 = 54 (1), 19 + 39 = 58 (2), 20 + 38 = 58 (2), 19 + 40 = 59 (1), 20 + 39 = 59 (5), 21 + 38 = 59 (2), 19 + 41 = 60 (1), 20 + 40 = 60* (3) or 21 + 39 = 60 (3). Dorsal fin with long base, spanning posterior threequarters of body; with 63 (1), 64 (2), 65 (1), 66 (3), 67 (1), 68 (4), 69* (2), 70 (1), 71 (3) or 74 (2) rays covered by thick layer of skin and without spine. Dorsal-fin margin straight, parallel to dorsal edge of body. Anal fin with long base and 47 (1), 50 (1), 51* (6), 53 (4), 54 (2), 55 (2), 56 (1), 57 (2) or 58 (1) rays covered by thick layer of skin; margin straight and parallel to ventral edge of body. Dorsal and anal fins separate from caudal fin. Caudal fin rounded, with i,7,7,i* (16) or i,8,7,i* (4) principal rays. Pectoral fin with small spine, sharply pointed at tip, and 8,i (20) rays. Anterior margin of spine rugose, with a series of low, irregular bumps. Pectoral fin margin straight anteriorly, convex posteriorly. Pelvic fin origin at anterior third of body, with i,5 (20) rays and convex margin; tip of fin reaching base of first few anal-fin rays. Anus and urogenital openings located at vertical through middle of pelvic fin. Coloration: Dorsal and lateral surfaces of head and body grey to dark grey, fading to pale grey on ventral surfaces. Eleven to 15 vertical rows of two to five minute white spots present, subtended ventrally with an irregular row of minute white spots running just below lateral line. An additional irregular row or two of white spots sometimes present on body dorsal to anal-fin base. Dorsal and caudal fins grey to dark grey with very thin hyaline distal margin. Anal fin light grey, with thin hyaline distal margin. Pectoral-fin rays grey to dark grey, with hyaline interradial membranes. Pelvic fin hyaline. Barbels and pectoral spine grey to dark grey dorsally and light grey ventrally. Distribution: Clarias batrachus is definitively known only from river drainages in Java. Records of C. batrachus from mainland Southeast Asia and the rest of Sundaic Southeast Asia are likely to refer to two separate, undescribed species (see Discussion). The species has been recorded from the Philippines, but we were unable to examine material to ascertain the identity of this population., Published as part of Ng, Heok Hee & Kottelat, Maurice, 2008, The identity of Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758), with the designation of a neotype (Teleostei: Clariidae), pp. 725-732 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (4) on pages 726-728, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00391.x, http://zenodo.org/record/4687712, {"references":["Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Homiae: Laurentii Salvii.","Teugels GG. 1986. A systematic revision of the African species of the genus Clarias (Pisces; Clariidae). Annales Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (Sciences Zoologiques) 247: 1 - 199."]}

Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Inland water: 26900-851 (1 spc.), 15.08.1996, irrigation system near of Tarsus Stream, Mersin, fishing line., Published as part of Nurettin Meri��, L��tfiye Eryilmaz & M��fit ��zulug, 2007, A catalogue of the fishes held in the Istanbul University, Science Faculty, Hydrobiology Museum., pp. 29-54 in Zootaxa 1472 on page 37

Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Inland water: 26900-851 (1 spc.), 15.08.1996, irrigation system near of Tarsus Stream, Mersin, fishing line.

Clarias intermedius: ZRC 46110-46113, 4 paratypes, 174.0-192.5 mm SL; Borneo: Kalimantan Tehgah, Kereng Bengkirai., Published as part of Heok Hee Ng, 2003, Clarias insolitus, a new species of clariid catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from southern Borneo., pp. 1-8 in Zootaxa 284 on page 7

Clarias planiceps: FMNH 68103, 22 paratypes, 70.8-210.8 mm SL; Borneo: Sarawak, Third Division, tributary of Baleh River, between Sungai Entunau and Sungai Putai.USNM 323727, 1 paratype, 297.3 mm SL; Borneo: Sarawak, Batang Balui, tributary stream, Batang Belahui., Published as part of Heok Hee Ng, 2003, Clarias insolitus, a new species of clariid catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from southern Borneo., pp. 1-8 in Zootaxa 284 on page 7

Heterobranchus isopterus Bleeker, 1863 Heterobranchus isopterus Bleeker, 1863: 108. LOCALITÉ TYPE. — Rio Boutry, Guinée. DESCRIPTION. — Espèce de très grande taille (atteint 780 mm LS soit presque 900 mm LT), au corps nu, allongé, subcylindrique. Tête large et aplatie. Quatre paires de barbillons bien développés. Nageoire dorsale rayonnée suivie par une adipeuse, les bases de ces deux nageoires étant à peu près égales. Nageoire caudale arrondie. Ressemble à l’espèce précédente, mais en diffère par la présence d’une nageoire adipeuse. Coloration foncée sur le dos et les flancs, ventre blanchâtre. DISTRIBUTION. — Connue du Haut Sénégal et des bassins côtiers du Konkouré (Guinée) à la Cross River (Nigeria). Au Nimba de jeunes individus ont été capturés dans le marigot de Bossou, à Nzo et entre Nzo et Doromou dans le Diougou ainsi que dans le Boan à Gopoupleu et le Nipoué à Yéalé (400 m). Citée par Daget (1948: 29; 1952: 319; 1963: 588) et par Daget & Iltis (1965: 168)., Published as part of Résumé, Jacques Daget, 2003, Les Poissons Actinoptérygiens du mont Nimba, pp. 581-596 in Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 190 on pages 587-588, {"references":["DAGET J. 1948. - La collection de poissons d'eau douce de l'IFAN. Catalogues de l'Institut franCais d'Afrique noire, Dakar, 3: 60 p.","DAGET J. 1952. - Poissons, in La Reserve naturelle integrale du mont Nimba. Memoires de l'Institut franCais d'Afrique noire 19: 311 - 334, fig. 1 - 21.","DAGET J. 1963. - Poissons (Deuxieme note), in La Reserve naturelle integrale du mont Nimba, V. Memoires de l'Institut franCais d'Afrique noire 66: 573 - 600.","DAGET J. & ILTIS A. 1965. - Poissons de Cote d'Ivoire (eaux douces et saumatres). Memoires de l'Institut franCais d'Afrique noire 74, 385 p."]}

Clarias meladerma: ZRC 38979, 6 ex., 172.8-185.5 mm SL; Sumatra: Jambi, Pasar Angso Duo., Published as part of Heok Hee Ng, 2003, Clarias insolitus, a new species of clariid catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from southern Borneo., pp. 1-8 in Zootaxa 284 on page 7

Clarias olivaceus: ANSP 27280, holotype, 241.8 mm SL; ANSP 27281, 3 paratypes, 157.5-209.5 mm SL; Sumatra: Padang.CAS 108051, 1 ex., 216.0 mm SL; USNM 193033, 9 ex., 113.0-149.8 mm SL; Sumatra: Lake Toba at Prapet.ZRC 41697, 8 ex., 116.2-231.7 mm SL; Sumatra: Jambi province, Kerinci, Sungaipenuh market., Published as part of Heok Hee Ng, 2003, Clarias insolitus, a new species of clariid catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from southern Borneo., pp. 1-8 in Zootaxa 284 on page 7

Clarias batrachus: UMMZ 155803, 5 ex., 130.7-151.8 mm SL; Java: vicinity of Singaparna.UMMZ 155807, 4 ex., 168.6-212.8 mm SL; Java: vicinity of Bandung.UMMZ 217576, 10 ex., 98.2-167.9 mm SL; Thailand: Ubon Ratchathani province, Huay Thomloe at Ban Bung Rhee-Lek, 7 km E of Khemerat, 2.5 km from Mekong River., Published as part of Heok Hee Ng, 2003, Clarias insolitus, a new species of clariid catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from southern Borneo., pp. 1-8 in Zootaxa 284 on page 7

The genus Clarias Scopoli, 1777 is a group of air-breathing catfishes found in inland waters throughout much of the Old World. They are easily identified by an anguilliform body, long-based dorsal and anal-fins, eye with free orbital margin and located dorsolaterally, large and well-developed neurocranium and the presence of an accessory breathing organ comprised of modified gill arches. Although the bulk of Clarias diversity is found in Africa (Teugels, 1986), 18 nominal species, 12 of which are currently considered valid (Ng, 1999; 2001), are known from Southeast Asia. As recent studies have shown, the diversity of Southeast Asian Clarias is higher than previously thought and undescribed taxa are still being described., Published as part of Heok Hee Ng, 2003, Clarias insolitus, a new species of clariid catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from southern Borneo., pp. 1-8 in Zootaxa 284 on page 1

Clarias salae Hubrecht, 1881 Clarias salae Hubrecht, 1881: 68. LOCALITÉ TYPE. — Sofore place, St Paul River, Liberia. DESCRIPTION. — Espèce de grande taille (maximum observé 508 mm LT), au corps nu très allongé, subcylindrique, à tête large et aplatie. Quatre paires de barbillons bien développés. Nageoires dorsale et anale très allongées, s’étendant jusqu’à la nageoire caudale qui est arrondie. Coloration brun foncé sur le dos et les flancs, ventre plus clair. DISTRIBUTION. — Connue de la rivière Geba en Guinée Bissau jusqu’au Cavally en Côte d’Ivoire. Au mont Nimba, a été récoltée dans le Zié (475-500 m), le Dyé Yé et de jeunes individus de 42 à 78 mm jusque dans le Gâ (1100-1250 m). Citée par Daget (1948: 27; 1952: 317, fig. 8; 1963: 586). Citée également sous le nom de Clarias vandenhoutei Poll, 1941 du Nipoué à Yéalé (400 m) et du Boan à Gopoupleu par Daget & Iltis (1965: 174, fig. 106). Clarias vandenhoutei est une espèce différente synonyme de Clarias laeviceps laeviceps Gill, 1863 (voir Teugels 1981, Rev. Zool. Bot. afr. 95(2): 368)., Published as part of Résumé, Jacques Daget, 2003, Les Poissons Actinoptérygiens du mont Nimba, pp. 581-596 in Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 190 on page 587, {"references":["DAGET J. 1948. - La collection de poissons d'eau douce de l'IFAN. Catalogues de l'Institut franCais d'Afrique noire, Dakar, 3: 60 p.","DAGET J. 1952. - Poissons, in La Reserve naturelle integrale du mont Nimba. Memoires de l'Institut franCais d'Afrique noire 19: 311 - 334, fig. 1 - 21.","DAGET J. & ILTIS A. 1965. - Poissons de Cote d'Ivoire (eaux douces et saumatres). Memoires de l'Institut franCais d'Afrique noire 74, 385 p."]}

Clarias insolitus sp. nov. (Figs. 1 & 2a) Type material. Holotype: MZB 6112, 122.5 mm SL; Borneo: Kalimantan Tengah, Barito River drainage; small stream flowing into Sungai Rekut (tributary of Sungai Busang) about 1.5 km upstream from the Project Barito Ulu base camp on Sungai Busang; D. Siebert, O. Crimmen & A. Tjakrawidjaja, 5 February 1991. Paratypes: BMNH 2001.1.15.98-103, 7 ex., 53.5-139.7 mm SL; data as for holotype. Diagnosis. Clarias insolitus differs from other Southeast Asian Clarias [[in having]] hypertrophied sensory canal pores on the head and body easily visible to the naked eye (vs. sensory canal pores indistinct and not visible without magnification) and (except for C.batrachus) in having a long and thin (���knife-shaped��� of Teugels, 1986) anterior fontanel [all other Asian species have a short and squat (���sole-shaped��� of Teugels, 1986) anterior fontanel]. Clarias insolitus can be further distinguished from all other Southeast Asian Clarias (except for C. intermedius, C, meladerma, C. olivaceus, and C. planiceps) in having prominent serrations on the anterior edge of the pectoral spine (vs. anterior edge smooth or with low, indistinct asperities forming a rugose edge) and (except for C. olivaceus and C. planiceps) in lacking white spots on the body. Clarias insolitus further differs from C. intermedius and C. meladerma in having a longer distance between the tip of the occipital process and the base of the first dorsal-fin ray (10.3-12.4% SL vs. 3.1-5.6) and a more slender body (9.9-11.5% SL vs. 13.7-16.6), from C. olivaceus in having a more slender body (9.9-11.5% SL vs. 12.5-15.2) and narrower head (14.0-15.6% SL vs. 16.0-18.7 and from C. planiceps in having a longer snout (32.5-37.7% HL vs. 20.6-28.7) and smaller interorbital distance (39.4-43.6% HL vs. 46.4-49.9). Description. Head depressed; dorsal profile slightly convex and ventral profile almost straight. Bony elements of dorsal surface of head covered with thick skin; bones not readily visible, but sutures sometimes evident. Anterior fontanel long and thin (���knifeshaped ��� of Teugels, 1986); anterior tip reaching just beyond line through anterior orbital margins. Occipital process acutely rounded. Eye ovoid, horizontal axis longest, subcutaneous; located dorsolaterally on head. Gill openings narrow, extending from dorsal-most point of pectoral-fin base to isthmus. Gill membranes free from isthmus but united to each other with 7 (n=6) or 8 (n=2) branchiostegal rays. First branchial arch with 2+10 (n=2) or 2+12 (n=6) gill rakers. Mouth subterminal, with fleshy, plicate lips. Oral teeth small and in irregular rows on all tooth-bearing surfaces. Premaxillary tooth band rectangular, with median notch on posterior edge. Dentary tooth band much narrower than premaxillary tooth band at symphysis, tapering laterally. Vomerine tooth band unpaired, continuous across midline, crescentic and smoothly arched along anterior margin, posterior margin with a median process. Premaxillary and dentary teeth viliform; vomerine teeth subgranular. Barbels in four pairs; long and slender with thick fleshy bases. Maxillary barbel extending nearly to base of first dorsal-fin ray. Nasal barbel, extending nearly to tip of occipital process. Inner mandibular-barbel origin close to midline; barbel thicker and longer than nasal barbel and extending to base of pectoral spine. Outer mandibular barbel originates posterolateral of inner mandibular barbel, extending to tip of pectoral fin. Body cylindrical, becoming compressed towards caudal peduncle. Dorsal profile rising very gently from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin and thereafter almost horizontal to end of caudal peduncle. Ventral profile slightly convex to middle of head and thereafter almost horizontal to end of caudal peduncle. Skin smooth. Lateral line complete and midlateral in position. Vertebrae 19+42=61 (n=1), 18+44=62 (n=1), 20+42=62 (n=3), 21+41=62 (n=1), or 20+43=63 (n=2). Dorsal fin with long base, spanning posterior three-quarters of body; with 67 (n=2), 68 (n=1), 71 (n=2), 72 (n=1), 75 (n=1) or 76 (n=1) rays covered by thick layer of skin and without spine. Dorsal-fin margin straight, parallel to dorsal edge of body. Pectoral fin with small spine, sharply pointed at tip, and 8 (n=8) rays. Proximal threequarters of anterior spine margin with large serrations; distal quarter of anterior spine margin and posterior spine margin smooth. Pectoral-fin margin straight anteriorly, convex posteriorly. Pelvic-fin origin at anterior third of body, with i,5 (n=8) rays and convex margin; tip of adpressed fin reaching base of first few anal-fin rays. Anus and urogenital openings located at vertical through middle of adpressed pelvic fin. Anal fin with long base and 53 (n=1), 55 (n=2), 56 (n=2), 58 (n=2) or 63 (n=1) rays covered by thick layer of skin; margin straight and parallel to ventral edge of body. Caudal peduncle very short. Caudal fin rounded, with i,6,6,i (n=8) principal rays. Morphometric data as in Table 1. Color. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of head and body violet-gray, fading to pale gray on ventral surfaces. Dorsal, anal and caudal fins violet-gray with very thin hyaline distal margin. Pectoral-fin rays violet-gray, with hyaline interradial membranes. Pelvic fins hyaline. Barbels and pectoral spines violet-gray dorsally and light grey ventrally. Distribution. Known from the upper Barito River drainage in southern Borneo (Fig. 3). Etymology. From the Latin insolitus, meaning strange; in reference to the combination of hypertrophied sensory canal pores and a knife-shaped anterior fontanel, which is not seen in other Southeast Asian Clarias. Used as a noun in apposition. Discussion Recent taxonomic studies on Southeast Asian Clarias have divided them into three species groups based on the distance between the tip of the occipital process and the base of the first dorsal ray and the relative length of the body as expressed by the number of dorsal- and anal-fin rays and vertebrae (Ng, 1999). Until a detailed phylogenetic study can be undertaken to ascertain if the species groups are indeed natural, this approach is not utilized here, largely because the characters that diagnose Clarias insolitus are highly distinctive and not seen in other Southeast Asian taxa. The color pattern of C. insolitus is also distinct in lacking white spots on the body. A color pattern consisting either of a uniform color or one with small, indistinct white spots is shared with only two other species of Southeast Asian Clarias, viz. C. batu and C. planiceps. However, C. insolitus can be distinguished from C. planiceps by the characters mentioned in the diagnosis and from C. batu by the number of vertebrae (61-63 vs. 67- 71). Among other Southeast Asian Clarias, a long and thin anterior fontanel is only found in C. batrachus (Teugels et al., 1999), which can be easily distinguished from C. insolitus in having a smaller distance between the tip of the supraoccipital and the base of the first dorsal-fin ray (5.8-8.2% SL vs. 10.3-12.4), as well as the characters already mentioned in the diagnosis, i.e. indistinct (vs. hypertrophied) sensory canal pores on the head and body, presence (vs. absence) of white spots on the body, and anterior edge of the pectoral spine smooth or with low asperities (vs. with prominent serrations)., Published as part of Heok Hee Ng, 2003, Clarias insolitus, a new species of clariid catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from southern Borneo., pp. 1-8 in Zootaxa 284 on pages 2-7

Clarias gracilentus, a new Southeast Asian walking catfish species, is described from Phu Quoc Island (Vietnam) off the coast of southeastern Cambodia and from mainland southeastern Cambodia. The new species is a member of the C. nieuhofii species complex, and can be distinguished from congeners in the complex in having a combination of: head width 11.9–12.9% SL, distance between the occipital process and the base of the first dorsal-fin ray 5.3–8.4% SL, pectoral-fin length 8.5–10.1% SL, body depth at anus 8.2–11.7% SL, pelvic-fin length 4.3–5.5% SL, length of anal-fin base 60.0–63.9% SL, eye diameter 5.4–7.2% HL, interorbital distance 42.7–48.0% HL, occipital-process length 7.8–14.7% HL, 96–101 dorsal-fin rays, 84–89 anal-fin rays and 80–84 total vertebrae.