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Purpose: In the case of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) for proximal humeral fractures (PHFs) with tuberosity reconstruction, it is unclear whether the supraspinatus tendon continues to play a role. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of RSA for PHFs in a large cohort of elderly patients and compare the results in the case of supraspinatus excision or preservation. Methods: In this retrospective multicentre study, 150 patients (mean age 77 years, 93% female) were reviewed and radiographed with a minimum follow-up of 24 months. The same Grammont prosthetic design was used in all cases (inclination angle 155°, non-lateralised glenosphere). Patients were divided into two groups: Group A (n = 117) underwent supraspinatus excision and Group B supraspinatus preservation (n = 33). Complications were recorded, and shoulder function, active mobility and subjective results were assessed. Results: At a mean follow-up of 59 months, there was no statistical difference in the complication rate (6% vs. 6.8%, p = 1), mean Constant score (61 points vs. 59 points, p = 0.52), simple shoulder value (74% vs. 73.9%, p = 0.9), active anterior elevation (125° vs. 128°, p = 0.45) and internal rotation (4.9 points vs. 4.1 points, p = 0.2). However, mean active external rotation was better in Group A (22° vs. 13°, p = 0.01). The greater tuberosity healing rate in satisfactory position did not differ statistically between the groups (68% vs. 55%, p = 0.14). Conclusion: In the case of RSA with tuberosity reconstruction for acute PHFs, there is no clear evidence that supraspinatus preservation is advantageous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Humeral bone loss is commonly encountered during revision shoulder arthroplasty and anticipating humeral bone defects can help the revision surgeon make appropriate plans to achieve adequate fixation and stability. No validated classification system exists to characterize humeral bone loss in the setting of revision shoulder arthroplasty.Questions/purposes: The purposes of this study were (1) to create a classification system for humeral bone loss in revision shoulder arthroplasty; (2) to determine the classification system's reliability; and (3) to determine whether humeral bone loss type is associated with intraoperative humeral-related reconstruction characteristics.Methods: This was a comparative retrospective radiographic study. First, six surgeons from five centers collaborated to create a classification by consensus. Second, two surgeons from two other centers who had fellowship training in shoulder and elbow surgery, who were blinded to each other's grades and all patient details other than plain radiographs, and who were not involved in creation of the system, classified true AP, AP, and lateral (axillary and/or scapular-Y) radiographs from 108 revision (413 radiographs) from one center that were performed between November 15, 2006, and January 4, 2018. Interobserver reliability was calculated by comparing those two reviews and determining Cohen's κ. In addition, one reviewer repeated his assessments twice, 4 months apart, to determine intraobserver reliability using Cohen's κ. Third, we performed a retrospective chart study of these same revisions to determine intraoperative humeral-related reconstruction characteristics such as the use of greater tuberosity fixation, stem length, humeral bone grafting, and the use of proximal humeral replacement or total humeral replacement; at the center where these revisions were performed during that timespan, no attempt to classify bone loss was made. During that period, the general indications for greater tuberosity fixation included the absence of a stable osseous connection between the greater tuberosity and the shaft of the humerus with a tuberosity amendable to repair; the general indications for use of longer stems were inability to obtain a minimum of two cortical widths of overlap between the implant and the humeral diaphysis and/or loss of the greater tuberosity; and the general indications for proximal and total humeral replacement were bone loss that was felt to be too severe to allow reconstruction with allograft.Results: The classification system consists of three types of humeral bone loss: Type 1 is loss of the epiphysis with subtypes for loss of the calcar and loss of the greater tuberosity; Type 2 is loss of the metadiaphysis above the deltoid attachment with a subtype for cortical thinning; and Type 3 is bone loss extending below the deltoid attachment with a subtype for cortical thinning. We studied 108 revisions: 38 (35%) without bone loss, 34 (31%) Type 1, 27 (25%) Type 2, and nine (8%) Type 3. For reliability, interrater κ was 0.545 and in 71% (77 of 108) of revisions, the two raters agreed on a numeric type. Intrarater κ was 0.615 and in 77% (83 of 108) of revisions, the rater agreed with himself as to the numeric type. Stem length increased with class type (Type 1 median [range] 130 [70-210], Type 2 150 [70-210], Type 3 190 [70-240], p = 0.005). Most greater tuberosity fixation for intraoperative fracture was in Types 1 and 2 (13 of 18 compared with the five of 18 of greater tuberosity fixation that was within Types 0 and 3, p = 0.043). Most bone grafting was in Types 2 and 3 (eight of 13 compared with five of 13 of bone grafting was in Types 0 and 1, p = 0.044). Most proximal humeral and total humeral replacements were in Type 3 (three of four compared with one of four, p < 0.001).Conclusions: We developed the Proximal Humeral Arthroplasty Revision Osseous inSufficiency (PHAROS) system, which has adequate, if imperfect, reliability to classify humeral bone loss in the setting of revision shoulder arthroplasty. This classification system may be useful to anticipate the complexity of humeral reconstruction. Further validation incorporating advanced imaging and further evaluators will be necessary.Level Of Evidence: Level III, diagnostic study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The treatment of fracture sequelae of the proximal part of the humerus in combination with posttraumatic arthritis is challenging. The reported results of treatment with anatomic shoulder arthroplasty are disappointing. The aim of this multicenter study was to analyze the clinical and radiographic results of reverse shoulder arthroplasty for treatment of posttraumatic sequelae of the proximal part of the humerus with malunion of the tuberosities.Methods: This was a retrospective, multicenter study of 42 patients (42 shoulders) with the diagnosis of posttraumatic sequelae of the proximal part of the humerus with malunions of the tuberosities who were treated with reverse shoulder arthroplasty between 2000 and 2010. The mean age at the time of arthroplasty was 68 years (range, 27 to 83 years; median, 70 years). The dominant side was treated in 24 cases. The mean clinical and radiographic follow-up was 4 years (range, 2 to 13 years; median, 3.5 years). The Constant score including subgroups, shoulder flexion, rotation motion, and radiographs of the affected shoulders were analyzed before the surgical procedure and at the time of the latest follow-up. Patients categorized their postoperative results as very good, good, satisfactory, or unsatisfactory.Results: The mean Constant score increased from 19.7 points (range, 0 to 52 points) preoperatively to 54.9 points (range, 21 to 83 points) postoperatively (p < 0.0001). All of the subgroups of the Constant score also increased, as did active shoulder flexion and external rotation (all p < 0.0001). In one case, loosening of the humeral and glenoid components occurred. Scapular notching was present in 22 shoulders (52%) and was grade 1 in 12 cases, grade 2 in 4 cases, grade 3 in 2 cases, and grade 4 in 4 cases. Complications occurred in 4 patients (9.5%). Eighteen patients (43%) rated their result as very good, 19 (45%) rated their result as good, 4 (10%) rated their result as satisfactory, and one (2%) rated the result as unsatisfactory.Conclusions: Reverse shoulder arthroplasty is a viable treatment option for type-4 proximal humeral fracture sequelae that cannot otherwise be treated with anatomic shoulder replacement.Level Of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose - Anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) gives good outcome in the treatment of primary osteoarthritis, but it is not known whether this also applies to patients over 80 years old. Patients and methods - We retrospectively assessed outcome in patients over the age of 80 after anatomic TSA, performed for primary osteoarthritis with a preoperative intact rotator cuff (group O, n = 32). We compared it with outcome in a group of patients under the age of 70 (group Y, n = 32). Subjective outcome, Constant score, and radiological findings were analyzed. Results - At a mean follow-up time of 7 years, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups. In group O, 24 patients were very satisfied and in group Y, 23 patients were very satisfied; the subjective shoulder value was 81% in both groups. Mean Constant score was 65 in group O and 67 in group Y. Moderate or severe radiological upper migration of the humeral head was detected in 1 patient in group O and in 3 patients in group Y. One patient in group Y was revised for glenoid loosening. Interpretation - Good to excellent results can be expected after anatomic TSA in patients over the age of 80. Our findings suggest that they have similar results to those in patients around 70 years of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Normal function of the upper limb is seldom restored after limb-sparing surgery for tumors of the proximal humerus. The literature suggests superior shoulder function is achieved in the short term with reverse total shoulder arthroplasty compared to other techniques when performed for conditions with rotator cuff deficiency. It is unclear whether this superiority is maintained when reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is performed for tumors. Questions/purposes: When performed for tumors, we determined whether reverse total shoulder arthroplasty restores function and improves motion, the complications associated with the surgery, and whether reverse total shoulder arthroplasty with autologous grafting is associated with bone resorption. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 14 patients who had undergone reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for tumors of the proximal humerus. Four patients died, leaving nine patients for review. The surviving patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically. The minimum followup was 0.6 years (mean, 7.7 years; range, 0.6-12 years). Results: At last followup, mean active abduction was 157° and mean functional Constant-Murley score was 76%. One patient had a deep infection and one developed a loose prosthesis; both were treated with single-stage exchange. At last followup, both patients had reasonable function without evidence of infection or loosening. Radiographic graft resorption was seen in all but one patient. Conclusions: Our observations suggest, at medium-term followup, reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is a reasonable option for tumors of the proximal humerus. It has low morbidity, restores a mean active abduction of 157°, and limits the impairment of activities of daily living. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scapular notching, prosthetic instability, limited shoulder rotation and loss of shoulder contour are associated with conventional medialized design reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Prosthetic (ie, metallic) lateralization increases torque at the baseplate-glenoid interface potentially leading to failure. Questions/purposes: We asked whether bony lateralization of reverse shoulder arthroplasty would avoid the problems caused by humeral medialization without increasing torque or shear force applied to the glenoid component. Patients and Methods: We prospectively followed 42 patients with rotator cuff deficiency treated with bony increased-offset reverse shoulder arthroplasty. A cylinder of autologous cancellous bone graft, harvested from the humeral head, was placed between the reamed glenoid surface and baseplate. Graft and baseplate fixation was achieved using a lengthened central peg (25 mm) and four screws. Patients underwent clinical, radiographic, and CT assessment at a minimum of 2 years after surgery. Results: The humeral graft incorporated completely in 98% of cases (41 of 42) and partially in one. At a mean of 28 months postoperatively, no graft resorption, glenoid loosening, or postoperative instability was observed. Inferior scapular notching occurred in 19% (eight of 42). The absolute Constant-Murley score improved from 31 to 67. Thirty-six patients (86%) were able to internally rotate sufficiently to reach their back over the sacrum. Conclusions: Grafting of the glenoid surface during reverse shoulder arthroplasty effectively creates a long-necked scapula, providing the benefits of lateralization. Bony increased-offset reverse shoulder arthroplasty is associated with low rates of inferior scapular notching, improved shoulder rotation, no prosthetic instability and improved shoulder contour. In contrast to metallic lateralization, bony lateralization has the advantage of maintaining the prosthetic center of rotation at the prosthesis-bone interface, thus minimizing torque on the glenoid component. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scapular notching, erosion of the scapular neck related to impingement by the medial rim of the humeral cup during adduction, is a radiographic sign specific to reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). Its clinical and radiological consequences remain unclear. Questions/purposes: Therefore, we: (1) determined the incidence of notching in a large series, (2) described the natural history of notching, (3) determined whether notching is related to functional scores or (4) radiographic signs of failure, and (5) identified factors related to notch development. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 448 patients who underwent a Grammont-type RSA (461 shoulders) with a mean followup of 51 months (range, 24-206 months). RSA was implanted for cuff tear arthropathy or osteoarthritis with cuff deficiency. We assessed scapular notching using AP views standardized under fluoroscopy. Clinical assessment included Constant-Murley score and range of motion. Aside from notching, radiographic assessment included evaluation of humeral and glenoid radiolucent lines. Results: Notching occurred in 68% of cases. It appeared early, but its later evolution was variable. Notching was associated with followup, strength, passive and active elevation, humeral radiolucent lines, and glenoid lucent lines. It also correlated with a higher rate in patients with preoperative superior erosion. Conclusions: Scapular notching is frequent, generally progresses, and is associated with deterioration of some clinical parameters and radiolucent lines. We believe the preoperative pattern of glenoid erosion is of particular importance due to its influence on the surgeon's glenoid preparation and base-plate positioning. It is crucial to avoid cranial position and superior tilt. Levels of Evidence: Level IV, Therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The development of modern shoulder replacement surgery started over half a century ago with the pioneering work done by CS Neer. Several designs for shoulder prostheses are now available, allowing surgeons to select the best design for each situation. When the rotator cuff is intact, unconstrained prostheses produce reliable and reproducible results, with prosthesis survival rates of 97% after 10 years and 84% after 20 years. In patients with three- or four-part fractures of the proximal humerus, the outcome of shoulder arthroplasty depends largely on healing of the greater tuberosity, which is therefore a major treatment objective. Factors crucial to greater tuberosity union include selection of the optimal prosthesis design, flawless fixation of the tuberosities, and appropriate postoperative immobilization. The reverse shoulder prosthesis developed by Grammont has been recognized since 1991 as a valid option for patients with glenohumeral osteoarthritis. Ten-year prosthesis survival rates are 91% overall (including trauma and revisions) and 94% for glenohumeral osteoarthritis with head migration. These good results are generating interest in the reverse shoulder prosthesis as a treatment option in situations where unconstrained prostheses are unsatisfactory (primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis with marked glenoid cavity erosion; comminuted fractures in patients older than 75 years; post-traumatic osteoarthritis with severe tuberosity malunion or nonunion; massive irreparable rotator cuff tears with pseudoparalysis; failed rotator cuff repair; and proximal humerus tumor requiring resection of the rotator cuff insertions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypothesis: In patients with a rotator cuff–deficient shoulder, a combined loss of active elevation and external rotation (CLEER) can occur when both the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles are absent. A reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) can restore active elevation in these patients but cannot restore active external rotation because there are no other external rotator cuff muscles. We hypothesized that a modified L''Episcopo procedure (latissimus dorsi [LD] and teres major [TM] transfer) with a simultaneous RSA would restore shoulder function and activities of daily living (ADLs). Materials and methods: Seventeen consecutive patients (mean age, 71 years) with CLEER underwent this combined procedure through a single deltopectoral approach and were prospectively monitored for at least 12 months. All patients had severe cuff tear arthropathy and advanced atrophy or fatty infiltration of the infraspinatus/teres minor muscles on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scans. The patients were immobilized in 30° of abduction and external rotation for 6 weeks postoperatively before starting rehabilitation. Results: Mean active elevation increased from 74° preoperatively to 149° postoperatively (+75°), and external rotation increased from −21° to 13° (+34°). Patient satisfaction, subjective shoulder value, Constant-Murley scores and ADLs all improved significantly. Discussion & Conclusions: In patients with CLEER, the association of RSA with LD/TM transfer restores active elevation and external rotation. The combined procedure, performed in the same session through a deltopectoral approach, is indicated in a selected subgroup of patients with a rotator cuff-deficient shoulder and an absent or atrophied infraspinatus/teres minor muscles. Our technique is easier to perform than the two-incision procedure and appears to avoid problems such as extensive scarring, adhesions and axillary nerve lesions. Transferring both the LD and TM, rather than the LD alone, results in better active external rotation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: The purpose is to report the results of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) after previous failed rotator cuff surgery. Materials and methods: A retrospective multicenter study of 42 RSA in 40 patients (mean age, 71 years) with a mean follow-up of 50 months. Thirty shoulders presented with a pseudoparalytic shoulder and 12 with a painful shoulder with maintained active anterior elevation (AAE ≥ 90°). Results: Five complications (12%) occurred and 2 patients (5%) underwent re-operation. In pseudoparalytic shoulders, AAE increased from 56° to 123° and 7% were disappointed or dissatisfied. In painful shoulders, AAE decreased from 146° to 122° and 27% were disappointed or dissatisfied. Discussion: RSA can improve function in patients with cuff deficient shoulders after failure of previous cuff surgery. However, results are inferior to primary RSA. RSA when the patient maintains greater than 90° of preoperative AAE risks loss of AAE and lower patient satisfaction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Overhead athletes report an inconsistent return to their previous level of sport and satisfaction after arthroscopic SLAP lesion repair. Hypothesis: Arthroscopic biceps tenodesis offers a viable alternative to the repair of an isolated type II SLAP lesion. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Twenty-five consecutive patients operated for an isolated type II SLAP lesion between 2000 and 2004 were evaluated at a mean of 35 months postoperatively (range, 24-69). Patients with associated instability, rotator cuff rupture, posterosuperior impingement, or previous shoulder surgery were excluded. Ten patients (10 men) with an average age of 37 years (range, 19-57) had a SLAP repair performed with suture anchors. Fifteen patients (9 men and 6 women) with an average age of 52 years (range, 28-64) underwent arthroscopic biceps tenodesis performed with an absorbable interference screw. Arthroscopic diagnosis and treatment were performed by a single experienced shoulder surgeon, and all patients were reviewed by an independent examiner. Results: In the repair group, the Constant score improved from 65 to 83 points; however, 60% (6 of 10) of the patients were disappointed because of persistent pain or inability to return to their previous level of sports participation. In the tenodesis group, the Constant score improved from 59 to 89 points, and 93% (14/15) were satisfied or very satisfied. Thirteen patients (87%) were able to return to their previous level of sports participation following biceps tenodesis, compared with only 20% (2 of 10) after SLAP repair (P = .01). Four patients with failed SLAP repairs underwent subsequent biceps tenodesis, resulting in a successful outcome and a full return to their previous level of sports activity. Conclusion: Arthroscopic biceps tenodesis can be considered an effective alternative to the repair of a type II SLAP lesion, allowing patients to return to a presurgical level of activity and sports participation. The results of biceps reinsertion are disappointing compared with biceps tenodesis. Furthermore, biceps tenodesis may provide a viable alternative for the salvage of a failed SLAP repair. As the age of the 2 treatment groups differed, these findings should be confirmed by future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The causes and consequences of scapular notching after reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) were investigated in 326 consecutive patients (337 shoulders) undergoing RSA between 1991 and 2003. Patients underwent 269 (80%) primary RSAs and 68 revisions of unconstrained shoulder prosthesis. At last follow-up (average, 47 months; range, 24-120 months) 62% had scapular notching. Notching frequency and extension were correlated to the length of follow-up (P = .0005). Notching was more frequent in cuff tear arthropathy (P = .0004), grade 3 or 4 fatty infiltration of the infraspinatus (P = .01), and narrowed acromiohumeral distance (P < .0001). Glenoids preoperatively oriented superiorly were more at risk for notching (P = .006). More notching occurred when the RSA was implanted using an anterosuperior approach vs a deltopectoral approach (P < .0001). Notching was correlated with humeral radiolucencies in proximal zones (P < .0001) and with glenoid radiolucent lines (P < .0001). Positioning of the baseplate definitely influences scapular notching. High positioning of the baseplate and superior tilting must be avoided. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: The higher failure rates reported with arthroscopic stabilization of traumatic, recurrent anterior shoulder instability compared with open stabilization remain a concern. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of arthroscopic Bankart repairs with the use of suture anchors and to identify risk factors related to postoperative recurrence of shoulder instability. Methods: Ninety-one consecutive patients underwent arthroscopic stabilization for recurrent anterior traumatic shoulder instability. The mean age (and standard deviation) at the time of surgery was 26.4 ± 5.4 years. Seventy-one patients were male. Seventy-nine patients were involved in sports (forty, in high risk sports). Capsulolabral reattachment and capsule retensioning was performed with use of absorbable suture anchors (mean, 4.3 anchors; range, two to seven anchors). All patients were prospectively followed, and, at the time of the last review, the patients were examined and assessed functionally by independent observers. Results: At a mean follow-up of thirty-six months, fourteen patients (15.3%) experienced recurrent instability: six sustained a frank dislocation and eight reported a subluxation. The mean delay to recurrence was 17.6 months. The risk of postoperative recurrence was significantly related to the presence of a bone defect, either on the glenoid side (a glenoid compression fracture; p = 0.01) or on the humeral side (a large Hill-Sachs lesion; p = 0.05). By contrast, a glenoid separation-fracture was not associated with postoperative recurrent dislocation or subluxation. Recurrence of instability was significantly higher in patients with inferior shoulder hyperlaxity (p = 0.03) and/or anterior shoulder hyperlaxity (p = 0.01). On multivariate analysis, the presence of glenoid bone loss and inferior hyperlaxity led to a 75% recurrence rate (p < 0.001). Lastly, the number of suture-anchors was critical: patients who had three anchors or fewer were at higher risk for recurrent instability (p = 0.03). Conclusions: In the treatment of traumatic recurrent anterior shoulder instability, patients with bone loss or with shoulder hyperlaxity are at risk for recurrent instability after arthroscopic Bankart repair. At least four anchor points should be used to obtain secure shoulder stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of concomitant biceps tenodesis in patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis. Six hundred eighty-eight shoulders that had undergone replacement for primary glenohumeral arthritis were reviewed at a mean 43 months postoperatively. One hundred twenty-one patients had undergone a biceps tenodesis at arthroplasty, while the remaining patients did not. Tenodesis was significantly better than no tenodesis in most outcome parameters. No difference was found between the groups in complication rate. Biceps tenodesis is a useful adjunct to shoulder arthroplasty in the treatment of primary osteoarthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a new arthroscopic sliding knot. It is easy to make it slide and to lock it and in addition, we find it very easy to learn and teach. The usual three reversed half-hitches must be placed in order to secure it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: L’ère moderne de la chirurgie prothétique de l’épaule s’est ouverte, il y a plus de 50 ans, avec Neer. Des prothèses au concept différent sont disponibles et peuvent être utilisées en fonction des indications. Dans les cas de coiffe saine, les résultats des prothèses « anatomiques » sont maintenant parfaitement reproductibles et fiables. Les dernières courbes de survie rapportées font état dans ces étiologies d’un taux de survie des prothèses de 97 % à dix ans et 84 % à 20 ans. Dans le traitement des fractures céphalotubérositaires en trois ou quatre parties, le résultat des prothèses est lié à la consolidation du trochiter et tous les efforts doivent être tournés vers son obtention : dessin adapté de la prothèse, ostéosynthèse parfaite des tubérosités, immobilisation postopératoire. La prothèse inversée de Grammont a été validée depuis 1991 dans les omarthroses. Les courbes de survie montrent 91 % de survie à dix ans, toutes étiologies confondues (post-traumatiques et reprises incluses) et 94 % à dix ans pour les seules omarthroses excentrées. Du fait de ces résultats, les indications sont en train de s’étendre aux arthroses centrées avec usure importante de glène, aux fractures des gens âgés (>75 ans) où il est difficile d’obtenir la consolidation des tubérosités, aux arthroses post-traumatiques avec cals vicieux sévères, pseudarthroses ou lyses des tubérosités, aux ruptures massives de la coiffe des rotateurs non réparables et pseudoparalytiques, aux échecs de réparation de la coiffe des rotateurs et aux tumeurs dont l’exérèse nécessite le sacrifice des insertions de la coiffe des rotateurs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]