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Background: The Latarjet procedure is commonly performed in the treatment of recurrent shoulder instability and is also indicated as a salvage procedure for recurrence after failed arthroscopic Bankart repair. Although this procedure has shown success, there has been an increased awareness of complications in recent studies, especially graft osteolysis. Most relevant research has focused on the pathophysiology, incidence, or location of graft osteolysis or the risk factors for graft osteolysis; however, the data are limited to primary Latarjet procedures. This study aimed to investigate the effect of previous arthroscopic Bankart repair surgery on coracoid bone graft osteolysis in the Latarjet procedure., Methods: This retrospective case-control study analyzed data from patients who underwent primary Latarjet procedures or revision Latarjet procedures following failed arthroscopic Bankart repair. Clinical outcome measures included range of motion, the Subjective Shoulder Value, and the Rowe score. Volumetric analysis of each transferred coracoid graft was performed using early postoperative and late postoperative computed tomography scan data, and the amount of graft osteolysis was then calculated as the percentage of volume reduction of each graft., Results: A total of 32 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in this study, with 24 patients in the primary Latarjet group (group I) and 8 patients in the revision Latarjet group (group II). The mean age of the patients was 32.5 ± 7.7 years, and the mean follow-up duration was 52.1 ± 8.9 months. Both study groups showed significant improvement in the Subjective Shoulder Value compared with baseline (P < .05). Comparison of postoperative clinical outcome measures showed no significant difference in any outcome parameter between the 2 study groups (P > .05). No recurrence was observed during the follow-up period. A positive apprehension sign was present in 6 patients (25%) in group I and 4 patients (50%) in group II (P > .05). Analysis of radiologic data revealed that all patients underwent some degree of graft osteolysis, with varying osteolysis ratios between 12% and 98%. The mean osteolysis ratio of the coracoid graft was 67.3% ± 22.6% in group I and 69.4% ± 25.6% in group II, with no significant difference between the 2 groups (P > .05)., Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that a considerable amount of coracoid graft osteolysis is observed after both primary Latarjet procedures and revision Latarjet procedures following failed arthroscopic Bankart repair. Previous arthroscopic Bankart repair did not seem to have a significant influence on the amount of graft osteolysis, and both primary and revision Latarjet procedures showed satisfactory clinical outcomes., (Copyright © 2023 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of a rehabilitation program with electromyographic biofeedback compared with the control group on patients with massive rotator cuff tear., Design: Forty-six adults with massive rotator cuff tears, randomly assigned to 2 groups (23 electromyographic biofeedback group vs. 23 control group). The electromyographic biofeedback group (experimental group) performed the exercises under the guidance of electromyographic biofeedback, unlike the control group. All patients underwent a 45-minute training session a day, 3 times a week over a 6-wk duration, and followed up until 1-year. The outcome measures were American Shoulder and Elbow score, shoulder flexion strength, shoulder range of motion, Numeric Pain Rating Scale, and Global Rating of Change Scale., Results: Compared with the control group, the electromyographic biofeedback group demonstrated a significant change in shoulder flexion strength and patient satisfaction from baseline to 6 wks (posttraining) and from baseline to 12-mo follow-up ( F = 4.671, P = 0.005). There were significant improvements in within groups statistics for American Shoulder and Elbow score, shoulder flexion strength, shoulder range of motion, and Numeric Pain Rating Scale in both groups ( P < 0.05)., Conclusions: The results demonstrate that deltoid-focused structured rehabilitation program combined with electromyographic biofeedback can be used to increase shoulder flexion strength and patient satisfaction in conservative treatment of massive rotator cuff tear., Competing Interests: Financial disclosure statements have been obtained, and no conflicts of interest have been reported by the authors or by any individuals in control of the content of this article., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Septic arthritis of the shoulder is a rare but devastating condition that may lead to joint destruction. There are few studies and limited outcome data on shoulder arthroplasty for infected native shoulders with end-stage glenohumeral arthritis (GHA). Hence, this study aimed to demonstrate the clinical outcomes of two-stage implantation in reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) using an antibiotic spacer in the first stage for this challenging condition., Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on two-stage implantation in RSA in infected shoulders. Patients were diagnosed with end-stage GHA due to primary shoulder sepsis or infection following non-arthroplasty shoulder surgery. Laboratory data, range of motion (ROM), and functional scores including American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, Constant score, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score were assessed prior to spacer placement and at the latest follow-up. Furthermore, intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded., Results: In this study, 10 patients with a mean age of 54.8 ± 15.8 years (range, 30-77 years) were included. The mean follow-up period was 37.3 ± 9.1 months (range, 25-56 months). All postoperative ROM measurements and functional scores were improved significantly. Although no reinfection was observed, a total of 5 complications including 2 hematomas, 1 intraoperative humeral fracture, 1 humeral stem loosening, and 1 anterior deltoid dysfunction were observed in 4 patients after a follow-up period of at least 2 years after RSA., Conclusions: Two-stage implantation in RSA is an effective method for improving the function and controlling the infection in postinfectious end-stage GHA in native shoulders., Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported., (Copyright © 2023 by The Korean Orthopaedic Association.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the angle between the scapular spine and acromion in the sagittal plane on the location of chronic rotator cuff tears (RCTs)., Methods: The magnetic resonance images of patients who had undergone an arthroscopic shoulder surgery were evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups: patients who had undergone RCT repair and those who had experienced different shoulder surgery as a control group. The RCT group (study group) was then subgrouped in terms of the location of the tear as posterior-superior RCT type 3, 4, 5 or combination (group A) and anterior-superior RCT type 1,2,3 or combination using the Patte sagittal classification (group B). A novel angle, scapular spine-acromion angle (SSAA), was described in the sagittal plane and compared between the groups and subgroups., Results: A total of 96 patients underwent an arthroscopic RCT repair with a mean age of 59.5 years (range, 36-65 years), and the control group was composed of 40 patients with a mean age of 52.5 (range, 41-63 years). Comparison the group B (mean value: 73.41°±5.98°, median: 73,8°, range: 60.6°-89.7°) has significantly higher degrees of SSAA than group A (mean value: 63.92°±6.82°, median: 64,8°, range: 52.3°-77.9°) (P < 0.001)., Conclusion: This study demonstrated a higher incidence of posterior- superior RCTs in patients with lower SSAA and anterior-superior RCTs in patients with higher SSAA in the sagittal plane compared to the control group. So sagittal acromial orientation might influence the RCT location., Level of Evidence: Level III, Diagnostic Study.

Introduction: Incorrect positioning is one of the main factors for glenoid component loosening in reverse shoulder arthroplasty and component placement can be challenging. This study aimed to assess whether Patient-Specific Instrumentation (PSI) provides better guide pin positioning accuracy and is superior to standard guided and freehand instrumentation methods in cases of glenoid bone deformity., Materials and Methods: Based on the Walch classification, five different scapula types were acquired by computed tomography (CT). For each type, two different surgeons placed a guide pin into the scapula using three different methods: freehand method, conventional non-patient-specific guide, and PSI guide. Each method was repeated five times by both surgeons. In these experiments, a total of 150 samples of scapula models were used (5 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 150). Post-operative CT scans of the samples with the guide pin were digitally assessed and the accuracy of the pin placement was determined by comparison to the preoperative planning on a three-dimensional (3D) model., Results: The PSI method showed accuracies to the preoperative plan of 2.68 (SD 2.10) degrees for version angle ( p < .05), 2.59 (SD 2.68) degrees for inclination angle ( p < .05), and 1.55 (SD 1.26) mm for entry point offset ( p < .05). The mean and standard deviation errors compared to planned values of version angle, inclination angle, and entry point offset were statistically significant for the PSI method for the type C defected glenoid and non-arthritic glenoid., Conclusion: Using the PSI guide created by an image processing software tool for guide pin positioning showed advantages in glenoid component positioning over other methods, for defected and intact glenoid types, but correlation with clinical outcomes should be examined.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of correction of the reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) angle on clinical outcomes in patients with cuff tear arthropathy (CTA)., Methods: This single-center retrospective study was conducted in patients with CTA treated with RSA between 2013 and 2018. A structured questionnaire collecting demographic data, postoperative follow-up time, pre- and postoperative range of motion (ROM), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) and Constant functional scores as well as scapular notching according to the Sirveaux Classification and RSA angle were evaluated by independent observers. The association between functional outcomes and RSA angle was analyzed using a curve estimation approach., Results: Seventy-four patients with a mean age of 69.4 ± 8 years and mean follow-up period of 38.2 ± 10.8 months were included the study. The medialized inlay component was implanted in 35 patients, and the lateralized onlay component was used in 39 patients. The mean preoperative ASES and Constant scores improved from 28.4 ± 5.1 and 31.1 ± 5.9 to 73.4 ± 23.3 and 70.5 ± 16, respectively, at the last follow-up (both P < 0.001). The mean pre- and postoperative RSA angles were measured to be 21.3 ± 9.3° and 5.5 ± 10.1°, respectively, on X-ray. The postoperative RSA angle was 10.4 ± 10.3° in computerized tomography (CT) scans. There was an excellent correlation between X-ray and CT measurements (rs: 0.971, P < 0.001). It was found that patients with good postoperative functional scores tended to have an RSA angle of 0-10° postoperatively. The delta internal rotation of the medialized design group was greater than that of the lateralized design group (P = 0.029)., Conclusion: In patients undergoing RSA for CTA, satisfactory clinical outcomes can be obtained by achieving a postoperative RSA angle of 0-10° with an asymmetrical inferior reaming technique., Level of Evidence: Level III, Therapeutic Study.

Purpose: The ideal treatment algorithm is still controversial for Superior Labral Anterior-Posterior (SLAP) tears. In this systematic review, we aimed to clarify and ascertain which treatment modality is effective and more usable in which conditions., Methods: In this systematic review, we used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines established for systematic reviews and meta-analysis. "SLAP or Superior Labral Anterior-Posterior" and "biceps tenodesis" search terms were used in The Cochrane Library database and Pubmed from their inception to the 30th of September 2020. A total of 2326 titles were screened and 2069 articles were removed because of their ineligibility. Full texts of 14 studies were screened and finally, six were suitable for the present systematic review. Demographic details and study characteristics, patient satisfaction, functional outcomes, return to preinjury sports level, reoperation, stiffness, sling time and rehabilitation protocols were reviewed and compared between SLAP repair and biceps tenodesis groups., Results: A total of 2326 titles were screened and six studies were detected eligible. Results of 287 patients (SLAP repair: 160, Biceps Tenodesis: 127) were reviewed in included six studies. Biceps tenodesis was showed as more satisfied technique in four of the studies but the statistical comparing results of two groups were not significantly different in each study. Different functional scoring systems used in the studies were not statistically significantly different between the groups. The percentage of return to sport and preinjury level is higher in biceps tenodesis in the five studies. The total reoperation rate for SLAP repair was 19/160 (12%) and biceps tenodesis was 7/127 (6%)., Conclusion: The biceps tenodesis has a higher return to preinjury sports level, higher patient satisfaction and lower reoperation rates but functional scores are similar between SLAP repair groups in patients with SLAP tear.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical, functional, and radiographic outcomes of open versus arthroscopic Latarjet procedures., Methods: Between December 2009 to January 2015, all patients older than 18 years of age who were treated with a Latarjet procedure for chronic osseous anterior instability by a single surgeon were included in this retrospective cohort study. Range of motion, strength, Rowe, Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI) scores, and pain level according to the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were evaluated. In addition, postoperative computed tomography scans were used to evaluate the position of the transferred coracoid, screw orientation, and degree of graft resorption., Results: Forty-eight patients with a mean age of 29.5 years (range 19-59 years) who underwent open (n = 15; group OL) and arthroscopic (n = 33; group AL) Latarjet procedures were included in the study. The mean follow-up was 30.5 months (range 24-50 months). At final follow-up there were significant differences in the mean internal rotation loss (mean of 9° vs 14°, P = .044) favoring open surgery and WOSI (P = .017) scores favoring arthroscopic. No significant differences were detected in mean forward flexion loss (P = .918), external rotation loss (P = .883), Rowe (P = .429), and Visual Analog Scale (P = .208) scores. Mean superoinferior position of the coracoid bone graft was found between the 1:55 and 4:49 o'clock positions (2:05-4:55 for group OL; 1:51-4:47 for group AL) in en-face views. The grafts were placed laterally in 13% (group OL) and 9% (group AL) of patients. The mean α angles of the screws were 11° and 19.2°, respectively (P = .004). The mean graft resorption rates were 21% and 34% (P = .087), respectively., Conclusion: Good functional results were obtained after both open and arthroscopic Latarjet procedures for the treatment of chronic osseous anterior shoulder instability. Comparative analysis showed small but statistically significant differences in internal rotation loss favoring open and in WOSI favoring arthroscopic techniques. All measured radiographic parameters were similar with the exception of a significant difference in alpha angle with improved screw position in open surgery. OL and AL techniques provide similar clinical and radiographic outcomes., Level of Evidence: III; Retrospective cohort study with comparison group., (Copyright © 2019 Arthroscopy Association of North America. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: In the treatment of irreparable rotary cuff (RC) tears, the superior capsule of the shoulder is reconstructed using tensor fascia lata (TFL) or several allografts to prevent progressive joint degeneration. This study compared the healing qualities of acellular human dermal graft (HDG) and the TFL autograft in superior capsule reconstruction (SCR) from biomechanical and histologic perspectives., Methods: Chronic retracted RC tear models were created bilaterally in 9 rabbits, and 7 rabbits with intact RC were used as a control group. SCR was performed 8 weeks after the tear using HDG in right shoulders and TFL in left shoulders. At 12 weeks after SCR, 2 shoulders from each experimental group were investigated for histologic healing, and 7 samples from the experimental and control groups were biomechanically tested., Results: Complete healing was observed macroscopically in the glenoid and humeral sides of both groups. No difference was observed in the enthesis maturation scores between the experimental groups. Collagen fiber density was higher and the orientation was better in TFL group. Inflammatory cell infiltration was not seen in the TFL group, but inflammatory cell infiltration was pronounced in the HDG group. The mean pullout strengths of the TFL group, HDG group, and intact RC group were 139.7 ± 40.5 N, 123.9 ± 47.9 N, and 105.1 ± 11.8 N (P = .187), respectively. The mean stiffness values (P = .711), yield forces (P = .404), and displacements (P = .135) were also statistically not different between the groups., Conclusion: In SCR, the healing qualities of HDG and TFL were similar in rabbit models., (Copyright © 2018 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether coexistent intraarticular lesions are negative prognostic factors for the results of arthroscopic capsular release in frozen shoulder patients., Methods: Seventy-two patients who met inclusion criteria and underwent arthroscopic capsular release between March 2011 and August 2015 for the frozen shoulder were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups according to existence of concomitant intraarticular pathologies detected during arthroscopy. Preoperative and postoperative functional results were assessed with Constant score and shoulder ranges of motion; and the amount of pain was evaluated using visual analog scale (VAS)., Results: Group I consisted of 46 patients (mean age 47.2 years and mean follow-up 26 months) without concomitant shoulder pathologies and group II consisted of 26 patients (mean age 48.6 years and mean follow-up 15 months) with coexistent lesions (SLAP lesions, n = 8; SLAP and partial rupture of the RC, n = 4; SLAP, partial rupture of RC and impingement, n = 10; SLAP and impingement, n = 2; and AC arthritis and impingement, n = 2). Preoperatively, the mean ranges of forward flexion (p = 0.221), abduction (p = 0.065), internal rotation (p = 0.564), Constant (p = 0.148) and VAS (p = 0.365) scores were similar between the groups. After a minimum 12 months of follow-up, all patients significantly improved but no statistically significant difference was detected in the mean ranges of forward flexion (152 vs 150; p = 0.902), abduction (137 vs 129; p = 0.095), external rotation (45 vs 40; p = 0.866), internal rotation (5 vs 5 point; p = 0.474), Constant (82 vs 82.3; p = 0.685) and VAS (1.2 vs 1.2; p = 0.634) scores between the groups., Conclusion: The presence of concomitant shoulder pathologies does not appear to affect the clinical outcomes in patients undergoing arthroscopic capsular release for frozen shoulder., Level of Evidence: Level III, Therapeutic study., (Copyright © 2018 Turkish Association of Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The physical examination of the shoulder is usually not reliable for the true diagnosis of superior glenoid labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been routinely used for the diagnosis. This prospective study investigates the radiological diagnosis of the SLAP lesions and compares accuracy of arthroscopic and MRI classifications., Methods: One hundred thirty-two patients with positive physical examination signs using O'Brien, Yergason, resistance supination external rotation and Krank tests and MRI findings are included in the study. Shoulder MRIs were obtained for all patients within three months prior to the surgeries. SLAP lesion is detected in 90 and 102 patients according to MRI and arthroscopy, respectively. Arthroscopic and MRI classifications of the patients were performed according to modified Snyder classification., Results: Sensitivity and specificity of the MRI were found as 70.59 and 40%, respectively. No difference was detected between MRI and arthroscopy classifications in 52 (39%) patients. Although the diagnosis was compatible with arthroscopy in 34 (25%) patients, the classification was incompatible. In 46 (34%) of patients the diagnosis was incompatible with the MRI., Conclusion: Although MRI is a good diagnostic tool for SLAP lesions, its use for the classification is limited. Level of evidence Level III, Diagnostic study.

Purpose: Some patients with shoulder laxity complain of coxalgia without a history of trauma. We hypothesised that patients who have recurrent shoulder instability accompanied with generalised joint hyperlaxity tend to have acetabular dysplasia., Methods: Pelvic radiographs of 26 young patients with hyperlaxity who had shoulder instability complaints without any history of hip joint trauma were evaluated by measuring their centre-edge angle (CEA) and acetabular angle (AA). In addition, Beighton generalised joint laxity tests were performed. All of the patients had shoulder pain and instability accompanied with hyperlaxity. We performed magnetic resonance imaging examination to show SLAP-Bankart lesions and pelvis anteroposterior X-rays to detect acetabular dysplasia., Results: The average age of the study group was 26 ± 8.03 years (13-39). Six patients were female and 20 were male. When CEA (<22.6 degrees) was used as a criterion for acetabular dysplasia, the dysplasia rate of our patient group was 3.84 % for the right hip, 3.84 % for the left hip and 3.84 % overall. When AA (>42.2 degrees) was used as the dysplasia criterion, the dysplasia rate of patient group was 30.76 % for the right hip, 57.69 % for the left hip and 57.69 % overall., Conclusions: CEA values were significantly lower (p = 0.009) and AA values were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in our study group than the previously-reported average values of the Turkish population. We think that acetabular dysplasia is more frequent in patients with hyperlaxity; further studies are needed to test this idea.

Purpose: Patients with spinoglenoid notch cyst associated with superior labrum anterior-to-posterior (SLAP) lesions were evaluated. The patients were all treated by arthroscopic cyst decompression combined with SLAP repair. The hypothesis of the study was that the patients who underwent prolonged conservative treatment period prior to surgery would exhibit significant infraspinatus hypotrophy and weakness, and their postoperative clinical and functional outcomes would be less satisfactory., Methods: Sixteen patients exhibited positive MRI and EMG findings with clinical signs of weakness and pain. The median age was 40.5 years (range 32-52), and the study group consisted of 11 males and 5 females with a median follow-up period of 26 months (12-48). The median duration of symptoms and conservative treatment prior to the surgical intervention was 3.5 months (1-14). Seven patients in group A exhibited infraspinatus hypotrophy. Group B comprised 9 patients without infraspinatus hypotrophy., Results: The results of the pre- and postoperative Constant scores, visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, and external rotation strength test rates were compared between groups. They all improved in terms of pain, strength, and function (P < 0.05). Significant differences were observed between the pre- and postoperative external rotation strengths and Constant scores (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between the pre- and postoperative VAS scores (n.s.). A significant correlation was observed in group A between surgical timing, the preoperative external rotation strength ratio (P = 0.04) and the postoperative VAS scores (P = 0.013)., Conclusion: The arthroscopic treatment was satisfactory with good clinical outcomes. Infraspinatus hypotrophy occurred in cases of prolonged surgical duration and significantly affected external rotation strength and functional outcomes., Level of Evidence: Retrospective comparative study, Level III.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of coracoid bone block (modified Latarjet) procedure on clinical and functional results in cases with glenoid bone defect accompanied with anterior shoulder instability., Methods: The study included 35 patients (average age: 35 years; range: 20 to 58 years) with glenoid bone defect and recurrent dislocations treated with the modified Latarjet procedure. There were 12 sports injuries, 5 post-epileptic cases and 18 recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation following non-sports-related injuries. Recurrence was reported in 7 patients formerly treated with the Bankart procedure. Average number of preoperative dislocations was 10.8 ± 6.5 and average time range between the first dislocation and surgery was 14.9 ± 13.2 months. All patients underwent preoperative diagnostic arthroscopy. Postoperative isometric exercises in braces were assigned for the first 6 weeks, followed by active strengthening exercises. Pre- and postoperative functional results were evaluated using the ASES (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons) and Rowe scores and pain using the VAS (Visual Analog Scale)., Results: Osseous union of coracoid graft was achieved in all patients. Average follow-up was 24 ± 12.2 (range: 12 to 74) months. No degenerative arthritis or continuing instability was detected in any of the patients. Average forward flexion was 165° ± 20° and external rotation 59° ± 13°. Mean preoperative ASES and Rowe scores of 49.6 ± 10.6 and 47.9 ± 21.5 increased postoperatively to 91.3 ± 11 and 89.1 ± 9.2, respectively. Mean VAS scores decreased significantly from 6.2 ± 2.4 to 1.8 ± 0.6 postoperatively (p<0.05)., Conclusion: Shoulder functionality and former activity levels can be successfully achieved in terms of increased patient satisfaction through use of the modified Latarjet surgery in the treatment of glenoid bone defect and anterior shoulder instability.

Background and Objectives: Rotator cuff tendonitis (RCT) is one of the most common shoulder pathologies. It causes pain, limits shoulder joint movements, and impairs function. Despite various treatment methods, there are currently no specific guidelines regarding the most effective intervention for RCT. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have compared the effects of Kinesio taping (KT) and cold therapy (CT) on individuals with RCT. To this end, this study aimed to investigate and compare the short-term effects of KT and CT on pain relief and upper extremity functionality in individuals with RCT. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fourteen individuals were assessed for eligibility. Fifty-two individuals with RCT who met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate were randomly allocated into either the KT or the CT group. A standardized home exercise program was given to all the participants. Their pain intensity, upper extremity function, shoulder range of motion (ROM), and grip strength were evaluated initially and after the three days of KT or CT applications. Results: All the assessment values significantly improved in the KT group. In the CT group, only the pain scores (except for the numerical rating scale (NRS) pain score during activity) were significantly improved in the CT group at the end of the third day of application compared to the initial values (p < 0.05). For all the measurement outcomes, the effects of time × group interactions were statistically significant (p < 0.05) in favor of the KT group, except for the resting pain (p = 0.688). Conclusions: The findings suggest that KT and CT could be used as adjunctive modalities to exercise for resting and night pain relief in patients with RCT. KT also had positive effects on the activity pain, function, ROM, and grip strength. The use of KT along with an exercise program could be a more effective therapeutic choice than the use of CT for improving night pain, activity pain, and upper extremity function during the short-term rehabilitation of RCT patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the glenoid version, height, and width measurements based on gender, side, age, height, and hand dominance in the Turkish population using computed tomography (CT) images. Methods. In our study, CT images of 140 patients (62 females and 78 males; mean age: 39.6 years) who had no shoulder complaints were evaluated retrospectively. Glenoid version (GV), AP diameter (width), and SI diameter (height) on both shoulders were measured on the CT images. Correlations between patient gender, side, age, height, and hand dominance and the GV and size were evaluated. Results. The right shoulder had a mean GV of −0.93 ± 7.80 degrees and the left shoulder had a GV of −0.88 ± 6.63 degrees (p > 0.05). The mean AP diameter of the glenoid was 26.57 ± 3.02 mm in the right shoulder and 26.33 ± 3.01 mm in the left shoulder (p > 0.05). The mean SI diameter of the glenoid was 31.8 ± 3.6 mm in the right and 31.7 ± 3.3 mm in the left shoulder (p > 0.05). When men and women were evaluated in two separate groups, the GV, AP, and SI values did not exhibit a statistically significant difference between the two shoulders in both genders (p > 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the ages and heights of the patients and the glenoid size (p < 0.05). The mean AP diameter was approximately 28 mm and the SI diameter was 34 mm in males, whereas the mean AP diameter was 24 mm and the SI diameter was 30 mm in females (p < 0.05). The GV values of the dominant shoulders were significantly more retroverted (p < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the ages and heights of the patients and the glenoid size (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Hand dominance had an effect on the glenoid version, while patient gender, age, and height had an effect on the glenoid size. The glenoid width in the Turkish population was similar to that of the European and American populations, and the glenoid height was similar to that of the Asian population. Our GV values were similar to those of the Asian population and more anteverted compared to the Western population. We believe that our findings will be useful in preoperative planning and in the production of implants for our population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]