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Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important staple crop of the family Pedaliaceae. The commercial production of sesame is still dependent on the applications of chemical fertilizers. Mycorrhiza inoculum resulted in better morphological and biochemical traits in vegetables. Thus, here the outcome of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Pseudomonas fluorescence (ATCC-17400) inoculation was studied in the pot culture experiment. Primarily, there seems to be a promising opportunity of AMF in sesame under pot and field trials because of enhanced morphological parameters, especially root weight, and disparities in nutrients and metabolites. The AMF appears to be an option to boost plant growth, mineral content, and sesame yield. The AMF treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescence strain (ATCC-17400) determined the maximum values for the morphological traits and mineral content. Overall, our study highlights mycorrhizal fungi and other microbes efficacy in achieving a successful sesame production.

Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a zoophytophagous predator that feeds on plants as well as prey. Several non-crop host plant species have been used to maintain this mirid as a biological control agent in different crop systems. To evaluate the benefit of these non-crop host plants on biological control services, data on the life-history traits of N. tenuis on these plants are important as fundamental information. Herein, we studied the demographic growth parameters of N. tenuis reared on three alternative non-crop host plants (Cleome hassleriana Chod., Brassicales: Cleomaceae; Verbena × hybrida Voss, Lamiales: Verbenaceae; and Sesamum indicum L., Lamiales: Pedaliaceae) and one crop plant (tomato) in the absence of prey under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 °C, 16:8 h L:D). The estimated intrinsic rate of increase in each plant was significantly greater in the following order: S. indicum (0.094) > C. hassleriana (0.074) > tomato (−0.002) > Verbena × hybrida (−0.060). The results indicated that C. hassleriana and S. indicum were able to fully support the development and reproduction of N. tenuis with nutrients derived from only its plant tissues, whereas Verbena × hybrida and tomato were not. Our findings revealed that C. hassleriana is a promising resource for the conservation or mass rearing of N. tenuis besides S. indicum.

The aim.To find out the morphology of the seeds and the features of its germination and to study the development of Uncarina roeoesliana Rauh (Pedaliaceae) plants in the early stages of ontogeny in connection with the problem of a seed germination and their cultivation under introduction. Materials and methods.The latent and pregenerative periods of the ontomorphogenesis of Uncarina roeoesliana plants under growing conditions in the protected soils of the Botanical garden named after acad. O.V. Fomin were investigated. Biomorphological, introducting, histological methods were used in this work. Results.A method of accelerating the germination of freshly harvested seeds has been developed. Uncarina roeoesliana seeds are large (about 7x5 mm), mostly wide-triangular, brown in colour with little-noticed wing around the perimeter of the seed. The dorsal side forms folds, the hem is on the micropillary part of the seed. The periclinal walls are convex and often with papillae. The embryo is large, occupies most of the seed, the endosperm has a lot of lipids, which is typical for the representative of the same family Sesamum indicum L. The presence of papillae probably contributes to the moisture accumulation to increase the enzymatic activity when the seeds are swell. All of these features of seed germination are consistent with the environmental conditions of Uncarina's natural habitats: high temperatures, low rainfall and significant dry periods. Probably the plants of this species belong to macrobiotics, that is, they can retain seed germination for a long time. The germination is aboveground. During the 24 weeks of development, the plants reach the virginal stage of development: they form radish roots, 5-6 pairs of leaves, of which only two pairs remain in the young plants at this stage, and a thickened basal part of the stem . Conclusions.Comparing Uncarina roeoesliana with other caudiciform plants, we can conclude that this plant has a high potential for survival in arid conditions due to the ability of seeds to germinate only in conditions of considerable moisture and the ability of the plant to accumulate moisture in the basal part of the stem and in fleshy roots. In this case, the plant is adapted to exist both in the mode of a dormancy and in the mode of an active growth, but in the latter case only in the presence of sufficient moisture in the soil

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) of the family Pedaliaceae is an important and old oil crop that is cultivated mainly in the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa for several economic values. Several molecular markers have been employed to study the genetic diversity of this important crop. The study focused on the genetic diversity through polymorphism information content (PIC) by the use of Simple Sequence Repeat markers among randomly collected 22 Sesame germplasm across 2 ecological zones stored in NACGRAB seed Genebank, Nigeria. The extraction procedure followed Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) and the recovered DNA were good with average concentration of 337.00 ng/µL and average quality of 1.795. 30 primers were designed but only 12 with highest genome coverage were used to analyzed the genetic data with NTSYS pc ver.2.02 and Power Marker ver.3.5. The PIC ranged between 0.36 in Primer OTO2 and 0.76 in Primer OTO5. The evolutionary relationship was constructed based on the polymorphic primers and according to their ecological locations. The populations were divided to 2 major clads. Of the 2 ecological zones, the more diverse ecological zone is the derived Savana with 13 accessions, while the less diverse is the humid forest with 9 accessions. Key words: Sesame, genetic diversity, polymorphism information content (PIC), ecological distribution, microsatellite.

From July to October 2015 and 2018 at Maroua, Sesamum indicum flowers were observed to determine the reproductive system, specific richness, relative frequency, and impact of the insects on the yields. 7800 and 4560 flower clusters for each studied were labeled and divided into two treatments, differentiated according to the presence or absence of protection against insect’s activities. Observations were made on free-pollinated S. indicum flowers from September to October 2015 and 2018. The sesame is a mixed pollination plant, and the specific richness of the flowering insects was 19 species. The insects foraged the flowers of the sesame from 7:00 am to 4:00 pm, with the peak of the activity of the set of visits of them located between 9:00 am, and 10:00 am (28.59 %). These insects developed and elaborated behavior when they collected the nectar and pollen. Free-pollination produced more yield than pollination restricted with gauze bags. The influence of the insects estimated at 50.84 %, 17.22 %, 58.77 %, and 09.55 % for the fruiting rate, the number of seeds/fruit, the percentage of the average weight of seeds, and the percentage of normal seeds respectively. This study provided some knowledge about the insect’s diversity of this Pedaliaceae, which can be exploited to improve fruit production. In order to improve the yield of S. indicum, pollinators could be protected by rational pest management tactics. Pesticide treatments should be done in the late afternoon to protect the pollinators for high seed yield or spray at a time of day when crop flowers are closed.

The study of the variability of the flower visiting entomofauna between Palar and Djarengol-Kodek (Maroua, Cameroon) and the influence of the pollination type were carried out in 2020 for assessing their impact on sesame production. Three treatments of 50 plants each were used according to whether the flowers were open-pollinated (TA) or protected using mosquito net cages (TB) and plastic cages (TC) for analysis. The diversity and composition of the entomofauna were compared between localities from TA as well as the resulting pod and seed yields of the crop. 21 and 12 insect species were found foraging on sesame flowers in Palar and Djarengol-Kodek respectively. Hymenoptera had a high relative abundance ˃ 92% at both sites and played a key role in pollinating the flowers of the host plant species. The diversity index was higher in Palar (H’ = 3.10) than in Djarengol-Kodek (H’ = 2.64). The Jaccard similarity index between both sites was J = 0.43. During their floral activity, these bees promoted autogamy, geitonogamy and xenogamy on S. indicum flowers. The impact of the floral activity of bees on sesame pod and seed yields was in the range of 17.92% - 29.27% and 12.97% - 18.39% in Djarengol-Kodek and Palar respectively with a significant difference between these values (X2 = 156.20; df = 1; P ˂ 0.001 and X2 = 69.74; df = 1; P ˂ 0.001). These differences showed the important role of the variability of the composition and the relative abundance of pollinators on sesame production between sites. Moreover, bee pollination (TA) highly increased anemophily (TB) and cleistogamy (TC) in sesame. Encourage producers to adopt more environmental friendly management methods to help preserve the habitat of sesame pollinator species for better productivity is an important practice.

Seven desirable hybrids (based on fatty oil content) namely RTH2, RTH5 and RTH7 (roma × tilottama), SRH1, SRH2, SRH3 (savitri × roma) and STH2 (savitri × tilottama) of Sesamum indicum L. (Family: Pedaliaceae; commonly known as sesame, an important oil seed crop of commerce) are selected from twenty intervarietal hybrids (tilottama — black seed coat; roma — brown seed coat and savitri — white seed coat) raised through natural crossing following interplanting (15 cm and 30 cm between plants and rows respectively). Seed coat color is used as marker trait for hybrid identification. Heterosis (mid parent heterosis, heterobeltosis and standard heterosis) is measured in F1, F2 and F3 (raised following selfing) generations considering seed yield and yield contributing (plant height, number of primary and total branches per plant, capsules per plant and seeds per capsule) traits. Considering heterosis and inbreeding depression it seems that RTH2 is the most promising hybrid. F3 harvested seeds are used to assess fatty acid profile and oil soluble lignan contents (sesamin and sesamolin detected from virgin sesame oil) in the studied hybrids. Result highlights the following: (1) significant enhancement in seed yield across generations in RTH2, RTH5 and SRH3, (2) identification of behenic acid (C22:0) fraction pioneerly in sesame fatty oil (tilottama, roma, savitri, RTH5 and RTH7), (3) SRH2 hybrid shows most promising fatty acid profile comprising of balance proportion of ω-6:ω-9 fatty acid (1:1) and enhance ω-3 fatty acid content desirable for human health and (4) SRH1 hybrid as the most promising germplasm in relation to dietary lignan content. Pure lines of the hybrids in later segregating generation can be more desirable for commercial exploitation.

The usage and cultural importance of wild and weedy edible leaves of wild relatives of sesame, Ceratotheca and Sesamum in Africa, is reported from herbarium records, published sources, and firsthand observations. They contribute not only nutritionally—protein, lipid, and micronutrients, especially calcium and iron—but release a little scrutinized valuable product, water-soluble polysaccharide mucilage, that serves as a source of fiber and provides beneficial dietary bulk, enhances gastrointestinal function, alleviates constipation, protects against diabetes, and lowers cholesterol. Dissimilar genera and species are used in similar ways. Their utility was discovered by women gathering edible leaves to accompany dry cereal staples. African vernacular names from several disparate cultures refer to their slimy consistency. Corresponding nutritional and mucilage constituents of several other popular African vegetables are evaluated for comparison.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae) is an annual plant, which has been domesticated for well over 5000 years. It is widely cultivated for its seeds and is one of the oldest known oilseed crops. Traditionally, its seeds, seed oil, and different organs of the plant have been used to treat various diseases or conditions like ulcers, asthma, wound healing, amenorrhea, hemorrhoids, inflammations, etc. Aim of the review The main aim of this review is to provide an outline and to assess the reported ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies of Sesamum indicum L. Materials and methods An extensive literature survey was done on various search engines like PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Science direct, etc. Other literature sources like Wikipedia, Ethnobotanical books, Chapters were also studied to get maximum information possible on the Sesamum indicum L. Results Over 160 different phytochemical compounds have been characterized and isolated from seeds, seed oil, and various plant organs, including lignans, polyphenols, phytosterols, phenols, anthraquinones, naphthoquinones, triterpenes, cerebroside, fatty acids, vitamins, proteins, essential amino acids, and sugars using suitable analytical techniques (e.g., LC-MS, GC-MS, HPTLC, HPLC). All the reported pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anticancer, antipyretic, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory are due to the virtue of these phytochemical compounds. Conclusion This review mainly highlights the botanical aspect of Sesamum indicum and its phytochemical constituents, ethnomedicinal uses, different pharmacological activities followed by ongoing clinical trials and future prospects. Sesamum indicum has great importance in traditional Indian medicine, which is further supported by modern pharmacological studies, especially in hepatoprotection, inflammation, and cancer. Several researchers have suggested that Sesamum indicum extracts and isolated compounds could have a wide therapeutic potency range. More research is needed to uncover key features of Sesamum indicum in medical practice, such as structure-activity relationships, toxicity, and therapeutic potential. In order to fully explore the plant's potential, safety assessments and implementation of an integrated cultivation method are also areas that need to investigate.

The methanolic extract of the waste seeds of

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a plant that belongs to the Pedaliaceae family which was first classified as a food source around 4000 years ago. Lignans (sesamin, sesamolin, sesamol, and sesaminol) present in sesame are the primary functional compounds that impart important health benefits. However, very little information is available on the lignan intake from sesame seeds and sesame oil products. Sesame oil is frequently and highly consumed in Korea and therefore is one of the important lignan intake sources due to the food eating habits of Koreans. Herein, we studied the distribution of lignans in sesame seeds (n = 21) and oil (n = 34) to estimate the daily lignan intake by the Korean population. High-performance liquid chromatography, in conjunction with statistical analysis, was used to determine the lignan content of seeds and oil. The estimated daily intake of total lignans from sesame seeds and oil, as estimated from the available domestic consumption data (Korea Nutrition and Health Examination Survey), is 18.39 mg/person/day for males and 13.26 mg/person/day for females. The contributions of lignan intake from sesame seeds and oil are 23.0% and 77.0%, respectively. This study provides preliminary information on lignan intake from sesame seeds and oil in the Korean population.

The peanut or ground nut (Arachis hypogeae L.) is a species in the legume or bean family (Fabaceae). Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a flowering plant belonging to the family Pedaliaceae. The present study was carried out to study the effect of different bio-fertilizers on the chlorophyll, nitrogen content on the 30th day of growth of the plants and Vitamin E content in the seeds after harvest of the two test crops. The bio-fertilizers used were Azospirillum, panchagavya, VAM fungi and a mixture of these three fertilizers. Control plant was maintained without any fertilizer application. The chlorophyll and nitrogen content seemed to be more in the plants treated with mixture of organic fertilizers in both the plants. The Vitamin E content were found to be higher in seeds obtained from Azospirillum treated plants in groundnut and VAM fungus treated plants in sesame.

Sesamum indicum L. belongs to the family Pedaliaceae and is thought as the oldest oilseed used by human beings, and it is commonly known as sesame. It is grown around the globe. This chapter highlights issues relating to the plant profile, chemical composition, and pharmacological applications of sesame seed and their chemical constituents. Sesame is a rich source of lipids, fatty acids, endogenous antioxidants, proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals. Sesame seeds are used as food and nutrients, minerals and vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, medicinal extracts, and their important phytoconstituents are being extensively used by both traditional and modern systems of medicine for the treatment of various disease states, including wound healing, hepatic problems, memory disturbances, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, atherosclerosis, cancer, and hypertension.

The methanolic extract of the waste seeds of Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae) was subjected to chromatographic fractionation; it led to the isolation of an alkyl benzene identified as 1,3-bis (pentadecyl)benzene (1) along with three known fatty acids: oleic acid (2), linoleic acid (3), and palmitic acid (4); one monosaturated cardanol, 3-pentadecylphenol (5) and two phytosteroids identified as sitostanol (6) and campestanol (7). The structures of these compounds were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 1, 5 and 6 were evaluated against protozoan parasites. Compound 1 moderately inhibited the promastigote form of Leishmania donovani LG13 with IC50 equal to 16.9 μM.

The use of foodstuff as natural medicines has already been established through studies demonstrating the pharmacological activities that they exhibit. Knowing the nutritional and pharmacological significance of foods enables the understanding of their role against several diseases. Among the foods that can potentially be considered as medicine, is sesame or Sesamum indicum L., which is part of the Pedaliaceae family and is composed of its lignans such as sesamin, sesamol, sesaminol and sesamolin. Its lignans have been widely studied and are known to possess antiaging, anticancer, antidiabetes, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Modern chronic diseases, which can transform into clinical diseases, are potential targets of these lignans. The prime example of chronic diseases is rheumatic inflammatory diseases, which affect the support structures and the organs of the body and can also develop into malignancies. In line with this, studies emphasizing the anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of sesame have been discussed in this review.

A study of foraging behavior of honeybees, Apis mellifera L. on sesame, Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae) was conducted in Motobes district, Kafrelsheikh Province during July-August of 2016 and 2017. Also, the study aimed to ivestigate the foraging behavior of honeybees on sesame flowers and the physicochemical characteristics and mineral contents of sesame honey were determined. Sesame plants start to bloom in the 1st week of July and continues until the end of August during the two seasons. Workers of honeybees started to forage on sesame flowers after 0600 hrs, gradually increased until formed peak at 0900 and 1000 hrs, then gradually decreased and ceased at 1800 hrs. The maximum amounts of trapped sesame pollen/colony/hr were recorded at 0900 and1000 hrs. Sesame honey was characterized by high contents of fructose, glucose, maltose, K, Na, Ca, and P. It can be concluded that beekeepers can obtain good honey yield and/or trapped pollen loads from sesame during July and August. The component of sesame honey was found to be within the range of the required standards according to the international regulations of quality.

The seed kernels of Sesamum indicum L. (family: Pedaliaceae) were extracted with ethanol and yield of components determined by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The free radical scavenging activities of ethanolic extract against1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were determined by UV spectrophotometer at 517 nm. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of numerous bioactive compounds including steroids, phenolic, terpenoids, fatty acids and different types of ester compounds. The ethanolic extract was purified and analyzed by GC MS.The prevailing compounds found in ethanolic extract were Carvacrol (0.04%),Sesamol (0.11%), 4-Allyl-2-methoxy-phenol(0.04%),Palmitic acid (1.08%), cis-9-Hexadecenal (85.40%), Lineoleoyl chloride (0.52%), Palmitic acid β-monoglyceride (0.40%), Dihydro-aplotaxene (0.61%), Oleoyl chloride (1.11%), (+)-Sesamin (4.73%), 1,3-Benzodioxole, 5-[4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)tetrahydro-1 H,3 H-furo [3,4-c]furan-1-yl], [1 S-(1,3,4,6α.), (2.01%)], 6-Nitrocholest-5-en-3-yl acetate (0.22%), Ergost-5-en-3β-ol (2.35%) and 24-Propylidenecholesterol (0.16%). The presence ofsaturated and unsaturated fatty acids in ethanolicextract justifies the use of this plant to treat many ailments in folk and traditional medicine. Ethanolic extract have shown significant antioxidant activity(IC50120.38±2.8 µg/ml). The presence of phenolic (Sesamol), lignin (Sesamin) compounds and unsaturated fatty acids are reported as possible contributor for antioxidantactivity of seed extract.

Vegetable oils are extremely important for the human organism, being considered a source of energy and of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K), and fundamental in promoting the taste of food. Sunflower oil is obtained from the seed of the plant Helianthus annuus L., of the Compositae family, standing out for being the fourth oilseed in grain production and the fifth in cultivated area in the world. Another valuable seed used for oil extraction is sesame (Sesamum indicum, L.), which belongs to the Pedaliaceae family. Due to the quality and characteristics of some vegetable oils, which may change after long periods of storage, thus giving relevance to studies on the determination of these changes. From this, this work had the objective of evaluating the quality of the sesame and sunflower oil, commercial and cold extracted, to obtain more information about the alterations occurred during the storage period and its oxidative potential. The oleochemical analyzes were performed using the variables related to the iodine, peroxide, acidity and % free fatty acids (FFA) indices, where the analyzes were performed in triplicates. As a result, the commercialized sesame and sunflower oils showed values ​​above the limits recommended by the RDC No. 270, of September 22, 2005, in relation to the cold extracting sesame and sunflower oleochemical indexes presented adequate values. The contribution of the work developed shows that oils after extraction, industrial processing and depending on storage conditions can present vulnerability and compromise their quality.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.; Pedaliaceae) is a commercially valuable oilseed crop with high oil content. Its small genome size favours the genomic analysis of key biological processes, such as oil synthesis and metabolism. However, the 13 chromosome pairs of sesame have not been characterised because of technological limitations and their small size. We constructed a BAC library comprising 57,600 BAC clones for sesame. The estimated genome coverage of the sesame BAC library was 13.8×. The successive double colour fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) for sesame was established in this study. Subsequently, the 13 sesame chromosome pairs were individually differentiated using 17 specific BACs for the first time. The schematic of the sesame chromosome set was drawn according to the chromosome relative length and relative position of the BAC signal. The cytogenetic characteristics of sesame chromosomes were also explored. The results provide the technical background required for further cytogenetic map construction, genome assembly and localisation of the DNA sequence in sesame.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum Linn.) (Pedaliaceae) is an important oilseed crop grown in many countries. Among the insect pests infesting sesame, the webworm, Antigastra catalaunalis Duponchel (Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera) is predominant throughout the crop period. For managing this insect, resistant sesame varieties with higher yield potential and better adaptability to varied locations are essentially needed. Keeping this in view and based on earlier work, three promising accessions viz., IVTS-2001-7, KMR-102 and TMV-3 were selected. To enhance resistance and/or yield traits, these three accessions in comparison with a susceptible check SVPR 1 were subjected to mutagenesis using gamma rays as physical mutagen; Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS) and Diethyl Sulphate (DES) as chemical mutants. The first and generation mutants were evaluated under field conditions at Methikudi village, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, Southern India during May, 2012-September, 2014. Webworm infestation was evaluated based on leaf, flower and capsule damage. Among the first mutant (M1) and second mutant (M2) generations, plants of the accessions namely IVTS 2001-7 and TMV-3 were rated as resistant and plants of SVPR-1 were highly susceptible to A. catalaunalis.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L., 2n=26) grouped under the family Pedaliaceae; is probably the most ancient oil seed known and used by man. It is called ‘Queen of oil seeds’ due to its high quality polyunsaturated stable fatty acid. The availability of large amount of wild forms of sesame in Ethiopia show that it is indigenous and considered as the center of origin for sesame and the genetic diversity is high, serving as resources for further improvement of the crop. Sesame improving research was started in Ethiopia at Werer Agricultural Research Center with the target to develop high yielding and adaptable varieties which meet the demands of the sesame farmers, processor and user. A lot of varieties released by different research centers and most of the varieties are under production in different agro ecologies of Ethiopia. It is foreign currency generating crop next to coffee in Ethiopia and the leading crop from all oil crops growing in the country. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to access the current sesame research and its production status in Ethiopia so that the information can be used as a good reference resource for researchers, students, agricultural extension workers and NGOs working in Ethiopia in the area of oil crops in general and sesame in particular.

Background: Vegetable oils recently have been evaluated in many tissues. Pistacia lentiscus (mastic) of the Anacardiaceae family and Sesamum indicum (sesame) of the Pedaliaceae family are conventionally used in the management of gastrointestinal, lung, and skin illnesses. This assay attempts to determine if the oral usage of mastic and sesame oils has any short-term toxic effects in vivo on the rat and evaluate the human anticancer effect in vitro. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one male Sprague-Dewley rats were assigned to three groups randomly: (A) control, (B) mastic oil (400 mg/kg), and (C) sesame oil (2cc/kg). The effects of these oils were investigated by determining histopathological and stereological parameters after six days, and the anticancer effects were evaluated on SW48, HepG2 human cell lines. Results: A mild chronic interstitial inflammation was seen in just one kidney of mastic oil group (B) and the other oneswere normal. In the sesame oil group (C), mild chronic interstitial inflammation was seen in six kidneys. In the liver samples of both groups, there were no specific pathological findings. Different concentrations of mastic oil (0.1%-5%) reduced the cell viability of SW48, HepG2, HEK293t, and human fat cells. Conclusion: Mastic and sesame oils have some side-effects on the kidney and might not be safe at high doses in rats. Sesame oil did not have any toxic effect on HepG2 and HEK293t human cancer cells. Mastic oil treatment has inhibited specific SW48 cells, so this oil seems to be a good adjuvant to chemotherapy in colon treatments.[GMJ.2020;9:e2001]

Sesamum indicum L. (family: Pedaliaceae) is an economically important oil seed crop grown in tropical and sub-tropical countries. It is widely used in food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical industries. Sesamum is widely distributed in all the climatic stages and great diversity. The exploration of genetic diversity is a pre-requisite for genome organization in the landraces and the related domesticated ones. Agromorphological and molecular markers were used to assess the identification of 33 Sesamum genotypes and determination of the genetic relationships among these genotypes. Out of 30 Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) primers tested, 18 primers produced 114 detectable fragments, of which 97 (85.08%) were polymorphic across the varieties. Molecular profiling could be solely used for their identification of genotypes. Genetic relationships among these genotypes were evaluated by generating a similarity matrix based on the Jacard’s coefficient and the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) dendogram. The results showed a clear cut separation of the 33 genotypes and were in broad agreement with the morphology. Both molecular and morphological markers will be useful for preservation of the germplasm as well as breeding program.

Sesamin and sesamolin constitute the main bioactive secondary metabolites of sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L., Pedaliaceae). In the present work, a rapid HPTLC-based methodology was developed in compliance with the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia for the quantification of these two lignans in sesame seeds. A comparative study was simultaneously performed with HPLC-PDA for assessing the sesamin and sesamolin content of diverse samples. Both methods were validated and the results were subsequently subjected to statistical analysis in order to compare their performance as well as to investigate possible correlations. The methods were shown to be adequately correlated in terms of performance, as revealed by Pearson's rank correlation coefficients (>0.99 for sesamin and >0.98 for sesamolin) and Bland-Altman analysis (relative method bias 0.06-0.21, SD of bias 0.05-0.07). HPTLC densitometry could thereby serve as a valid and reliable tool for the rapid determination of the major lignans in sesame seed samples.

Background: Ongoing systematic studies in the African flora necessitate periodic nomenclatural adjustments and corrections. Objectives: To effect requisite nomenclatural changes. Method: Relevant literature was surveyed and requisite nomenclatural transfers provided. Results: The new combination Sesamum byngianum Christenh. proposed for Josephinia africana Vatke is superfluous as an available synonym exists. Conclusions: The new combination Sesamum rosaceum (Engl.) J.C. Manning & Magee is also provided for Josephinia africana Vatke. Three new sectional combinations are provided to accommodate the species previously placed in Ceratotheca Endl., Josephinia Vent. and Dicerocaryum Bojer in the current infrageneric classification of Sesamum .

La semilla de ajonjolí, Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae), presenta un gran potencial para el sector agrícola en el departamento de Sucre (Colombia), principalmente en la elaboración de productos alimenticios y biocombustibles, debido a su contenido de aceite y nutrientes. En consecuencia, el presente estudio buscó determinar los componentes del rendimiento en el ajonjolí, por medio de su descripción. Entre ellos se encuentran nudos fértiles en tallo, cápsulas por nudo fértil, semillas por cápsula, peso de mil semillas, cantidad de ramas y nudos fértiles en rama, así como el rendimiento y el contenido de aceite en semilla, para los cultivares Criollo, ICA Matoso y Chino Rojo, en el último trimestre de 2015. Las variables se analizaron mediante un diseño en bloques completos al azar y modelos de regresión simple entre el rendimiento por planta y los componentes. Se encontró un efecto significativo del factor cultivar en los componentes, excepto en el número de nudos fértiles en rama, y una mayor cantidad promedio de nudos fértiles en tallo (30), semillas por cápsula (68) y peso de mil semillas (2,86 g), en los cultivares Criollo e ICA Matoso. De igual forma, se encontraron rendimientos promedio de semilla de 1.289,8 kg/ha en Criollo, y un contenido de aceite de aproximadamente un 49% en ICA Matoso. Asimismo, el componente que tuvo una mayor asociación lineal con el rendimiento fue el peso medio de semilla, el cual posibilita seleccionar, entre los estudiados, el cultivar con mejor comportamiento.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), a member of the Pedaliaceae family, is one of the oldest oilseed crops. For its high oil content, it is known as the “queen of oilseeds”. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a class of endogenous non-coding small RNAs that play important roles in multiple biological processes by degrading targeted mRNAs or repressing mRNA translation. Thousands of miRNAs have been identified in many plant species by computational methods, whereas there is no report of miRNAs in S. indicum till date. In present study, previously known plant miRNAs were BLASTed against the Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) database of Sesame genes. The aligned miRNA hits were further aligned to protein database and BLASTX was carried out to remove protein coding primary miRNAs. The non-coding precursor miRNAs were subjected to online MFold server in order to predict their secondary structures. After applying the filtering criteria, a total of 12 potential miRNAs belonging to 6 miRNAs families were detected. 203 unique miRNAs: target pairs were predicted online by psRNATarget web server. Most of the targets were found to encode transcription factors or enzymes that participate in the regulation of development, growth, metabolism, and other physiological processes and stress response.

The study deals with the pollen morphological characterization of thirty-seven accessions under six species of Sesamum, including the wild and cultivated taxa, collected from the state of Kerala. The assessment of species relationship of the taxa forms the pivotal aim of the investigation. The study displayed the significance of palynological characters such as aperture type, size and shape of pollen grains and exine ornamentation in the delimitation of the taxa at inter- and intra-specific levels. The species exhibited uniformity in their aperture morphoform (stephanocolpate), though they differed in the number of apertures. Wide variations observed in the exine ornamentation such as reticulum cristatum with gemmate (S. indicum), baculate (S. radiatum, S. prostratum), verrucate (S.malabaricum), areolate (S. laciniatum) and gemmate with clavate (S. alatum) suggested the utility of the character in the systematics of the genus. Inter-specific variation noticed in the size and shape of the pollen grains ranged from medium (S. laciniatum) to large (S. radiatum and S. malabaricum) and suboblate to prolate, respectively. The study explained the evolutionary relationship of the taxa based on pollen morphology. A taxonomic key is also prepared and presented based on the characters analysed.

Fresh leaves of twelve accessions of Sesamum indicum were collected after 12 weeks of planting and morphological-histology of trichomes were studied. These features may be used for the delimitation and determination of pharmaceutical potentials of the accessions. These accessions were found to exhibit high degree of heterogeneity in their trichome features. Nine types of trichomes were observed: unicellular, glandular peltate, capitate glandular, long unbranched uniseriate, short unbranched uniseriate, scale, multicellular, multiseriate capitate glandular and branched uniseriate trichomes. Lale-duk recorded the highest number (six types), four in accessions Ex-Sudan, Adaw-ting (Improved) and Ex-Gombe 1, three in accessions Ex-Gombe 3, Ex-Gombe 4, Ex-Gombe 5 and Ex-Gombe 6, two in kenana 4, Adaw-wula and Adaw-ting. The most frequent trichome type is short-unbranched uniseriate (76.52%), followed by long-unbranched uniseriate (72.73% and scale (65.11%). The least frequent was multiseriate capitate glandular (11.5%). The density of trichomes varied from accession to accession. Trichome density was the highest in Ex-Gombe 3 (63.2±0.49 mm2) and the lowest was recorded by Ex-Gombe 4 (4.40±0.29 mm2). The high variation in density coupled with the presence of glandular trichomes suggest that all the parts of these accessions probably contain or secrete chemicals that have many uses in the pesticide, pharmaceutical and flavour/fragrance industries and to conserve water. Furthermore, the trichome features varied from accession to accession; hence, are found to be good diagnostic and additional tool in identification as well as nomenclature of the accessions of S. indicum. Key words: Trichomes, identification, pharmaceutical industries, sesame.

— Pedaliaceae and Martyniaceae are Old World and New World families occurring primarily in arid environments with some taxa exhibiting similar adaptations to dispersal by large animals. Their taxonomic histories have also been intertwined, since they have often been combined as one family (e.g. Pedaliaceae). The temperate Asian aquatic plant Trapella was also assigned to Pedaliaceae, based on fruits with similar dispersal traits. With expanded sampling of both families, including Trapella, and data from ndhF, trnLF, and ETS sequences, this study confirms that the two families are distinct lineages, identifies a new placement for Trapella in tribe Gratioleae (Plantaginaceae s. 1), and shows that the two families exhibit a combination of shared floral morphology due to their proximity in Lamiales, and convergent functional morphology for dispersal. The phylogeny indicates the three tribes of Pedaliaceae are monophyletic, but that Sesamum is not.

Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) causes substantial economic losses in cucurbit crops. Although ZYMV has been present in Brazil for more than 20 years, there is little information about the biological and molecular characteristics of the isolates found in the country. This study aimed to characterize the experimental hosts, pathotypes and genetic diversity of a collection of eleven Brazilian ZYMV isolates within the coat protein gene. For biological analysis, plant species from Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Pedaliaceae were mechanically inoculated and pathotypes were identified based on the reaction of a resistant Cucumis melo, accession PI414723. All of the cucurbit species/varieties and Sesamum indicum were systemically infected with all isolates. The nucleotide sequence variability of the coat protein gene ranged from 82 % to 99 % compared to the corresponding sequences of ZYMV isolates from different geographical locations. No recombination event was detected in the coat protein gene of the isolates.

Recent molecular studies demonstrate that Sesamum sect. Sesamum, defining the largest genus of Pedaliaceae, holds two subspecies: the oilseed crop Sesamum indicum, and the crop’s progenitor Sesamum indicum subsp. malabaricum, and fail to support the idea that cultivated sesame originated from the African Sesamum latifolium. Therefore, in this updated classification, Sesamum sect. Sesamum is re-circumscribed to contain the Asian progenitor species of sesame. As a result, these data do not support the current infrageneric classification system; instead, these molecular results offer alternative implications with regard to the evolution of the genus and provide a basis for developing an updated taxonomy that is consistent with underlying phylogenetic relationships. Each clade is recognized as a section, thereby retaining valuable information on evolutionary relationships while minimizing nomenclatural changes. These analyses also reveal that section Sesamum is sister to Sesamum sect. Chamaesesamum. That sect...

The new combination Sesamum indicum L. subsp. malabaricum (Burm.) Bedigian (Pedaliaceae) is provided for the progenitor of sesame. Both lectotype and epitype for S. malabaricum Burm., the basionym of the new combination, are designated herein. A plate (van Rheede tot Draakestein, 1689: tab. 55) mentioned in the original protologue (Burman, 1769) is designated here as the lectotype for S. indicum L. subsp. malabaricum (Burm.) Bedigian. Previously published evidence about the relationship of S. indicum and S. malabaricum summarized here and shared morphological traits described here provide a foundation for the recognition of this taxon at the changed rank of subspecies.

The objective of the undergoing work is investigating antitumor therapy potential and antioxidant capacity of Sudanese medicinal planHelianthus annuusL.(Asteraceae), Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae), Nigella sativaL. (Ranunculaceae), Sesamum indicumL.(Pedaliaceae) andBalanites aegyptiaca(L.) Del(Zygophyllaceae)by studying the plants seeds fixed oils for their cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity. This study was conducted at theSudan National Research Center,Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Research Center, Khartoum, Sudan, in June-August, 2013.The five fixed oils cytotoxicity was studied using Brine Shrimp Lethality and ant ioxidant activity by DPPH and Iron Chelating Assays.Obtained results showed thatRicinus communis fixed oil has the highest toxicity with LC

A survey of insect pollinators associated with sesame, Sesamun indicum L. (Pedaliaceae), was conducted at the Agriculture Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Suez Canal during the growing seasons of 2011 and 2012. All different insect pollinators which found on the experimental site were collected for identification. Sampling was done once a week and three times a day. Three methods were used to collect and identify insects from the sesame plants (a sweep net, pitfall traps, digital camera and eye observation). A total of 29 insect species were collected and properly identified during the survey. Insect pollinators which recorded on the plants were divided into four groups, 18 belonged to Hymenoptera, seven to Diptera, three to Lepidoptera and one to Coleoptera. Results revealed that honey-bee, Apis mellifera, was the most dominant species in the 2011 season and the second one in the 2012 season. Whereas small carpenter bees, Ceratina tarsata was the most dominant species in the 2012 season and the second one in the 2011 season. The percentage of Hymenoptera was higher in the two studied seasons by 90.94% and 89.59%, followed by Diptera by 3.93% and 5.38%, then Lepidoptera by 3.58% and 3.62, and in the last Coleoptera by 1.53% and 1.39%, respectively.

Traditional herbal medicines provide an interesting, largely unexplored source for the development of potential new drugs and skin-care cosmetics. Some herbal extracts are known to be inhibitors of melanin formation, sometimes more potent than the classical inhibitors, hydroquinone/arbutin or kojic acid, and are not associated with melanocytes cytotoxicity or mutagenicity. Such plants are used in traditional medicine in many countries, particularly in Africa, for skin lightening.To evaluate in vitro the ability of Rwandese medicinal plants, traditionally used for the treatment of skin (discoloration and attenuation of discolored spots), to modulate pigmentation and tyrosinase activity.Based on an ethnopharmacological survey, five herbs [Brillantaisia cicatricosa Lindau (Acanthaceae), Chenopodium ugandae (Aellen) Aellen (Chenopodiaceae), Dolichopentas longiflora Oliv. (Rubiaceae), Protea madiensis Oliv. (Proteaceae) and Sesamum angolense Welw. (Pedaliaceae)] were selected. Twenty-seven extracts, obtained by treating the herbs with increasing polarities solvents, were investigated for their effects on cell viability (MTT test) and on pigmentation: inhibition of the enzyme tyrosinase (colorimetry of reaction products, measurement of enzyme activity, TLC-autography; studies on crude cellular extracts obtained from normal melanocytes and on a mushroom tyrosinase) and measurement of melanogenesis by human melanoma cells.None of the tested plant extracts were cytotoxic on tested human melanoma cell lines, except for Dolichopentas longiflora (IC50 of leaves n-hexane extract, 4μg/ml for MM028 and 4.5μg/ml for MM001; IC50 of roots ethyl acetate extract, 0.8μg/ml for MM028 and 3.9μg/ml for MM001). Almost all extracts inhibited melanogenesis in a melanoma whole cells overall pigmentation assay, a model reflecting the entire cycle of melanogenesis. All the Protea madiensis extracts quite strongly inhibited melanogenesis and, surprisingly, one of the Dolichopentas longiflora leaves extracts was found to increase melanogenesis. These results were confirmed by the modulation of pigmentation reactions by crude cellular extracts obtained from normal melanocytes; interestingly, one of the extracts (Dolichopentas longiflora ethyl acetate extract) is even more active (61% at 500μg/ml) than kojic acid (3% at 142μg/ml and 68% at 1421μg/ml). In a mushroom tyrosinase inhibition assay, data obtained on some extracts fairly agree with pigmentation inhibition measured on melanocytes proteins as, for example, the methanol extract of Protea madiensis. While a few others extract display discording data, this probably reflects either differences between human and mushroom tyrosinase, interference with melanocytes enzymes at later steps than tyrosinase or the simultaneous presence of compounds with conflicting activities in a given extract.Ethnopharmacological data represent an efficient approach to discover active herbs. Some of the selected medicinal plants clearly show potent tyrosinase inhibitions while one extract significantly increases cell pigmentation; one extract contains potent growth melanocytes inhibitors.

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY Polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers from transcript sequences (cDNA-simple sequence repeat [SSR]) were developed for the edible oil crop Sesamum indicum to facilitate the genetic study of this species. • METHODS AND RESULTS We found 7702 SSR loci in the 60960 unigenes, and 1550 primer pairs were designed and synthesized. In total, 59 primer pairs showed polymorphism within 36 individuals; the number of alleles per locus ranged from two to four, and the expected and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.05 to 0.74 and 0 to 0.30, respectively. • CONCLUSIONS These polymorphic markers will greatly facilitate studies of the genetic structure of S. indicum populations as well as the identification and conservation of the species.

Cytomixis was recorded during microsporogenesis in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), a member of the family Pedaliaceae. The phenomenon of cytomixis was observed at various stages of meiosis in 0.5% Sodium azide (SA) treated populations of Sesamum indicum L. Cytomixis was observed to occur through various methods, i.e., by forming cytoplasmic channels and direct fusion of pollen mother cells (PMCs), the former was more frequent than the latter. The migration of nuclear content involved all the chromatin/chromosomes or part of it from donor to recipient cell/cells. Some completely empty meiocytes were also observed. Stickiness, precocious movement, laggards, unorientation and micronuclei were observed in almost all the sets treated with various doses of SA. Increase in the doses of SA had a positive effect on the percentage of PMCs showing cytomixis and chromosomal abnormalities. The impact ofcytomixis on meiotic behaviour, reduced pollen viability and heterogeneous sized pollen grains were observed.

This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of local natural products against the beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), in stored chickpea Cicer arietinum L. (Fabaceae) in Chitwan, Nepal. Five natural products and one synthetic pesticide (Malathion) and two storage regimes (aluminum sheet bin vs. jute bags with plastic lining) were tested for their effect on stored pulse with respect to damage by C. chinensis. The five natural products included Xanthoylum armatum DC (Rutaceae) fruit powder, Acorus calamus L. (Araceae) rhizome powder, Cinnamom camphora L. (Lauraceae) balls, oil of Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae), and leaf powder of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae). Treatments of stored pulses with natural products or with Malathion all caused significantly higher mortality of C. chinensis at 15 d after treatment (DAT) than stored pulses receiving no treatments. The balls of C. camphora, rhizome powder of A. calamus and sesame oil outperformed all other treatments, including the Malathion at 45 and 75 DAT and resulted in significantly reduced damage or deterioration of stored pulses compared with other treatments. Storage regimes performed similarly, although the jute bags did protect seed integrity for some treatments. Our results indicate that incorporating these natural products into stored pulses can protect the seeds from C. chinensis for up to two generations, something that Malathion cannot do. These products are readily available to most farmers in the region and their use will lead to 1) reduction of losses to significant stored product pests, and 2) a reduction of contamination of foodstuffs and the environment by synthetic pesticides like Malathion.

High frequency shoot regeneration was attempted in sesame ( Sesamum indicum L. Pedaliaceae), using five genotypes/varieties viz. Tumkur and Gulbarga Locals (land races), W-II, E-8 and DS-1 (varieties). The hypocotyl-derived callus obtained through direct seeding method was placed on MS with five different treatments viz. pre-culture of callus on high sucrose (6 - 9%) for two weeks and transferring on to plain MS with 3% sucrose, MS with variable concentrations of TDZ alone, MS with constant TDZ and variable concentrations of BA and IAA, MS with variable concentrations of BA and IAA without TDZ, MS with ABA and AgNO 3 and MS with BAP, NAA and AgNO 3 . Highest frequency of cent per cent shoot regeneration was initiated in variety DS-1on MS containing NAA 2.5 mg/l, BAP 3.5 mg/l and 20 µM AgNO 3 with 2.50 mean shoots/callus followed by 91.6% in variety W-II on MS containing 25 µM TDZ with 2.20 mean shoots/callus. The other treatments had poor shoot regeneration response. The results have been discussed in the light of sesame improvement through biotechnological ways. Key words: Sesamum indicum , hypocotyl, high frequency, shoot regeneration D. O. I. 10.3329/ptcb.v21i1.9562 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 21 (1): 45-52, 2011 (June)

Seed protein analysis and morphological characterization were carried out in one cultivated and one wild species of Sesamum, Sesamum indicum L. and S. occidentale Regel and Heer. Data on 13 quantitative and 33 qualitative characters of the cultivated species and seven accessions of the wild taxa were analyzed. The genetic diversity of the taxa was assessed using UPGMA dendrogram and one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) was executed to identify the significant characters to delimit the taxa. Seed protein analysis showed diverse bands, ranging from 16 to 88 kDa. A dendrogram based on UPGMA analysis of seed protein suggested intraspecific relationships of the wild taxa as evidenced from the morphological characterization.