Search

Copyright of Arquivos de Ciências da Saúde da UNIPAR is the property of Associacao Paranaense de Ensino e Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sepsis is a heterogeneous dynamic syndrome characterized by severe organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. The innate and adaptive immune response plays a key role in the response to infectious insult in the development of sepsis or septic shock, the most severe form of this nosological entity. Uncontrolled and late diagnosed infection can be fatal even in previously healthy individuals, chronic patients with comorbidities have an increased risk of developing sepsis. Critically ill patients of all ages with failure of basic life functions in intensive care units are the most at risk group. Rapid and effective diagnosis of impending septicemia is crucial for disease management and good clinical outcome. Modern medicine uses a range of diagnostic options from the ever-important and unforgettable anamnesis taking to the most sophisticated laboratory, functional or imaging methods. Biomarkers play an important aid in the early recognition of sepsis and should ideally be comprehensive for early diagnosis, prognosis, disease risk stratification and treatment. This review article notes two parameters that are inexpensive, rapidly available, and part of the routinely indicated blood count with differential blood cell budget. Immature platelet and granulocyte fractions are of interest to clinicians and researchers in the diagnosis of sepsis and in the prediction of disease severity and mortality. The following text summarizes the current knowledge about immature platelet and immature granulocyte forms, mainly in the field of sepsis in intensive care patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red blood cell transfusion is thought to improve cell respiration during septic shock. Nevertheless, its acute impact on oxygen transport and metabolism in this condition remains highly debatable. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of red blood cell transfusion on microcirculation and oxygen metabolism in patients with sepsis and septic shock. We conducted a search in the MEDLINE®, Elsevier and Scopus databases. We included studies conducted in adult humans with sepsis and septic shock. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant. Nineteen manuscripts with 428 patients were included in the analysis. Red blood cell transfusions were associated with an increase in the pooled mean venous oxygen saturation of 3.7% (p < 0.001), a decrease in oxygen extraction ratio of -6.98 (p < 0.001) and had no significant effect on the cardiac index (0.02L/minute; p = 0,96). Similar results were obtained in studies including simultaneous measurements of venous oxygen saturation, oxygen extraction ratio, and cardiac index. Red blood cell transfusions led to a significant increase in the proportion of perfused small vessels (2.85%; p = 0.553), while tissue oxygenation parameters revealed a significant increase in the tissue hemoglobin index (1.66; p = 0.018). Individual studies reported significant improvements in tissue oxygenation and sublingual microcirculatory parameters in patients with deranged microcirculation at baseline. Red blood cell transfusions seemed to improve systemic oxygen metabolism with apparent independence from cardiac index variations. Some beneficial effects have been observed for tissue oxygenation and microcirculation parameters, particularly in patients with more severe alterations at baseline. More studies are necessary to evaluate their clinical impact and to individualize transfusion decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study is to outline the profile of patients admitted to an Adult Intensive Care Unit of a Teaching Hospital in the Interior of São Paulo with sepsis and to evaluate the risk factors and clinical characteristics associated with the evolution to sepsis considering as outcomes of worsening septic shock and death. Medical records of patients in the Adult ICU were analyzed from July 2017 to July 2019, and a case-control study was carried out on these patients, considering 3 outcomes: sepsis, septic shock and death. The study included 154 patients admitted to the ICU during the study period. Of these, 105 patients with sepsis were included. The risk factors found were hyperthermia, anemia, renal failure, hyperkalaemia and the need for mechanical ventilation. Further reflection on sepsis is necessary, which is still one of the main causes of death in the ICU, causing high socioeconomic impact due to the high hospital cost and limited therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the relationship between time to focus clearance and hospital mortality in patients with sepsis and septic shock. Methods: This was an observational, single-center study with a retrospective analysis of the time to clearance of abdominal septic focus. Patients were classified according to the time to focus clearance into an early (≤ 12 hours) or delayed (> 12 hours) group. Results: A total of135 patients were evaluated. There was no association between time to focus clearance and hospital mortality (≤ 12 hours versus > 12 hours): 52.3% versus 52.9%, with p = 0.137. Conclusion: There was no difference in hospital mortality among patients with sepsis or septic shock who had an infectious focus evacuated before or after 12 hours after the diagnosis of sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to identify nurses' knowledge about sepsis and septic shock in a teaching hospital. Method: cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in a public hospital in a brazilian capital. The sample consisted of 47 nurses who provided care to adult patients in inpatient units. Data collection took place between July and August 2017. The results were presented using descriptive statistics. Results: most nurses studied about sepsis during graduation, but 40.4% reported having difficulties in the care of septic patients, 70.2% answered incorrectly about the current definition of sepsis and 51% either listed unused signs to identify sepsis or described only signs of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Conclusion: it is possible to reflect that perhaps these participants only "do" or follow prescriptions. These participants had little knowledge about the definition and classification of sepsis, as well as difficulties in the early identification of systemic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Sepsis is defined as a multiple organ dysfunction secondary to an infectious process that can progress to septic shock, increasing the risk of mortality. Recent findings pertaining to Sepsis allow us to perform early diagnoses and timely therapeutic treatments with short and medium-term reductions in mortality. Division of Covered Topics. Non-systematic literary research was conducted in databases and digital libraries (PubMed, Cochrane, Lilacs), including articles in English and Spanish from 2005 to 2018 that included the topics of interest. A detailed description was made of the definition of sepsis and septic shock, their classification, physiopathology, diagnosis, hemodynamic monitoring and treatment. Conclusions. Sepsis is a medical emergency with a high mortality rate that requires a timely diagnosis. The diagnosis can be performed with the Sepsis Related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, and quickly beginning empirical antibiotic treatment and reanimation guided by goals, as these measures have shown a reduction in fatal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Paulista de Enfermagem is the property of Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista de Enfermagem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of IL-3 to predict the outcome of septic patients. Methods: Prospective cohort study with adult patients in an intensive care unit with sepsis or septic shock diagnosed within the previous 48 hours. Circulating IL-3 levels were measured upon inclusion (day 1) and on days 3 and 7. The primary outcome was hospital mortality. Results: One hundred and twenty patients were included. Serum levels of IL-3 on day 1 were significantly higher among patients who died than among patients who survived the hospital stay (91.2pg/mL versus 36pg/mL, p = 0.024). In a Cox survival model considering the IL-3 levels at inclusion, age and sequential SOFA, IL-3 values remained independently associated with mortality (HR 1.032; 95%CI 1.010 - 1.055; p = 0.005). An receiver operating characteristic curve was built to further investigate the accuracy of IL-3, with an area under the curve of 0.62 (95%CI 0.51 - 0.73; p = 0.024) for hospital mortality. A cutoff initial IL-3 value above 127.5pg/mL was associated with hospital mortality (OR 2.97; 95%CI: 1.27 - 6.97; p = 0.0019) but with a low performance (82% for specificity, 39% for sensibility, 53% for the positive predictive value, 72% for the negative predictive value, 0.73 for the negative likelihood and 2.16 for the positive likelihood ratio). Conclusion: Higher levels of IL-3 are shown to be independently associated with hospital mortality in septic patients but with poor clinical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jornal de Pediatria is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a tendência da concentração plasmática e do clearance de procalcitonina (PCT-c) como biomarcadores de prognóstico de pacientes com sepse grave e choque séptico, comparado a um outro marcador precoce de prognóstico representado pelo número de critérios de SIRS no momento do diagnóstico da sepse. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectivo observacional onde foram incluídos pacientes com sepse grave e choque séptico. A concentração sérica de procalcitonina foi determinada no momento do diagnóstico da sepse e após 24 e 48 horas. Foram coletados dados demográficos, escore APACHE IV, escore SOFA na chegada, número de critérios de SIRS no momento do diagnóstico, sitio da infecção e resultados microbiológicos. RESULTADOS: Vinte e oito pacientes foram incluídos, 19 clínicos e nove cirúrgicos. Em 13 (46,4%) a fonte da sepse foi pulmonar, em sete abdominal (25,0%), em cinco urinária (17,9%) e de partes moles em três casos (10,7%). Quinze pacientes tinham sepse grave e 13 choque séptico. A mortalidade global foi cinco pacientes (17,9%), três deles com choque séptico. Vinte e oito determinações de PCT foram realizadas no momento do diagnóstico da sepse, 27 após 24 horas e 26 após 48 horas. A concentração inicial não se mostrou expressivamente diferente entre os grupos sobreviventes e não sobreviventes, mas as diferenças entre os dois grupos após 24 e 48 horas alcançaram significância estatística expressiva. Não se observou diferença em relação ao número de critérios de SIRS. O clearance de procalcitonina de 24 horas mostrou-se expressivamente mais elevado no grupo de sobreviventes (-3,0 versus -300,0, p=0,028). Embora o clearance de procalcitonina de 48 horas tenha mostrado resultado mais elevado no grupo de sobreviventes comparado aos não sobreviventes, a diferença não alcançou significância estatística. CONCLUSÃO: Concentrações persistentemente elevadas de procalcitonina no plasma, assim como, redução do PCT-c 24 horas, associaram-se à elevação expressiva da mortalidade de pacientes com sepse grave e choque séptico.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the tendency of the plasma concentration and clearance of procalcitonin (PCT-c) as biomarkers of prognosis of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, compared to another early prognosis marker, the number of SIRS criteria at sepsis diagnosis. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, observational, cohort study, with patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. The serum procalcitonin was determined at diagnosis of sepsis and after 24 and 48 hours. Demographic data, APACHE IV, SOFA score on arrival, number of SIRS criteria at diagnosis, site of infection and microbiological results were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients were included, 19 clinical and nine surgical. In 13 (46.4%) the source of sepsis was pulmonary, abdominal in seven (25.0%), urinary in five (17.9%) and soft tissue in three cases (10.7%). Fifteen patients had severe sepsis and 13 septic shock. Overall mortality was 17.9% (five patients), three with septic shock. Twenty-eight PCT determinations were performed at sepsis diagnosis, 27 after 24 hours and 26 after 48 hours. The initial concentration was not significantly different between survivors and non-survivors groups, but the differences between the two groups after 24 and 48 hours were statistically significant. There was no difference in the number of SIRS criteria. The 24-hour procalcitonin clearance proved to be significantly higher in the group of survivors (-3.0 versus -300.0, p = 0.028). Although the 48-hour procalcitonin clearance has shown to be higher in the group of survivors when compared to non-survivors, the difference did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Persistently high procalcitonin concentrations in plasma, as well as reduced 24-hours PCT clearence, were associated with a significant increase in mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.

OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar variáveis relacionadas à mortalidade intra-hospitalar em 28 dias, de idosos com diagnóstico de sepse grave ou choque séptico em unidade de terapia intensiva clínica. MÉTODOS: Cento e cinqüenta e dois pacientes, com idade > 65 anos internados com sepse grave ou choque séptico foram acompanhados durante 28 dias e as variáveis foram coletadas nos dias 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 e 28 de internação. Para a comparação das variáveis categóricas, empregaram-se os testes Qui-quadrado e para as variáveis contínuas o teste de Mann-Whitney ou teste T, quando apropriado. Todos os testes foram bicaudais com erro alfa de 0,05. RESULTADOS: A média da idade foi de 82,0 �� 9,0 anos, com 64,5% de mulheres, sendo a mortalidade de 47,4%. Foram relacionados ao óbito: índice Acute Physiologic and Chronic Heatlh Evaluation II (p < 0,001), o Sequential Organ Failure Assessment nos dias 1, 3, 5, 7 (p < 0,001), o tempo de permanência na terapia intensiva (p < 0,001), o número de falências orgânicas (p < 0,001), o lactato elevado no terceiro dia (p = 0,05), troponina I positiva nos dias 1 e 3 (pOBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate variables related to intra hospital mortality at 28 days, of aged persons with severe sepsis and septic shock in a clinical ICU. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-two patients aged > 65 years with severe sepsis and septic shock were followed for 28 days and the variables were collected on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 28 of stay. To compare categorical variables the Chi-square test was used and the Mann-Whitney or t test for continuous variables. All tests were double-tailed, alpha error of 0.05. RESULTS: Mean age was 82.0 ± 9.0 years and 64.5% were female. Mortality was of 47.4%. Related to death were the following: Acute Physiological and Chronic Heath Evaluation II score (p < 0.001), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score on days 1, 3, 5, 7 (p < 0.001), length of stay in intensive care (p < 0.001), number of organ failures (p < 0.001), high serum lactate on day 3 (p = 0.05), positive troponin I (p < 0.01), echocardiographic variables (systolic diameter p = 0.005; diastolic diameter p = 0.05; shortening fraction p = 0.02), previous renal disease (p = 0.03), shock (p < 0.001), mechanical ventilation (p < 0.001) and Lawton scale (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Shock, elevated lactate, organ failure, especially respiratory were more prevalent in non-survivors. Heart dysfunction detected by echocardiographic variables and positive troponin I may play an important role in the mortality of aged patients with sepsis.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O debate sobre a segurança e eficácia da drotrecogina alfa (DrotAA) encontra-se na ordem do dia, principalmente, em função dos resultados negativos observados em ensaios clínicos subseqüentes ao PROWESS e do impacto econômico no sistema de saúde relacionado ao custo elevado do fármaco. O objetivo deste estudo foi rever os principais estudos sobre a utilização da DrotAA em pacientes com sepse grave, com ênfase nas questões ligadas a sua eficácia e segurança. CONTEÚDO: Foram selecionados artigos sobre a utilização da DrotAA em pacientes com sepse publicados nos últimos dez anos no MedLine. Os seguintes unitermos foram utilizados: activated protein C; drotrecogin alfa; sepsis; septic shock; Xigris®. Estudos referenciados nos artigos selecionados na busca também foram utilizados. CONCLUSÕES: As taxas de letalidades e as complicações hemorrágicas associadas com o uso do fármaco foram maiores em grandes estudos observacionais do que aquelas descritas previamente nos ensaios clínicos. A luz dos resultados atualmente disponíveis, o uso da DrotAA deve ser reconsiderado até que novos ensaios clínicos possam subsidiar com informações adicionais sobre eficácia, segurança e na identificação dos subgrupos de pacientes com sepse grave que porventura possam ter benefício com o uso deste medicamento. A DrotAA deve servir de exemplo para que haja maior cautela com a rápida transposição de evidências ainda em construção para recomendações e diretrizes de tratamento de pacientes com sepse grave.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The debate on efficacy and patient safety related to the use of drotrecogin alfa (DrotAA) is timely, principally due to the negative results observed in clinical studies performed after the PROWESS study, and the economic cost-related impact of the drug on the healthcare system. The aim of this study was to review the main studies on the use of DrotAA in patients with severe sepsis. The focus was on drug efficacy-and patient safety-related issues. CONTENTS: Articles were selected by a MedLine search for studies on the use of DrotAA in patients with sepsis using the following key words: activated protein C; drotrecogin alfa; sepsis; septic shock; Xigris®. Additional references were retrieved from the studies initially selected. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality and bleeding complications associated with the use of DrotAA were more frequent in large observational studies than those reported in randomized trials. In the light of the current knowledge, routine use of DrotAA should be reevaluated until well-designed confirmatory clinical trials can clarify the true efficacy and safety of the drug and help identify the subgroup of patients that can benefit from use of DrotAA. Physicians should be cautious with the rapid transfer of evidences not well-documented, to the guidelines and recommendations practiced in the care and treatment of patients with severe sepsis.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Sepse é a principal causa de morte em pacientes tratados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar etiologia, fatores prognósticos e mortalidade de pacientes sépticos tratados nas UTI de Passo Fundo, Brasil. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 971 pacientes consecutivos prospectivamente, entre agosto de 2005 e fevereiro de 2006, 560 foram selecionados pela presença de síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SIRS) e acompanhados por 28 dias ou até a alta ou óbito. Os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com a etiologia da SIRS e adicionalmente classificados como tendo SIRS, sepse, sepse grave e choque séptico. O prognóstico foi avaliado por meio dos escores APACHE II e SOFA. A mortalidade foi comparada em diferentes etiologias de sepse e parâmetros APACHE II e SOFA. RESULTADOS: Dos 971 pacientes admitidos nas UTI, 560 desenvolveram SIRS (58%). A causa mais freqüente de internação foi doença neurológica (28,9%), o mais freqüente local de infecção foi o trato respiratório (71,6%), e os germes mais prevalentes foram os bacilos gram-negativos (53,2%). O escore APACHE II médio foi 18 ± 9 e o escore SOFA médio foi 5 ± 4. O tempo médio de permanência foi 6 (3-11) dias e a taxa de mortalidade foi 31,1%: 6,1% para SIRS não infecciosa, 10,1% para sepse, 22,6% para sepse grave e 64,8% para choque séptico. CONCLUSÕES: Sepse é um importante problema de saúde que leva a uma taxa extremamente alta de mortalidade nas UTI de Passo Fundo, Brasil.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sepsis is the main cause of death in patients treated in intensive care units (ICU). The aim of this study was to evaluate etiology, prognostic factors and mortality of septic patients treated in ICU of Passo Fundo, Brazil. METHODS: Out of 971 consecutive patients prospectively evaluated from August 2005 to February 2006, 560 were selected due to presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and followed for 28 days or until discharge or death. Patients were categorized according with the etiology of SIRS and further classified as having SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. Prognosis was assessed by means of Apache II and SOFA. Mortality was compared in different etiologies of sepsis, APACHE II and SOFA scores, parameters. RESULTS: Of the 971 patients admitted to the ICU, 560 developed SIRS (58%). The most frequent cause of internation was neurological disease (28.9%), the most frequent site of infection was the respiratory tract (71.6%), and the most prevalent pathogens were gram-negative bacilli (53.2%). Mean APACHE II score was 18 ± 9, and mean SOFA score was 5 ± 4. Median ICU stay was 6 (3-11) days and overall mortality rate was 31.1%: 6.1% for non-infectious SIRS, 10.1% for sepsis, 22.6% for severe sepsis, and 64.8% for septic shock. CONCLUSIONS: Sepsis is an important health problem that leads to an extremely high mortality rate in the ICU of Passo Fundo, Brazil.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Para reduzir a mortalidade da sepse foram sugeridas intervenções agrupadas na campanha "Sobrevivendo à Sepse". O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a aplicação destas intervenções: controle glicêmico, corticóide no choque séptico, inotrópicos e drotrecogina-alfa na sepse. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 110 pacientes com sepse de sete hospitais do Recife/Brasil, que receberam drotrecogina alfa entre 2003/2006. Foram obtidos dados no manuseio da sepse conforme a campanha "Sobrevivendo a Sepse", uso da drotrecogina alfa, mortalidade aos 28 dias e sangramentos intensos. RESULTADOS: O APACHE II médio foi 25,6 e o SOFA médio foi 9,2; 95% dos pacientes apresentaram duas ou mais disfunções orgânicas e 98% apresentavam choque séptico; 56% tinham menos de 65 anos. O foco de infecção mais comum foi abdominal (48%) e respiratório (28%). Utilizou-se hidrocortisona em 61% dos pacientes, e 29(48,3%) morreram. Dos 38 pacientes com choque séptico prolongado que não o receberam, 28(73,7%) faleceram. Cerca de 97 pacientes apresentaram glicemia não controlada, destes, 65% atingiram controle glicêmico estrito e a mortalidade foi 51,6%. O ganho de fluídos variou de 600 ml a 9.400ml nas primeiras 24h. Disfunção miocárdica foi detectada em 30 pacientes. A infusão da drotrecogina-alfa foi iniciada em 24h em 45%, entre 24 e 48h em 35% e após 48h em 20%. Morte ocorreu em 57% e sangramento intenso em 9%. CONCLUSÕES: Observaram-se divergências entre as recomendações da campanha "Sobrevivendo à Sepse" e a prática clínica. A mortalidade foi 57%, similar à encontrada na literatura para pacientes com choque séptico, independente do uso da drotrecogina-alfa.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To face the high mortality of sepsis, interventions grouped as "Surviving Sepsis Campaign" have been suggested. The aim of the study was to describe the application of glycemic control, corticoid use in septic shock, inotropics and drotrecogin-alpha in sepsis. METHODS: We studied 110 patients with sepsis from Recife/Brazil, who received drotrecogin-alpha between 2003/2006. Data on management of sepsis considering Surviving Sepsis Campaign, drotrecogin-alpha, mortality at 28 days and severe bleeding were recorded. RESULTS: Mean APACHE II was 25.6 and mean SOFA was 9.2. Around 95% of the patients presented two or more organ dysfunctions and 98% presented septic shock. The majority (56%) were under 65 years. Abdominal (48%) and respiratory (28%) focus of infection were the most prevalent. Hydrocortisone was used in 61% of the patients, and 29 (48.3%) died. Of the 38 patients with prolonged shock that did not receive it, 28 (73.7%) died. Of the 97 patients who presented uncontrolled glycemia only 65% achieved strict glycemic control and the mortality was 51.6%. Fluid gain ranged from 600 ml to 9,400 ml in the first 24h. In only 30 patients was myocardial dysfunction detected. The infusion of drotrecogin alpha started within 24h in 45%, between 24 and 48h in 35% and after 48h in 20%. Death occurred in 57% and severe bleeding in 9%. CONCLUSIONS: Discrepancy between the recommendations of Surviving Sepsis Campaign and clinical practice was observed. Death rate was 57%, similar to that found in the literature for septic shock irrespective of the use of drotrecogin-alpha.

OBJETIVOS: Estudar o comportamento da procalcitonina e verificar se é capaz de diferenciar crianças com quadros sépticos. MÉTODOS: Crianças de 28 dias a 14 anos de idade, admitidas de 01/2004 a 12/2005 na unidade de tratamento intensivo pediátrica da UNESP com sepse ou choque séptico, foram incluídas prospectivamente. Dois grupos foram constituídos: grupo sepse (GS; n = 47) e grupo choque séptico (GCS; n = 43). Procalcitonina foi medida à admissão (T0) e depois de 12 h (T12h), e os resultados apresentados em classes: < 0,5 ng/mL = sepse improvável; > 0,5 a < 2 = sepse possível; > 2 a < 10 = inflamação sistêmica e > 10 = choque séptico. RESULTADOS: No T0, foi maior a freqüência de pacientes do GCS na classe mais alta de procalcitonina, comparada às crianças do GS [GCS: 30 (69,7%) > GS: 14 (29,8%); p < 0,05]. Para o GCS, a freqüência de pacientes que ocupou a classe mais elevada foi maior que a de pacientes em outras classes (> 10 = 69,7%; > 2 a < 10 = 18,6%; > 0,5 a < 2 = 11,6%; < 0,5 = 0,0%; p < 0,05). No T12h, o comportamento da procalcitonina foi semelhante ao T0. O escore pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM) dos pacientes do GCS na classe mais alta de procalcitonina foi mais elevado que o das crianças do GS [GCS: 35,15 (40,5-28,7) versus GS: 18,6 (21,4-10,2); p < 0,05]. CONCLUSÃO: Procalcitonina permite diferenciar sepse de choque séptico, pode auxiliar no diagnóstico de quadros sépticos em crianças e pode estar relacionada à gravidade dos pacientes.OBJECTIVES: To study the behavior of procalcitonin and to verify whether it can be used to differentiate children with septic conditions. METHODS: Children were enrolled prospectively from among those aged 28 days to 14 years, admitted between January 2004 and December 2005 to the pediatric intensive care unit at Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP with sepsis or septic shock. The children were classified as belonging to one of two groups: the sepsis group (SG; n = 47) and the septic shock group (SSG; n = 43). Procalcitonin was measured at admission (T0) and again 12 hours later (T12h), and the results classed as: < 0.5 ng/mL = sepsis unlikely; > 0.5 to < 2 = sepsis possible; > 2 to < 10 = systemic inflammation and > 10 = septic shock. RESULTS: At T0 there was a greater proportion of SSG patients than SG patients in the highest PCT class [SSG: 30 (69.7%) > SG: 14 (29.8%); p < 0.05]. The proportion of SSG patients in this highest PCT class was greater than in all other classes (> 10 = 69.7%; > 2 to < 10 = 18.6%; > 0.5 to < 2 = 11.6%; < 0.5 = 0.0%; p < 0.05). The behavior of procalcitonin at T12h was similar to at T0. The pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM) scores for the SSG patients in the highest procalcitonin class were more elevated than for children in the SG [SSG: 35.15 (40.5-28.7) vs. SG: 18.6 (21.4-10.2); p < 0.05]. CONCLUSIONS: Procalcitonin allows sepsis to be differentiated from septic shock, can be of aid when diagnosing septic conditions in children and may be related to severity.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sepsis is the expression of a complex network of mediators. Multiple organ dysfunction and septic shock indeed remain a major cause of death among ICU patients worldwide. Prompt recognition of both the diagnosis and the complicated evolution are essential, hence the importance of using biological markers. The main pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as hundreds of others cellular markers, circulating bioactive molecules or coagulation products are potential biological markers that could help to characterize the presence of infection and sepsis. We aimed to review the main biological markers that could be used nowadays or possibly in the future, either in clinical or research fields. CONTENTS: A selective review of biologic markers of sepsis focusing on markers of the coagulation cascade, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the available biological markers is still not a practical method to be used at the bed-side and is currently restricted to research works. Nowadays the determination of CRP or PCT serum levels can be of great help in the critically ill patient care along with the conventional parameters.JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A sepse é a expressão de uma complexa rede de mediadores. Falência de múltiplos órgãos e choque séptico são as principais causas de óbito nas unidades de terapia intensiva em todo o mundo. Indicadores biológicos como as citocinas, bem como centenas de outros indicadores celulares, moléculas bioativas circulantes ou produtos da coagulação são potenciais indicadores biológicos que poderão ser de grande utilidade no reconhecimento e tratamento da infecção e sepse. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar os principais indicadores que podem ser utilizados, atualmente ou possivelmente, no futuro, na prática clínica ou experimental. CONTEÚDO: Revisão dirigida da literatura sobre possíveis indicadores de infecção e sepse, com ênfase aos da cascata da coagulação, proteína C-reativa e procalcitonina. CONCLUSÕES: O papel da maioria dos indicadores biológicos não está ainda definido para uso na prática clínica. Todavia os níveis séricos de PCR e de procalcitonina podem ser de grande auxílio no diagnóstico e no prognóstico da infecção e da sepse quando usados em conjunto com os parâmetros convencionais.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Sepse é uma síndrome de base inflamatória; diversos fármacos que -atuam sobre as vias de ativação da inflamação vêm sendo observados. As estatinas, além do conhecido efeito hipolipemiante detêm capacidades antiinflamatórias chamados pleiotrópicas. Essa ação pode ser benéfica no tratamento da sepse. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar as principais publicações abordando o seu uso na sepse. MÉTODO: Busca por artigos originais cruzando os unitermos sepse e estatina no MedLine entre 1990 e 2006. RESULTADOS: Diversos estudos experimentais e retrospectivos investigaram o uso de estatinas em sepse, até o momento, em sua maioria mostraram melhora de mortalidade e morbidade. Não existem estudos prospectivos, aleatórios, placebo-controlados ou metanálises, o que demonstrou que a falta de evidências sólidas e comprovadas para indicação de uso desta conduta ainda é prevalente. Portanto ainda com seu beneficio questionável, são necessários estudos clínicos aleatórios que possam comprovar a teoria em questão. CONCLUSÕES: Diversos estudos experimentais e retrospectivos têm investigado o uso de estatinas em pacientes sépticos, porém, apesar da literatura demonstrar ser esta teoria promissora, ainda necessita-se de estudos clínicos abordando maior número de pacientes, de forma aleatória, para estar-se apto a entender e, possivelmente, recomendar o uso desta medicação no tratamento de pacientes com sepse.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sepsis is a syndrome with an important inflammatory component in its pathophysiology. Some drugs that act on the activation of inflammatory cascade have been tested in septic patients. Statins, beyond hypolipemic effects, have anti-inflammatory capacities, known as pleiotropic effects. That action may be of value on sepsis treatment. Review of publications who discuss the use of statins. This article has the objective to review the mainly papers about statins and sepses. METHODS: Original published articles were searched using Medline database crossing the keys words "sepsis and statins" between 1990 and 2006 RESULTS: Experimental and retrospective studies has been investigated the use of statins in septic patients, until this moment, most of then show benefits on morbidity and mortality. However, there is not prospective, randomized, placebo controlled trials. Or metanalyses, witch denotes lack strong and robust that could be indicated this action. So, since the benefit is still unable, it is necessary randomized clinical trials witch can prove this theory. CONCLUSIONS: Several experimental and retrospective studies have investigated the use of statins in septic patients, but despite literature demonstrating a promising role for its use in these patients, these studies are experimental or retrospective. Therefore, we must wait larger, prospective, randomized trials before we may be able to understand its role and possibly recommend these drugs in the treatment of septic patients.

Introduction: sepsis is a serious public health problem, leading cause of death in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) worldwide. Objective: this study evaluated the aggravation and mortality of sepsis patients in ICU, relating to risk factors, different etiologies and therapies. Methodology: the study was observational descriptive, and evaluated the cases of sepsis (sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock) from January 2009 to December 2010. Results: of the 212 patients hospitalized in ICU, 181 presented sepsis at different severities, whose sepsis mortality in the ICU was 63%, especially in patients with septic shock (53%), followed by severe sepsis (8.3%). Moreover, the risk factors associated with the aggravation of sepsis were older than 65 years, longer ICU hospitalization time, high frequency of comorbidities and the use of invasive procedures. The highest consumption of antibiotics was carbapenems, and the main isolated multiresistant strains were MRSA, VRE, P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii resistant to carbapenems. Conclusion: this study showed a high mortality from sepsis patients in the ICU, especially in patients with septic shock with comorbidities, who underwent invasive procedures and longer hospitalization time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis represents a life-threatening condition characterized by dysregulated host response to infection. Various definitions and criteria for sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock and organ dysfunction were used in the past, giving rise to contradictions in the results of the reported data regarding sepsis. Recently, "The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)" created by the task force of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine was published in 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A sepse representa a principal causa de morte nas UTI em todo o mundo. Muitos estudos têm demonstrado um aumento da incidência ao longo do tempo e apenas uma leve redução na mortalidade. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo em 65 hospitais de todas as regiões do Brasil. Os pacientes que foram admitidos com sepse ou que desenvolveram sepse no mês de setembro de 2003 foram incluídos. O acompanhamento foi feito até o 28º dia de internação e/ou até a alta da UTI. O diagnóstico seguiu os critérios clássicos propostos na convenção de 1991. Foram avaliados dados demográficos, escore APACHE II, escore SOFA, mortalidade, fonte de infecção, microbiologia, comorbidades, tempo de internação, uso de ventilação mecânica, cateter de Swan-Ganz, vasopressores e hemotransfusão. RESULTADOS: Setenta e cinco unidades de terapia intensiva de todas as regiões do Brasil participaram do estudo. Foram identificados 3128 pacientes e 521 (16,7%) foram diagnosticados como tendo o diagnóstico de sepse, sepse grave ou choque séptico. A idade média foi de 61,7 (IQR 39-79), 293 (55,7%) corresponderam ao sexo masculino, e a mortalidade global em 28 dias foi de 46,6%. O escore APACHE II médio foi de 20 e o escore SOFA no D1 foi de 7 (IQR 4-10). O escore SOFA no grupo dos não-sobreviventes foi maior no D1 (8, IQR 5-11), e aumentou no D3 (9, IQR 6-12). A mortalidade na sepse, sepse grave e choque séptico foi de 16,7%, 34,4% e 65,3%, respectivamente. O tempo médio de internação foi de 15 dias (IQR 5-22). As duas principais fontes de infecção foram o trato respiratório (69%) e o abdômen (23,1%). Os bacilos gram-negativos foram mais prevalentes (40,1%). Os cocos gram-positivos foram identificados em 32,8% e as infecções fúngicas em 5%. A ventilação mecânica ocorreu em 82,1% dos casos, uso de cateter de Swan-Ganz em 18,8%, vasopressores em 66,2% e hemotransfusão em 44,7% dos casos. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo evidenciou uma elevada mortalidade da sepse nas UTI em nosso país. A mortalidade no choque séptico é uma das mais elevadas no mundo. Nossos pacientes são mais graves e com tempo de internação maior. O momento é muito propício a uma reflexão ainda maior sobre esta doença que é a principal causa de morte nas UTI, haja vista o elevado impacto econômico e social. Precisa-se cada vez mais desenvolver Campanhas de Sobrevivência na Sepse e fazer uso racional, baseado em evidências, dos recursos por ora disponíveis e da forma mais precoce possível.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sepsis represents the major cause of death in the ICUs all over the world. Many studies have shown an increasing incidence over time and only a slight reduce in mortality. Many new treatment strategies are arising and we should define the incidence and features of sepsis in Brazil. METHODS: Prospective cohort study in sixty-five hospitals all over Brazil. The patients who were admitted or who developed sepsis during the month of September, 2003 were enrolled. They were followed until the 28th day and/or until their discharge. The diagnoses were made in accordance to the criteria proposed by ACCP/SCCM. It were evaluated demographic features, APACHE II score, SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score, mortality, sources of infections, microbiology, morbidities and length of stay (LOS). RESULTS: Seventy-five ICUs from all regions of Brazil took part in the study.3128 patients were identified and 521 (16.7%) filled the criteria of sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock. Mean age was 61.7 (IQR 39-79), 293 (55.7%) were males, and the overall 28-day mortality rate was 46.6%. Average APACHE II score was 20 and SOFA score on the first day was 7 (IQR 4-10). SOFA score in the mortality group was higher on day 1 (8, IQR 5-11), and had increased on day 3 (9, IQR 6-12). The mortality rate for sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock was 16.7%, 34.4% and 65.3%, respectively. The average LOS was 15 days (IQR 5-22). The two main sources of infection were the respiratory tract (69%) and the abdomen one (23.1%). Gram-negative bacilli were more prevalent (40.1%). Gram-positive cocci were identified in 32.8% and fungi infections in 5%. Mechanical ventilation was observed in 82.1% of the patients, Swan-Ganz catheter in 18.8%, vasopressors in 66.2% and hemotransfusion in 44.7%. CONCLUSIONS: It was observed a high mortality of sepsis in the ICUs in Brazil. The high frequency of septic shock demonstrated a group at high risk of death. In order to have a better use of the resources and reduce in mortality during the next 5 years, it is very important to identify our specific features related to this syndrome.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência das síndromes inflamatórias sistêmicas na admissão em uma unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) pediátrica universitária terciária e os respectivos tempo de permanência, probabilidade de morte e taxa de mortalidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal prospectivo observacional, com todos os pacientes admitidos na UTI do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) entre 1º de agosto de 1999 e 31 de julho de 2000. Foram estudadas as variáveis demográficas dos pacientes, o risco de morte na admissão, co-morbidades, tempo de permanência e desfecho na UTI, além das variáveis que caracterizam as síndromes inflamatórias sistêmicas (síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica, sepse, sepse grave e choque séptico). RESULTADOS: Foram estudadas 447 admissões de 388 pacientes; 54% deles eram do sexo masculino, com mediana de idade de 20 meses. A prevalência de síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SRIS) foi 68%: 2/3 infecciosas (sepse, sepse grave ou choque séptico) e 1/3 não-infecciosas. O risco de morte dos pacientes com SRIS infecciosa foi maior do que naqueles com SRIS não-infecciosa (6,75% [P25 = 2,25 e P75 = 21,3] versus 2,35% [P25 = 1,1 e P75 = 6,7]; p = 0) e crescente de acordo com a sua gravidade (2,9; 10,85 e 43,9%; p < 0,05). A mortalidade observada foi 12% nos pacientes com SRIS e 5,8% sem SRIS (p = 0,057); na SRIS infecciosa, a mortalidade observada foi 14,9% e, na não-infecciosa, foi de 6,3% (p = 0,041). A permanência na UTI na SRIS infecciosa foi significativamente superior à não-infecciosa: 3,0 dias (P25 = 2 e P75 = 7) versus 2 dias (P25 = 1,5 e P75 = 4), com p = 0,006. CONCLUSÕES: A taxa de prevalência de pacientes com síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica na admissão da unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica do HCPA foi elevada, com predomínio das síndromes infecciosas, associadas à maior permanência, risco de morte e mortalidade dos pacientes no período avaliado.OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of systemic inflammatory syndromes on admission to a tertiary-care university pediatric intensive care unit (ICU), and relate this to length of hospital stay, risk of death and mortality rate. METHODS: Cross-sectional, prospective, observational study, including all patients admitted to the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) ICU between August 1st 1999 and July 31st 2000. Patient demographic variables were considered together with the risk of mortality on admission, co-morbidities, length of hospital stay and ICU outcome, in addition to variables that characterize the systemic inflammatory syndromes (systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock). RESULTS: We studied 447 admissions of 388 patients; 54% were male, with a median age of 20 months. The prevalence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was 68%: 2/3 infectious (sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock) and 1/3 non-infectious. Risk of mortality scores for patients with infectious SIRS were higher than for those with non-infectious SIRS (6.75% [P25 = 2.25 - P75 = 21.3] vs. 2.35% [P25 = 1.1 - P75 = 6.7]; p=0) and increased according to SIRS severity (2.9; 10.85, 43.9%; p < 0.05). The observed mortality was 12% for patients with SIRS and 5.8% for those without SIRS (p = 0.057); the observed mortality for infectious SIRS was 14.9% and for non-infectious 6.3% (p = 0.041). The period spent in ICU for infectious SIRS was longer than for non-infectious cases: 3 days (P25 = 2 - P75 = 7) vs. 2 days (P25 = 1.5 - P75 = 4); p = 0.006. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence rate of patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome upon admission to HCPA pediatric intensive care unit was elevated, with a predominance of infectious syndromes, responsible for longer stays, increased risk of mortality and increased mortality of patients during the period evaluated.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the cumulative fluid balance during the period of shock and determine what happens to fluid balance in the 7 days following recovery from shock. Methods: A prospective and observational study in septic shock patients. Patients with a mean arterial pressure ≥ 65mmHg and lactate < 2.0mEq/L were included < 12 hours after weaning from vasopressor, and this day was considered day 1. The daily fluid balance was registered during and for seven days after recovery from shock. Patients were divided into two groups according to the full cohort's median cumulative fluid balance during the period of shock: Group 1 ≤ 4.4L (n = 20) and Group 2 > 4.4L (n = 20). Results: We enrolled 40 patients in the study. On study day 1, the cumulative fluid balance was 1.1 [0.6 - 3.4] L in Group 1 and 9.0 [6.7 - 13.8] L in Group 2. On study day 7, the cumulative fluid balance was 8.0 [4.5 - 12.4] L in Group 1 and 14.7 [12.7 - 20.6] L in Group 2 (p < 0.001 for both). Afterwards, recovery of shock fluid balance continued to increase in both groups. Group 2 had a more prolonged length of stay in the intensive care unit and hospital compared to Group 1. Conclusion: In conclusion, positive fluid balances are frequently seen in patients with septic shock and may be related to worse outcomes. During the shock period, even though the fluid balance was previously positive, it becomes more positive. After recovery from shock, the fluid balance continues to increase. The group with a more positive fluid balance group spent more time in the intensive care unit and hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the causes and factors associated with the death of patients between intensive care unit discharge and hospital discharge. Methods: The present is a pilot, retrospective, observational cohort study. The records of all patients admitted to two units of a public/private university hospital from February 1, 2013 to April 30, 2013 were assessed. Demographic and clinical data, risk scores and outcomes were obtained from the Epimed monitoring system and confirmed in the electronic record system of the hospital. The relative risk and respective confidence intervals were calculated. Results: A total of 581 patients were evaluated. The mortality rate in the intensive care unit was 20.8% and in the hospital was 24.9%. Septic shock was the cause of death in 58.3% of patients who died after being discharged from the intensive care unit. Of the patients from the public health system, 73 (77.6%) died in the intensive care unit and 21 (22.4%) died in the hospital after being discharged from the unit. Of the patients from the Supplementary Health System, 48 (94.1%) died in the intensive care unit and 3 (5.9%) died in the hospital after being discharged from the unit (relative risk, 3.87%; 95% confidence interval, 1.21 - 12.36; p < 0.05). The post-discharge mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with intensive care unit hospitalization time longer than 6 days. Conclusion: The main cause of death of patients who were discharged from the intensive care unit and died in the ward before hospital discharge was septic shock. Coverage by the public healthcare system and longer hospitalization time in the intensive care unit were factors associated with death after discharge from the intensive care unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the immediate effects of red blood cell transfusion on central venous oxygen saturation and lactate levels in septic shock patients with different transfusion triggers. Methods: We included patients with a diagnosis of septic shock within the last 48 hours and hemoglobin levels below 9.0g/dL Patients were randomized for immediate transfusion with hemoglobin concentrations maintained above 9.0g/dL (Group Hb9) or to withhold transfusion unless hemoglobin felt bellow 7.0g/dL (Group Hb7). Hemoglobin, lactate, central venous oxygen saturation levels were determined before and one hour after each transfusion. Results: We included 46 patients and 74 transfusions. Patients in Group Hb7 had a significant reduction in median lactate from 2.44 (2.00 - 3.22) mMol/L to 2.21 (1.80 - 2.79) mMol/L, p = 0.005, which was not observed in Group Hb9 [1.90 (1.80 - 2.65) mMol/L to 2.00 (1.70 - 2.41) mMol/L, p = 0.23]. Central venous oxygen saturation levels increased in Group Hb7 [68.0 (64.0 - 72.0)% to 72.0 (69.0 - 75.0)%, p < 0.0001] but not in Group Hb9 [72.0 (69.0 - 74.0)% to 72.0 (71.0 - 73.0)%, p = 0.98]. Patients with elevated lactate or central venous oxygen saturation < 70% at baseline had a significant increase in these variables, regardless of baseline hemoglobin levels. Patients with normal values did not show a decrease in either group. Conclusion: Red blood cell transfusion increased central venous oxygen saturation and decreased lactate levels in patients with hypoperfusion regardless of their baseline hemoglobin levels. Transfusion did not appear to impair these variables in patients without hypoperfusion. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01611753 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Patients with traumatic brain injury are particularly susceptible to sepsis, which may exacerbate the systemic inflammatory response and lead to organ dysfunction. The influence of clinical variables on the mortality of intensive care unit patients with traumatic brain injury and sepsis was investigated. Methods: The present investigation was a retrospective study involving 175 patients with traumatic brain injury who were treated in a period of 1 year at a reference hospital for trauma and who had sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock. Demographic and clinical data were obtained, and the SOFA score was calculated at the time sepsis was found and after 72 hours. Results: There was a predominance of young men with severe traumatic brain injury, multiple head injuries, sepsis with a pulmonary focus, prolonged hospital stay, and high mortality (37.7%). Circulatory and respiratory failure had a high incidence, but renal and coagulation failure were less frequent, and liver failure was not observed. After logistic regression, the presence of septic shock and respiratory failure 72 hours after the sepsis diagnosis was associated with higher mortality, with an odds ratio of 7.56 (95%CI=2.04-27.31, p=0.0024) and 6.62 (95%CI=1.93-22.78, p=0.0027), respectively. In addition, there was a higher mortality among patients who had no organ failure on D1 but who developed the condition after 72 hours of sepsis and in those patients who already had organ failure at the time sepsis was diagnosed and remained in this condition after 72 hours. Conclusion: Septic shock and progressive organ (particularly respiratory) dysfunction increases the mortality of patients with traumatic brain injury and sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJETIVO: Rever os critérios diagnósticos e o tratamento de insuficiência adrenal, em pacientes da faixa etária pediátrica, com sepse grave e choque séptico. FONTES DOS DADOS: Os artigos foram selecionados através das bases de dados MEDLINE (1966-junho 2007), Embase (1994-2007) e Cochrane Library (2000-2007). As seguintes palavras-chave foram utilizadas: choque séptico, sepse, corticosteróides, insuficiência adrenal e crianças. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Não existe um critério bem estabelecido e aceito para definir insuficiência adrenal em pacientes criticamente enfermos. A incidência de insuficiência adrenal varia de acordo com o critério utilizado, podendo alcançar desde valores inferiores a 15% até superiores a 61%. O teste rápido de estímulo com hormônio adrenocorticotrófico (ACTH) é largamente utilizado como um teste simples para a identificação de não responsividade adrenocortical, mas existe muita discussão quanto à dose de corticotropina a ser utilizada. A dose de 250 µg é a dose padrão. Recentemente, baixas doses de corticotropina (1 µg) têm sido propostas, com a sugestão de que elas possam ter uma maior sensibilidade. Dúvidas ainda persistem quanto à eficácia da reposição com baixas doses de corticosteróides em crianças com choque refratário às catecolaminas. Mais estudos são necessários para determinar se o tratamento de tais pacientes alteraria morbidade e/ou mortalidade. CONCLUSÃO: Insuficiência adrenal é comum em crianças com sepse grave e choque séptico e pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de choque refratário às catecolaminas. Contudo, dúvidas ainda persistem em relação à eficácia da terapêutica com baixas doses de corticosteróides.OBJECTIVE:To review diagnostic criteria and treatment of adrenal insufficiency in pediatric patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. SOURCES: Articles were selected using MEDLINE (1966-June 2007), Embase (1994-2007) and Cochrane Library (2000-2007) databases. following key words were utilized: septic shock, sepsis, corticosteroids, adrenal insufficiency and children. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: There are no well established and accepted criteria to define adrenal insufficiency in critically ill patients. Incidence of adrenal insufficiency varies according to different criteria, and it may range between low values of 15% and high values of 61%. The rapid corticotropin stimulation test is widely used as a method to identify adrenocortical hyporesponsiveness, but controversy exists as to the corticotropin dose to be used. The 250 µg dose is the standard dose. Low doses of corticotropin (1 µg) have recently been proposed, suggesting that they may have higher sensitivity. There are still doubts as to the efficacy of low doses of corticosteroids in children with catecholamine-refractory shock. Further studies are needed to determine whether the treatment of these patients would change morbidity and/or mortality. CONCLUSION: Adrenal insufficiency is common in children with severe sepsis and septic shock and may contribute to the development of catecholamine-refractory shock. However, doubts still persist regarding the efficacy of replacement therapy with low-doses steroids.

OBJETIVOS: O choque séptico (CS) é uma causa freqüente de internação na unidade de tratamento intensivo pediátrica e requer reconhecimento e intervenção imediatos para que haja um desfecho favorável. Nosso objetivo é revisar a literatura relacionada ao diagnóstico e manejo do CS e apresentar um manejo seqüencial para seu tratamento. FONTES DOS DADOS: Revisão não-sistemática da literatura médica através de pesquisa na base de dados MEDLINE. Os artigos foram selecionados de acordo com sua relevância em termos do objetivo proposto e com base na opinião dos autores. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: O desfecho da sepse e do CS depende do reconhecimento precoce e da implementação de tratamentos sensíveis ao tempo e guiados por objetivos. Esses tratamentos incluem reanimação agressiva com fluidos seguida de tratamento medicamentoso bem elaborado. Os objetivos da reanimação são a restauração da microcirculação e a melhora da perfusão tecidual. Os marcadores clínicos e laboratoriais são importantes para avaliar a adequação dos tratamentos. Respostas farmacocinéticas e farmacodinâmicas alteradas indicam que os agentes vasoativos devem ser ajustados a fim de atingirem o objetivo pré-estabelecido. Na reanimação inicial com soluções isotônicas (> 60 mL/kg), é possível usar infusão tanto de cristalóides (solução salina normal) como de colóides. Apesar da reanimação adequada com fluidos, se: (a) uma pressão de pulso com grande amplitude, pressão arterial baixa, ou pulso oscilante (débito cardíaco alto, baixa resistência vascular sistêmica - RVS) estiverem presentes, o uso de noradrenalina deve ser considerado; (b) reenchimento capilar prolongado, pulso fraco e filiforme, pressão arterial normal (baixo débito cardíaco, alta RVS), deve-se considerar o uso de dopamina, adrenalina ou dobutamina. O tratamento concomitante com dose de estresse de corticosteróides é indicado em populações selecionadas. CONCLUSÕES: A resposta hemodinâmica do CS é um processo variável que requer avaliação e ajustes terapêuticos freqüentes.OBJECTIVES: Septic shock (SS) is a frequent cause for admission to the pediatric intensive care unit, requiring prompt recognition and intervention to improve outcome. Our aim is to review the relevant literature related to the diagnosis and management of SS and present a sequential management for its treatment. SOURCES: Non-systematic review of medical literature using the MEDLINE database. Articles were selected according to their relevance to the objective and according to the authors’ opinions. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: The outcome of sepsis and SS is dependent on the early recognition and implementation of time-sensitive goal-directed therapies. These include rapid aggressive fluid resuscitation followed by a well-designed pharmacotherapy. The goals of the resuscitation are the restoration of microcirculation and improved organ tissue perfusion. Clinical and laboratory markers are needed to assess the adequacy of the treatments. Altered pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses dictate that vasoactive agents should be adjusted to achieve the predetermined goals. In initial resuscitation with isotonic solutions (> 60 mL/kg), either crystalloid (normal saline) or colloid infusion could be used. Despite adequate fluid resuscitation, if: (a) wide pulse pressure, low blood pressure, or bounding pulses (high cardiac output, low systemic vascular resistance - SVR) are present, norepinephrine should be considered; (b) prolonged capillary refill, weak pulses, narrow pulse pressure, normotensive (low cardiac output, high SVR), dopamine, epinephrine or dobutamine should be considered. Adjunctive therapy with stress dose of corticosteroid is indicated in selected populations. CONCLUSIONS: Septic shock hemodynamics is a changing process that requires frequent assessment and therapeutic adjustments.

Sepsis and septic shock represent an important medical and socio-economic burden worldwide. The double--phased concept of significant immune homeostasis impairment in sepsis has generally been accepted. In this theory, the initial phase is characterized by enormous activation of immune system followed by the compensatory phase resulting in profound immunosuppression. However, this paradigm has recently been challenged and the concept of simultaneous pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and adaptive immunity suppressing response occurring early in sepsis has been introduced. These immune alterations leading to the failure to combat relatively avirulent, nosocomial and opportune pathogens, and prolonged multiorgan dysfunction seem to be a major cause of increased morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. This review briefly summarizes the current concept of sepsis-induced immune deregulation and discusses diagnostic tools and emerging immune--based therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciencias de la Salud is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Eletrônica de Enfermagem is the property of Revista Eletronica de Enfermagem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scientia Medica is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)