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A novel and simple electrochemical sensor for the determination of gallic acid is presented. The alumina sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction, FTIR, and particle size distribution analysis. The carbon paste electrode was modified with alumina and used as a sensor. The performances of the sensor were assessed by cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry techniques. The oxidation of gallic acid on alumina-modified carbon paste electrode was an irreversible diffusion-controlled process. The linear relationship of peak current and concentration was obtained for the concentration range of 1.4 to 115 µM with the limit of detection of 0.8 µM. The sensor’s ability to test gallic aid in real systems was successfully tested in wine samples.

U ovom završnom radu razvijena je IoT platforma za upravljanje alarmima. Platforma omogućuje povezivanje i nadzor IoT uređaja te generiranje alarma u stvarnom vremenu. Implementacija uključuje senzore, bazu podataka, poslužitelj i integraciju s Microsoft Teams i Telegramom. Korisnici mogu postaviti alarme na temelju nedostatka podataka s uređaja. Alarmi se šalju putem Teamsa i Telegrama kako bi obavijestili korisnike o problemima u IoT sustavima. This thesis presents the development of an IoT platform for alarm management. The platform enables the connection and monitoring of IoT devices and generates realtime alarms. The implementation includes sensors, a database, a server, and integration with Microsoft Teams and Telegram. Users can set alarms based on the absence of data from devices. Alarms are sent via Teams and Telegram to notify users of issues in their IoT systems.

U ovom radu smo se posvetili razvoju mobilne aplikacije s ciljem poticanja društva na povećanje svijesti o okolišu. Kroz proces razvoja, usvojili smo važna znanja o radu sa senzorima, integraciji Google kartama i dohvaćanju vremenskih podataka. Iako aplikacija trenutno nije u potpunosti dovršena, identificirali smo ključne aspekte koji će omogućiti daljnji napredak, kao što je implementacija sustava za prijavu i autentifikaciju korisnika putem Firebase platforme. Vjerujemo da će daljnji razvoj omogućiti aplikaciji da ostvari svoju punu svrhu u poticanju pozitivnih promjena u ponašanju korisnika prema okolišu. Kroz ovaj rad, stekli smo dragocjeno iskustvo u razvoju mobilnih aplikacija i postavili temelje za buduće tehnološke inovacije u području očuvanja okoliša. In this work, we focused on the development of a mobile application aimed at promoting environmental awareness in society. Throughout the development process, we acquired important knowledge of working with sensors, integrating Google Maps, and retrieving weather data. Although the application is not fully completed at this stage, we have identified key aspects that will enable further progress, such as implementing a user login and authentication system through the Firebase platform. We believe that further development will allow the application to fulfill its full purpose in fostering positive behavioral changes among users towards the environment. Through this work, we have gained valuable experience in mobile application development and laid the foundation for future technological innovations in the field of environmental conservation.

U radu je predstavljen dizajn i implementacija hardverskih i softverskih komponenti prototipa sustava interneta stvari (IoT) za intelignetno upravljanje u povrtlarsvu. Izabrani su senzori za praćenje ključnih parametara u uzgoju kultura kao što su intenzitet osvjetljenja, pH vrijednost i vlažnost tla, temperatura i vlažnost zraka te je omogućena regulacija navodnjavanja. Upravljački čvor prikuplja podatke sa senzorskih čvorova i šalje ih na poslužitelj kako bi im korisnik mogao pristupiti putem web aplikacije. Za komunikaciju senzorskih čvorova s upravljačkim čvorom koristi se Lora. LoRa je bežična komunikacijska tehnologija dugog dometa i male potrošnje primarno dizajnirana za upotrebu u IoT sustavima. This paper presents the design and implementation of hardware and software components of the Internet of Things (IoT) system prototype for intelligent management in vegetable farming. Sensors are chosen to monitor key parameters in crop cultivation, such as light intensity, pH value and soil moisture, temperature and air humidity, and regulation of irrigation is enabled. The control node collects data from the sensor nodes and sends them to the server so user can access them through the web application. Lora is used for communication between the sensor nodes and the control node. It is a long-range and low-power wireless communication technology primarily designed for use in IoT systems.

Budući da je koncept pametnih domova sve aktualnije područje razvoja i istraživanja, a ujedno sve prisutniji i prihvaćeniji koncept od strane društva općenito, ovaj rad se bavi upravo tim područjem. Temeljna ideja rada razvoj je aplikacije za pametni sat, koja će korisnicima omogućiti još jednostavnije i pristupačnije upravljanje sustavom pametnog doma. Aplikacija je razvijena za operacijski sustav Tizen, kao centralni sustav pametnog doma korištena je platforma OpenHAB, a OpenHAB REST API je sučelje koje se koristi kako bi se omogućila potrebna komunikacija između aplikacije i sustava pametnog doma. In this thesis, concept of the smart homes is presented since the interest in this area is rising exponentially every day as the society is developing interest in newer technologies to make life easier and more efficient. The core idea of this thesis was to develop an application for the smart watch, which will make the user experience of controlling the smart home system easier and more accessible. The application was developed for the Tizen operation system, whereas OpenHAB was used as a central system for the smart home. OpenHAB is an interface which was used to enable the necessary communication between application and smart home system.

U okviru ovog rada osmišljen je i implementiran sustav za automatsko hranjenje kućnih ljubimaca kako bi se olakšao i unaprijedio način prehrane. Implementacija sustava je bazirana na Raspberry Pi uređaju. Sustav koristi ulazne jedinice poput senzora pokreta, težine, zvuka, temperature i vlage te kameru koje korisniku pružaju dodatne korisne informacije. Veliku komponentu sustava čini fizička konstrukcija hranilice kojom je moguće upravljati putem motora i releja koji su spojeni na Raspberry Pi. Web aplikacija implementirana u Flask radnom okviru omogućuje korisniku interakciju sa sustavom poput aktivacije hranjenja ili pregleda povijesnih podataka. Za pohranu podataka korištena je SQLite baza podataka. The aim of this master thesis was to design and implement an automated feeding system for pets in order to facilitate and improve the way of feeding them. The system implementation is based on the Raspberry Pi device. The system uses input units such as motion, weight, sound, temperature and humidity sensors, as well as a camera, that provide the user with additional useful information. A large component of the system is the physical construction of the feeder, which can be controlled via motor and relay connected to the Raspberry Pi. A web application implemented in the Flask framework allows the user to interact with the system, such as activating a feed or viewing historical data. SQLite database was used for data storage.

Izloženost onečišćenom zraku postaje sve veći uzročnik bolesti i razlog prijevremenih smrti u svijetu pa činjenica da se svakodnevno razvijaju i usavršavaju metode mjerenja emisija onečišćujućih tvari nije iznenađujuća. Cilj ovog rada jest proučiti i približiti danas najmoderniju tehnologiju mjerenja onečišćujućih tvari – besposadne letjelice. Zbog svoje učinkovitosti, brzine prikupljanja podataka i fleksibilnosti u integraciji više različitih senzora, besposadne letjelice omogućuju mjerenje s visokom rezolucijom čak i na čovjeku nepristupačnim mjestima. Rad daje uvid u vrste besposadnih letjelica kao i najčešće korištenih senzora koji metodom daljinskog istraživanja (engl. remote sensing) omogućuju prikupljanje traženih informacija od kojih je jedna i koncentracija prisutnih ispušnih plinova u atmosferi. Exposure to contaminated air is becoming an increasing cause of diseases and the reason for premature deaths in the world, so the fact that methods for emission measurement are being developed and perfected every day is not surprising. The purpose of this work is to study and bring closer the most modern technology for measuring pollutants – unmanned aerial vehicles. Due to their efficiency, speed of data collection and flexibility in the integration of multiple sensors, unmanned aerial vehicles provide measurements with high resolution even in places inaccessible to humans. The work gives an insight into the types of unmanned aerial vehicles as well as the most commonly used sensors that enable the collection of required information throught the mothod of remote sensing, one of which is the amount of exhaust gases present in the atmosphere.

U ovom radu istražuje se mogućnost predviđanja broja ljudi u danom prostoru kroz jakost Wi-Fi polja u određenim točkama prostora. Predviđanja ostvaruju algoritmi strojnog učenja iz podataka generiranih kroz simulaciju i eksperiment. Iako rezultati na eksperimentalnim podacima nisu zadovoljavajući, istraživanje na podacima iz simulacije daje obećavajuće rezultate s obzirom na to da je najveća točnost predviđanja oko 69%. This paper investigates the possibility of predicting the number of people in a given space through the strength of Wi-Fi signal in certain points of space. Predictions are made by machine learning algorithms from data generated through simulation and experiment. Although the results of the experiment data are not satisfactory, research on simulation data give promising results considering that the highest prediction accuracy is around 69%.

Tema ovog rada su moguća unapređenja u području studija rada i analize vremena koja su omogućena pojavom Industrije 4.0. U prvom dijelu rada opisan je studij rada i analiza vremena te je dan pregled softvera koji se koriste u tom području. Uz to, pojašnjen je koncept Industrije 4.0 te su opisani njeni najbitniji čimbenici. U zadnjem dijelu rada opisana su rješenja koja predstavljaju implementaciju Industrije 4.0 u području studija rada i analize vremena. Time je obrađen pregled senzora koji mogu pomoći u modernizaciji proizvodnje i organizaciji rada te su priložena dva istraživačka rada na temelju kojih se mogu uvidjeti mogućnosti napretka u praćenju ljudskog rada prilikom korištenja neuronske mreže i moderne tehnologije praćenja pokreta. Topic of this thesis are possible improvements in the field of work study and time analysis which were possible by the emergence of Industry 4.0. Work study and time analysis are described in first part of thesis and is given an overview of the software used in that area. In addition, the concept of Industry 4.0 is clarified and its most important factors are described. In the last part of the thesis are described solutions that indicate the implementation of Industry 4.0 in the field of work study and time analysis. In this way, an overview of sensors that can help in the modernization of production and organization of work is processed, also two research papers are attached, on the basis of which one can see the possibilities of progress in monitoring human work when using neural networks and modern motion tracking technology. Key words: work study and time analysis, Industry 4.0, sensors

U svijetu koji se sve više bavi zelenom tranzicijom u svrhu sprječavanja klimatskih promjena, veliki fokus se stavlja na štednju energije. Znamo da se značajan postotak energije troši na hlađenje i grijanje prostorija u kojima boravimo i nužno je minimizirati nepotrebne troškove gdje je to moguće kako bismo smanjili opterećenje na infrastrukturu, a i okoliš. U ovom radu proučavamo pristupačan način uštede energije za postojeće građevine, pomoću pametnog termostata. Koristeći se strojnim učenjem i raznim senzorima pokušavamo neinvazivno predvidjeti stanje otvorenosti prozora kako bismo mogli upozoriti korisnika ukoliko je klima upaljena da zatvori prozor ili ugasi klimu. Model se naposlijetku pokazao neuspješnim ali daje puno korisnih informacija za daljnji razvitak. In a world that is increasingly concerned with the green transition to prevent climate change, great emphasis is being placed on saving energy. We know that a significant percentage of energy is spent on cooling and heating the rooms in which we reside and it is necessary to minimize unnecessary costs where possible to reduce the burden on infrastructure and the environment. In this paper, we study an affordable way to save energy for existing buildings, using a smart thermostat. Using machine learning and various sensors, we try to non-invasively predict the state of window openness so that we can warn the user if the air conditioning is on to close the window or turn off the air conditioning. The model eventually proved unsuccessful but provides a lot of useful information for further development.

U ovom radu konstruirao se pogonski sustav za samostalno kretanje invalidskih kolica pri ukrcaju u vozilo. Kako je takvo kretanje analogno mobilnim robotima, prvo su opisani pojmovi mobilne robotike i njihova podjela kako bi se lakše shvatila izrada zadatka. Nakon razrade pogonskih sustava kod mobilnih robota, zaključeno je da će ovaj projekt biti mobilni robot s diferencijalnim pogonom. Nadalje su se istražila i postojeća rješenja pogonskih sustava na tržištu kako bi se ovo rješenje razlikovalo od drugih u određenoj mjeri. Predstavljena su tri idejna koncepta i njihovom evaluacijom izabran je onaj koji ima najbolju ocjenu. Odabrano rješenje koristi tarni prijenos s kotačića na kotač kako bi prenijelo potrebno snagu. Konstruirani su i potrebni nosači te stezaljke za pravilno montiranje sustava na invalidska kolica. Nakon proračuna odabran je i pripadni motor. Da bi to sve funkcioniralo i da bi invalidska kolica mogla izvršiti ukrcaj i iskrcaj iz vozila razradio se način upravljanja i kontrole cijelim sustavom., This thesis is about projecting a „Power add on“ system on manual wheelchair so that the wheelchair can go into the vehicle and back autonomously. This project is analogues to mobile robotics so these terms were first described to make the task easier to understand. After the development of propulsion systems for mobile robots, it was concluded that this project will be a mobile robot with differential drive. Existing „Power add on“ system solutions on the market were furher explored to differentiate this solution from others. Three concepts were presented and evaluated. The solution with the best grade was chosen. The selected solution uses friction transmission to transfer the required power. The necessary brackets and clamps for proper assemble of the system on wheelchair have also been designed. After the calculation, the coressponding engine was selected. In order for all this to work and for the wheelchair to be able to go in and out from the vehicle, a way of managing and controlling the entire system was developed.

Sustavi za nadgledanje i održavanje tramvajskih trasa su skupi, komplicirani i dugotrajni, stoga trebaju modernizaciju. Ovaj rad donosi umjetnu inteligenciju kao sredstvo predviđanja degradacije. Za treniranje različitih modela strojnog učenja bilo je potrebno prikupiti senzorske podatke, analizirati ih i označiti kako bi se mogli okoristiti nadziranim učenjem. Podaci su prikupljeni s napravljenom aplikacijom i mobilnim uređajem koji ima inercijske senzore akcelerometar i žiroskop. Uz mogućnost GPS-a implementirani sustav može oslikati područja različite alarmantnosti degradacije, informacija koja bi mogla biti prijeko potrebna nadležnim tijelima za ekonomičniju raspodjelu resursa. Tram route monitoring and maintenance systems are expensive, complicated and time consuming, so they need modernization. This paper brings artificial intelligence as a means of predicting degradation. To train different models of machine learning, it was necessary to collect sensory data, analyze them and label them, so that they could benefit from supervised learning. An android application for gathering data was developed and installed on a mobile device that has inertial sensors accelerometer and gyroscope. With the utillization of GPS, the implemented system can map areas of different degradation levels, information that could be indispensable to the monitoring authorities for a more economical allocation of resources.

Rad proučava primjenu stereo događajnih kamera pri rješavanju problema lokalizacije robota pomoću vizualne odometrije. Rad prvo daje uvid u ROS i potrebne alate za pokretanje metode i eksperimenata, zatim u događajne kamere, njihove karakteristike i motivaciju za njima kako bi se shvatile kao senzor s kojim radimo te na kraju daje se detaljnije objašnjenje primijenjene metode (ESVO). ESVO je sustav za interpretiranje i predočavanje podataka iz stereo kamera koji se sastoji od više modula (moduli za mapiranje i praćenje) koji svaki ima svoju ulogu i bez njega metoda ne bi radila. The work considers stereo event cameras as a solution in solving the problem of robot localization using visual odometry. The paper first provides an insight into ROS and the necessary tools to run methods and expreriments, then event cameras, their characteristics and motivation for them to be understood as a sensor we work with and finally a more detailed explanation of the applied method (ESVO). ESVO is a system for interpreting and presenting data from a stereo camera consisting of several modules (modules for mapping and tracking), each of which has its own role and without it the method would not work.

Urbano vrtlarstvo podrazumijeva uzgoj povrća, voća, aromatičnog i ljekovitog bilja u urbanoj sredini. Primjenom aktuatora, senzora, mreže LoRaWAN i Interneta stvari izveden je sustav za prikupljanje podataka i aktuaciju uređajima u urbanom vrtu sa naglaskom na navodnjavanje. Platforma Clicker 2 for STM32 upravlja pumpom za vodu, elektromagnetskim ventilom, mjeračem protoka vode, te senzorima za vlagu tla i razinu vode u spremniku, a LoRaWAN modulom se komunicira s mrežnim prilazom, koji dalje komunicira s mrežnim poslužiteljem ChirpStack. Navedene komponente se napajaju akumulatorom. Za razvoj programskog koda korištena je Necto Studio razvojna okolina, a za razvoj osnovnih funkcionalnosti pomogao je mikroSDK2.0, dok je one složenije bilo potrebno samostalno implementirati. Navodnjavanjem se upravlja slanjem naredbi izravno sa aplikacijskog poslužitelja ili nekom od dostupnih integracija. Urban gardening involves cultivation of vegetables, fruits, aromatic and medicinal plants in an urban environment. Using actuators, sensors, the LoRaWAN network and the Internet of Things, a system for data collection and actuation with devices in the urban garden was implemented, with an emphasis on irrigation. The Clicker 2 for STM32 development board controls the water pump, solenoid valve, water flow meter, soil moisture and tank water level sensors, while the LoRaWAN module communicates with the gateway, which further communicates with the ChirpStack network server. These components are powered by a car battery. The Necto Studio IDE was used to develop the program code, and mikroSDK2.0 helped to develop some basic functionalities, while the more complex ones needed to be implemented independently. Irrigation is managed by sending commands directly from the application server or by one of the available integrations

Inteligentna ambalaža je novija vrsta ambalaže koja se razvija s razvojem informacijskih tehnologija. To je ambalaža koja se zasniva na senzorima, indikatorima ili nositeljima podataka koji se stavljaju na tradicionalnu ambalažu, a daju informaciju o proizvodu. Inteligentna ambalaža može se upotrebljavati i kao ambalaža za meso. Istraživanjima se razvijaju indikatori i senzori koji reagiraju na promjenu svježine mesa, promjenu koncentracije plinova (O2 i CO2) unutar ambalaže ili indikatori vremena i temperature. Iako inteligentna ambalaža nije raširena, ima veliki potencijal za razvoj i upotrebu., Smart packaging is a newer type of packaging, evolving with the development of information technology. Such packaging uses sensors, indicators and data carriers placed on traditional packaging to provide information about the product. Smart packaging can also be used as meat packaging. Researchers are developing indicators and sensors that respond to changes in meat freshness and concentration of gases (O2 and CO2) inside the packaging, as well as record time and temperature. Although smart packaging is not widespread, it has shown great potential for future development and use., Intelligente Verpackungen sind neuere Verpackungsarten, die sich mit der Entwicklung der Informationstechnologie weiterentwickeln. Es handelt sich um Verpackungen, die auf Sensoren, Indikatoren oder Datenträgern basieren, die auf herkömmlichen Verpackungen angebracht sind und Informationen über das Produkt liefern. Intelligente Verpackungen können auch als Fleischverpackungen verwendet werden. Die Forschung entwickelt Indikatoren und Sensoren, die auf Änderungen der Fleischfrische und der Gaskonzentration (O2 und CO2) in der Verpackung reagieren oder Indikatoren für Zeit und Temperatur. Intelligente Verpackungen sind zwar nicht weit verbreitet, bieten jedoch ein großes Entwicklungs- und Verwendungspotenzial., L’imballaggio intelligente è un nuovo tipo d’imballaggio, frutto dello sviluppo delle tecnologie informatiche. Si tratta di un imballaggio tradizionale cui vengono aggiunti sensori, indicatori o dispositivi di trasmissione dati che forniscono informazioni sul prodotto. L’imballaggio intelligente può essere impiegato anche per il confezionamento della carne. La ricerca è impegnata nello sviluppo di indicatori e sensori che reagiscano ad ogni minima variazione della freschezza della carne, alle variazioni di concentrazione di determinati gas (O2 e CO2) all’interno dell’imballaggio o nello sviluppo di indicatori tempo-temperatura. Nonostante il suo uso limitato, l’imballaggio intelligente ha un grande potenziale di sviluppo e d’impiego., El embalaje inteligente es un nuevo tipo de empaque que está evolucionando con el desarrollo de la tecnología de información. Es el empaque basado en sensores, indicadores y soportes de datos colocados en el empaque tradicional y administran la información sobre el producto. El embalaje inteligente puede usarse para el envasado de la carne. Se están desarrollando los indicadores y los sensores que responden a cambios en la frescura de la carne, cambios en la concentración de los gases (O2 y CO2) dentro del empaque o los indicadores del tiempo y de la temperatura. Aunque el uso del embalaje inteligente no está muy extendido, tiene un gran potencial del desarrollo y uso.

The health consequences of prolonged sitting in the office and other work chairs have recently been tried to be alleviated or prevented by the application of modern technologies. Smart technologies and sensors are installed in different parts of office chairs, which enables monitoring of seating patterns and prevents positions that potentially endanger the health of users. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of previous research in the field of the application of smart technologies and sensors built into office and other types of chairs in order to prevent diseases. The articles published in the period 2010-2020 and indexed in WoS CC, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore databases, with the keywords “smart chair” and “sensor chair” were analysed. 15 articles were processed, with their research being based on the use of different types of sensors that determine the contact pressures between the user’s body and stool parts and recognise different body positions when sitting, which can prevent negative health consequences. Analysed papers prove that the use of smart technology and a better understanding of sitting, using various sensors and applications that read body pressure and determine the current body position, can act as preventive health care by detecting proper heart rate and beats per minute, the activity of individual muscle groups, proper breathing and estimates of blood oxygen levels. In the future research, it is necessary to compare different types of sensors, methods used and the results obtained in order to determine which of them are most suitable for the future development of seating furniture for work., Posljedice dugotrajnog sjedenja na uredskim i drugim radnim stolicama u posljednje se vrijeme pokušavaju ublažiti ili spriječiti primjenom suvremenih tehnologija. U različite dijelove uredskih stolica ugrađuju se pametne tehnologije i senzori, što omogućuje praćenje rasporeda sjedenja i izbjegavanje položaja koji potencijalno ugrožavaju zdravlje korisnika. Cilj ovog rada jest davanje pregleda dosadašnjih istraživanja u području primjene suvremenih pametnih tehnologija i senzora ugrađenih u uredske i ostale vrste stolica radi prevencije obolijevanja korisnika. Analizirani su članci objavljeni u razdoblju od 2010. do 2020. i indeksirani su u bazama podataka WoS CC, Scopus i IEEE Xplore, a izdvojeni su prema ključnim riječima pametna stolica i senzorska stolica. Obrađeno je 15 članaka u kojima su se istraživanja temeljila na primjeni različitih vrsta senzora koji određuju kontaktne tlakove između korisnikova tijela i dijelova stolice te raspoznaju različite položaje tijela pri sjedenju, čime se mogu prevenirati negativne posljedice za zdravlje. U analiziranim istraživanjima autori su dokazali da primjena pametne tehnologije i bolje razumijevanje sjedenja uporabom različitih senzora i aplikacija kojima se očitava pritisak tijela i određuje njegov trenutačni položaj može preventivno djelovati zahvaljujući praćenju rada srca i broja otkucaja u minuti, aktivnosti pojedinih mišićnih skupina, pravilnog disanja, procjene razine kisika u krvi i sl. U budućim istraživanjima potrebno je usporediti različite tipove senzora, primijenjene metode i dobivene rezultate kako bi se uočilo koji su od njih najprikladniji za budući razvoj radnog namještaja za sjedenje.

Ovaj rad se sastoji od 13 projekata koji opisuju korištenje različitih komponenti uz Arduino razvojnu pločicu. Svaki projekt prvo ukratko opisuje komponentu, zatim je opisan i prikazan dijagram spajanja komponente sa Arduino razvojnom pločicom te naposljetku je objašnjen i napisan programski kod potreban za rad komponente. Na početku rada je pojašnjeno upravljanje jedne LE diode, zatim je na nju dodatno tipkalo. Nakon LE dioda rad se osvrće na DC motore, a to su servo motor i ventilator. Poslije motora je opisan pasivni buzzer kao jednostavni zvučnik nakon čega slijedi opis raznih senzora. Opisan je senzor jačine svijetlosti, vodene pare, pokreta, detekcije plina i temperature. Kraj rada opisuje dva najčešće korištena zaslona uz Arduino razvojnu pločicu. To su LCD zaslon i OLED zaslon. This paper consists of 13 projects which describe the use of different components along with the Arduino development board. In each project are firstly described the components. Secondly, a diagram of the connection of components with Arduino development board is described and displayed. Finally, the setup and the program code required for the components to work is explained and written down. At the beginning of the paper, the control of one LE diode is clarified, and later it was added a pushbutton. After the LE diode, this paper discusses the DC motors, which are the servo motor and the fan. After the motors, the passive buzzer is described as a simple speaker followed by a description of the various sensors which are the sensor of light intensity, water vapor, motion, gas detection and temperature. The end of the paper discusses the two most commonly used screens along with the Arduino development board. Those are the LCD screen and the OLED screen.

Generating, detecting, and controlling the frequency, amplitude, phase, and polarization of electromagnetic waves is at the center of a broad range of important applications today. The functionality of devices and technologies such as antennas, lasers, solar cells, optical fibers, imaging systems, optical computers, and biosensors relies on precise control over electromagnetic wave properties. In order to obtain these properties and meet the demands of modern wave-based technologies, a fundamental understanding and discovery of novel wave phenomena is necessary. In this dissertation, our goal is to expand the possibilities of wave control and enhance light-matter interaction based on novel phenomena in metamaterials and plasmonics. Specifically, we focus on surface plasmon-polariton modes enabled by substrate integrated waveguides at microwave frequencies. Furthermore, embedded eigenstates and their topological aspects in optical ENZ structures are studied. Exploiting the functionalities of these phenomena, we discuss the consequences on wave propagation and scattering, and explore various structures to achieve control of frequency, amplitude, phase, and polarization of electromagnetic waves. We provide new theoretical insights on the underlying physics and demonstrate the utility of the discussed phenomena by proposing several applications including two microwave dual-band filters, a microwave sensor for liquid analyte detection, a narrowband and directive thermal emitter, an infrared polarization control and switching scheme, an improved phase sensor, and an unusual laser-absorber structure. The generality of the presented theoretical insights indicates new possibilities in the fields of thermal emission engineering, topological photonics and lasers.

U ovom radu analizirane su komponente računalnog mjernog sustava koje se koriste u raznim laboratorijima i industrijama. Kao primarne ulazne komponente računalnog mjernog sustava navedeni su senzori. Opisane su karakteristike i načini rada najčešće korištenih senzora. Zatim je objašnjena razlika izmeĎu inteligentnih i običnih senzora. Signali senzora se često moraju prilagoditi ili kondicionirati kako bi ih sustav mogao obraditi. UreĎaji za prilagodbu signala postavljaju se izmeĎu senzora i digitalnog ureĎaja. Spomenute su razne tehnike prilagodbe signala. Opisano je pojačanje signala koje podrazumijeva povećanje amplitude signala, te su analizirani digitalno-analogni i analogno-digitalni pretvarači. Nakon toga opisan je proces filtriranja signala koji podrazumijeva uklanjanje nekih frekvencija s ciljem suzbijanja smetnja i smanjenja pozadinske buke. Zadnja navedena metoda prilagodbe signala je zaštita i multipleksiranje signala. Zatim su analizirane DAQ ploče koje se koriste za prikupljanje podataka te se dijele na interne ploče za prikupljanje podataka i eksterne ploče za prikupljanje podataka. TakoĎer su opisane razne vrste sabirnica koje pomaţu pri komunikaciji podataka. U zadnjem dijelu rada nalazi se analiza arhitekture računala, primjeri programske podrške korištene u računalnom mjernom sustavu te primjer računalnog mjernog sustava korištenog za odreĎivanje petlje histereze. This paper analyzes the components of a computer measurement system used in various laboratories and industries. Sensors are listed as the primary input component of the computer measurement system. This paper describes the characteristics of the most commonly used sensors, and analyzes how they work. Furthermore the difference between intelligent and ordinary sensors is explained. Signals from sensors often need to be adjusted or conditioned for the system to process them. Signal adjustment devices are placed between the sensor and the digital device. Various signal adjustment techniques are mentioned. Signal amplification implies an increase in signal amplitude, and digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital converters are also analyzed. In addition to that, the signal filtering process is described, which involves removing some frequencies in order to suppress interference and reduce background noise. The last mentioned signal adjustment method is signal protection and multiplexing. The DAQ boards used for data collection were then analyzed and split into plug-in data collection boards and external data collection boards. Various types of buses that help with data communication are also described. The last part of the paper contains an analysis of computer architecture, some examples of various software used in computer measurement systems and an example of computer measurement system used for determining the hysteresis loop.

Zadatak završnog rada je implantacija algoritama za mapiranje i pronalaska najkraćeg puta u labirintu. U radu je korišten Alphabot2 robot i implementirana je programska podrška napisana u programskom jeziku Python. U teorijskom dijelu rada opisano je što je labirint, te uvod u algoritme obilaska i pronalaska najkraćeg puta labirinta. Zatim je opisan Alphabot2 robot, njegova oprema, specifikacije i raznovrsni senzori. Nakon toga su objašnjeni algoritmi korišteni za izradu rada i programski jezik Python. U drugom dijelu prikazana je primjena tih algoritama za postizanje mapiranja i pronalaska najkraćeg puta. Na kraju je objašnjena izrada labirinta, te je prokomentirana uspješnost i kvaliteta programa. The task of this final dissertation is the implantation of mapping algorithms and finding the shortest path in a maze. The Alphabot2 robot was used in the work and the software was implemented in the Python programming language. The theoretical part of the paper describes what a labyrinth is, as well as making an introduction to algorithms for visiting and finding the shortest path in a labyrinth. Next, the Alphabot2 robot, its equipment, specifications and various sensors are described. The algorithms used in the paper and the Python programming language are then explained. The second part shows the application of these algorithms to achieve mapping and finding the shortest path. And finally, the makings of the labyrinth are explained, and the success and quality of the program are observed.

Ovaj završni rad obuhvaća konstrukciju edukacijskog modela za automatiku koji je namijenjen za podučavanje. Nakon definiranja osnovnih pojmova automatike, odabrati će se i opisati elementi sustava korištenog na uređaju. Uvodno će biti opisan program LOGO!Soft Comfort. Bit će prezentirano i par primjera upotrebe modela te prijenos izrađenih programa na PLC. Sustav će se temeljiti na Siemens LOGO! logičkim modulima preko kojeg će se upravljati senzorima i aktuatorom. Za upravljanje elektromotora će biti korišten frekvencijski pretvarač. Konstrukcija 3D modela će se vršiti u programu AutoDesk Inventor te će preko istog biti napravljeni radionički crteži., This final paper includes the construction of an educational model for automation that is intended for teaching. After defining the basic concepts of automation, the elements of the system used on the device will be selected and described. The introduction will describe the LOGO! Soft Comfort program and a couple of examples, as well as the transfer of the created programs to the PLC. The system will be based on the Siemens LOGO! logic modules through which the sensors and the actuator will be controlled. A frequency converter will be used to control the electric motor. The construction of the 3D model will be done in the AutoDesk Inventor program, and workshop drawings will be made through it.