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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is little published information on the sensitivity of sweet corn to the PRE and POST application of isoxaflutole + cyprosulfamide. Four field trials were conducted during 2010 and 2011 in Ontario, Canada, to determine the sensitivity of 'Merit', 'GH 4927', 'BSS 5362', and 'GG 741' sweet corn hybrids to the PRE and POST application of isoxaflutole alone or in combination with cyprosulfamide. Isoxaflutole applied PRE or POST at 105 and 210 g a.i./ha caused as much as 12% visual injury, 18% reduction in height. and 24% reduction in marketable yield of some sweet corn hybrids evaluated. Isoxaflutole + cyprosulfamide applied PRE or POST at 105 and 210 g·ha-1 caused up to 7% initial injury in some sweet corn hybrids but the injury was transient with no effect on sweet corn height, cob size, and yield. Isoxaflutole applied POST was more injurious to sweet corn than when applied PRE; however, there was no differences in sweet corn injury between the PRE and POST applications of isoxaflutole + cyprosulfamide. Based on these results, there is potential for use of isoxaflutole + cyprosulfamide applied at 105 g a.i./ha in 'Merit', 'GH 4927', 'BSS 5362', and 'GG 741' sweet corn hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Volunteer winter cereals are found sporadically in maize (Zea mays L.) fields across southern Ontario. Seven field trials were conducted over a two-year period (2006 and 2007) at four locations to determine the efficacy of five acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides for the control of volunteer cereals applied at two post-emergence application timings (2–4 and 4–7 maize leaf tips). The volunteer cereals were a hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (‘Hyland AC Morley’), soft red winter wheat (‘Pioneer 25R47’), soft white winter wheat (‘Pioneer 25W41’), and a autumn rye (Secale cereale L.) (‘FR’) cultivar. Volunteer cereal competition in maize resulted in a yield reduction of up to 44%. Foramsulfuron, nicosulfuron, nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron provided greater than 70% control of the volunteer cereals at 56 days after treatment (DAT), while primisulfuron and rimsulfuron provided greater than 60% control. Volunteer cereal control with early and late application was greater than 82 and 61%, respectively. Hard red winter wheat was the most sensitive to the ALS-inhibiting herbicides with control of 84–93%. Soft red and soft white winter wheat cultivars were intermediate in sensitivity with control of 76–87%, while autumn rye was the least sensitive with control of at 56–71% control at 56 DAT. Maize yields were improved when volunteer cereals were controlled with the use of herbicides compared to the weedy control, but were lower than the weed-free control. Early herbicide application resulted in improved control of volunteer cereals and higher maize yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of tolerance of various market classes of dry bean to cloransulam-methyl is not known. Three field studies were conducted in Ontario, Canada during 2007 and 2008 to determine the level of tolerance of black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean to the pre-emergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) application of cloransulam-methyl at 17.5, 35, and 70 g ai ha−1. Cloransulam-methyl applied at 17.5, 35, and 70 g ha−1 caused between 13 and 23% injury in black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean, respectively. Cloransulam-methyl applied at 17.5, 35, and 70 g ha−1 reduced the shoot dry weight by between 16 and 28% compared to the untreated control. Cloransulam-methyl applied PRE reduced the height of black bean by 27% and the height of cranberry bean by 25% at 70 g ha−1 and reduced the height of white bean by 19% at 35 g ha−1 and by 37% at 70 g ha−1. Cloransulam-methyl applied PRE reduced the yield of black bean by 29% at 35 g ha−1 and by 43% at 70 g ha−1, reduced the yield of cranberry bean by 43% at 70 g ha−1, and reduced the yield of white bean by 36% at 35 g ha−1 and by 54% at 70 g ha−1. Based on these results, there is not an adequate margin of crop safety for the PRE and POST application of cloransulam-methyl in black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean at the rates evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: There is limited information on the tolerance of various market classes of dry bean to the soil application of fomesafen alone or in tank mix combination with S-metolachlor. Field trials were conducted in Ontario over a two year period (2006 and 2007) to evaluate the tolerance of black, cranberry, kidney, and white (navy) bean to the pre-plant incorporated (PPI) and pre-emergence (PRE) application of S-metolachlor and fomesafen alone and in tank mix combination. Treatments included a non-treated check. All treatments were maintained weed free during the growing season. Visible injury differed among the four market classes of dry bean at 14 days after emergence. Visible injury was generally greater in the smaller seed market classes (black and white bean) compared to the larger seeded market classes (kidney and cranberry bean). Visible injury seen in some market classes of dry bean early in the season was minimal and transitory and caused no adverse effects on plant height, shoot dry weight, seed moisture content, and yield. Based on these results, S-metolachlor and fomesafen alone and in combination applied PPI or PRE at the proposed maximum use dose can be safely used for weed management in black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean production in Ontario. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Imazamox plus bentazon has the potential to provide broad spectrum weed control in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Field trials were conducted in Ontario over a two year period (2003 and 2006) to evaluate the effect of imazamox plus bentazon applied post-emergence at 25+600 and 50+1200g aiha−1 on black, brown, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pinto, white and yellow eye beans. Treatments included a non-treated check. All treatments were maintained weed free during the growing season. The eight market classes responded similarly to imazamox plus bentazon. Imazamox plus bentazon applied post-emergence caused less than 4% visible injury at 7, 14 and 28 days after treatment. Imazamox plus bentazon applied post-emergence did not have any effect on plant height, shoot dry weight, seed moisture content and yield of dry bean. Based on these results, imazamox plus bentazon at the proposed maximum use dose can be safely used for weed management in black, brown, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pinto, white and yellow eye bean production in Ontario. Additional research is needed to determine if cultivars within a market class of dry bean differ in their response to imazamox plus bentazon. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Limited information exists on the tolerance of sweet maize hybrids to halosulfuron applied post-emergence. The tolerance of eight sweet maize hybrids GG446, GG214, GH2547, GH2041, GH2298, Empire, GH2684, and GSS9299 to halosulfuron applied post-emergence at 25 and 50gaiha−1 was evaluated at two Ontario locations in 2005 and 2006. At 7 days after treatment (DAT), Empire and GH2684 hybrids had 4% visible injury at 25gaiha−1, and Empire, GH2684, and GH2298 hybrids had 6–8% visible injury at 50gaiha−1. There was no injury in the other hybrids. At 14 DAT, there was no visible injury at 25gaiha−1 in any of the hybrids evaluated but there was 2–6% visual injury at 50gaiha−1 in GH2041, GH2298, Empire, GH2684, and GS9299 hybrids. The injury to all hybrids was transient, with no significant injury observed at 28 DAT. Visible injury tended to increase as herbicide dose increased. There were no adverse effects on plant height, cob size, and marketable yield for any hybrids except the yield of Empire, which was reduced 14% at 25gaiha−1 and 21% at 50gaiha−1. Based on this study, halosulfuron can be safely applied to GG446, GG214, GH2547, GH2041, GH2298, GH2684, and GSS9299 hybrids, but should not be registered for use on the sweet maize hybrid Empire. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Tolerance of white bean to the pre-emergence application of imazethapyr at the dose of 0, 25, 50, 75, 150 and 300gaiha−1 was studied at 11 Ontario, Canada locations over a 3-year period. White bean tolerance to imazethapyr was dependent on dose and environmental conditions. Crop injury generally increased as the dose was increased. Imazethapyr-applied pre-emergence caused up to 62% visible injury and reduced plant height as much as 32%, shoot dry weight 48%, root dry weight 20% and yield 77%. Seed moisture content was increased as much as 1.1%. The dose of imazethapyr to cause 5%, 10% and 20% injury in white bean was as low as 17, 31 and 58gaiha−1 for visible injury, 36, 73 and 155gaiha−1 for plant height, 4, 9 and 22g ai ha−1 for shoot dry weight, 27, 54 and 108gaiha−1 for root dry weight, and 10, 21 and 44gaiha−1 for yield, respectively. Leaf tissue potassium (K) concentration was not affected with imazethapyr at 25, 50 and 75gaiha−1; however, it was reduced 27% at 150gaiha−1 and 36% at 300gaiha−1. Based on these results, imazethapyr-applied pre-emergence at the currently registered dose of 75gaiha−1 in white bean in Ontario has the potential to cause significant crop injury and yield losses under some environmental conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: There is limited information on the effect of s-metolachlor application timing on cabbage tolerance in Ontario. A total of five field trials (1999–2004) were established near Ridgetown Ontario, Canada to evaluate tolerance of cabbage to s-metolachlor applied pre-transplant incorporated, pre-transplant and post-transplant at 800, 1600 and 2400ga.i./ha. s-Metolachlor applied pre-transplant incorporated, pre-transplant and post-transplant at 800, 1600 and 2400ga.i./ha did not have any effect on visual injury, marketable head production, marketable head weight and yield of cabbage. There was also no difference among s-metolachlor application timings (pre-transplant incorporated, pre-transplant and post-transplant) in respect to cabbage tolerance. Based on these results s-metolachlor applied pre-transplant incorporated, pre-transplant and post-transplant at 800, 1600 and 2400ga.i./ha has an acceptable level of crop safety in cabbage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: There are few pre-transplant herbicides for weed control in cole crops in Ontario. Three field trials were established each year in 2003, 2004, and 2005 at Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada to evaluate broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower tolerance to oxyfluorfen (560 and 1120g a.i./ha), dimethenamid-p (750 and 1500g a.i./ha), sulfentrazone (100 and 200g a.i./ha), and a tank-mix of dimethenamid-p plus sulfentrazone (750+100 and 1500+200g a.i./ha), representing once and twice the proposed use dose for each herbicide/tankmix. Treatments included a non-treated weed-free control. Oxyfluorfen, dimethenamid-p, sulfentrazone, and dimethenamid-p plus sulfentrazone applied pre-transplant at the proposed and twice the proposed use dose in broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower did not cause any visual injury, and did not reduce number of heads produced, head weight or yield in all nine trials conducted. Based on these results, oxyfluorfen, dimethenamid-p, sulfentrazone, and dimethenamid-p plus sulfentrazone all have an acceptable level of crop safety for use at the proposed dose in broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Tolerance of eight cultivars of dry beans representing eight market classes (black, brown, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pinto, white, and yellow eye beans) to the pre-emergence application of clomazone at the dose of 1116 and 2232ga.i.ha−1 was studied at Exeter and Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada in 2003 and 2005. Clomazone applied pre-emergence caused 5%, 4%, and 1% visual injury at 1116gha−1 and 11%, 10%, and 4% visual injury at 2232gha−1 in dry beans at 7, 14, and 28 days after emergence (DAE), respectively. Visual injury increased with dose and decreased over time. Visual injury was minimal by 28DAE (less than 5%) and had no adverse effect on plant height, shoot dry weight and yield of any market class of dry beans evaluated. Seed moisture content measured at harvest ranged from 17% to 24% for the various market classes of dry beans and was not affected by the application of clomazone. White bean exhibited the least visual injury followed by brown, kidney, yellow eye, otebo, pinto, and then black and cranberry beans. Based on these results, clomazone applied pre-emergence at 1116gha−1 has an adequate margin of crop safety for use in black, brown, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pinto, white, and yellow eye beans. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: There is little information on the sensitivity of dry beans to sulfentrazone. Tolerance of eight cultivars of dry beans representing eight market classes (black, brown, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pinto, white and yellow eye beans) to the pre-emergence (PRE) application of sulfentrazone at the dose of 420 and 840ga.i.ha−1 was studied at two locations (Exeter and Ridgetown, ON, Canada) in 2004 and 2005. Market classes of dry beans differed in their response to sulfentrazone. Sulfentrazone applied PRE at 420gha−1 caused 7–12% visual crop injury but there was no decrease in height, dry weight and yield of any market class of dry beans. Sulfentrazone applied PRE at 840gha−1 caused up to 30% visual crop injury and decreased dry weight 30–40% of all market classes of dry beans with the exception of brown and pinto beans. There was no decrease in height of dry beans due to the PRE application of sulfentrazone. Sulfentrazone at the high dose reduced the yield of black, cranberry, otebo and white beans by 47, 44, 26 and 52%, respectively. There was no decrease in yield of brown, kidney, pinto and yellow eye beans. Seed moisture content measured at harvest ranged from 18.1 to 22.7% for various market classes of dry beans and was not affected by the application of sulfentrazone. Based on these results, brown and pinto beans had the greatest tolerance to the PRE application of sulfentrazone. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Dry bean growers have a limited number of herbicide options available for weed management in Ontario. Four field trials were conducted in Ontario over a 2-year period (2003 and 2004) to evaluate the tolerance of black, brown, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pinto, white and yellow eye beans to the post-emergence application of bentazon plus fomesafen at 840+140 and 1680+280gaiha−1. Treatments included a non-treated check. All treatments were maintained weed free during the growing season. The eight market classes responded similarly to bentazon plus fomesafen. The post-emergence application of bentazon plus fomesafen caused minimal (less than 5%) and transitory visual injury at 14 and 28 days after treatment. Plant height was reduced by 13% in pinto beans and 9% in white beans. There was no effect on the plant height of the other market classes of dry beans evaluated. Bentazon plus fomesafen applied post-emergence did not have any effect on shoot dry weight, seed moisture content and yield. Based on these results, bentazon plus fomesafen at the proposed maximum use dose can be safely used for weed management in black, brown, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pinto, white and yellow eye bean production in Ontario. Additional research is needed to determine if cultivars within a market class of dry beans differ in their response to bentazon plus fomesafen. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: There are few herbicide options available for weed management in adzuki beans in Ontario. Six field trials were conducted in Ontario over a 2-year period (2003 and 2004) to evaluate the tolerance of adzuki bean to the post-emergence application of bentazon, fomesafen, sethoxydim, quizalofop-p-ethyl, imazamox plus fomesafen and imazamox plus bentazon. All treatments including the non-treated control were maintained weed free for the complete growing season. The application of bentazon and imazamox plus bentazon caused visual injury and reduced plant height up to 43%, reduced shoot dry weight up to 65%, delayed maturity and reduced adzuki bean yield as much as 56%. Fomesafen, sethoxydim, quizalofop-p-ethyl, and imazamox plus fomesafen caused visual injury but this was transient and there was no adverse affect on plant height, shoot dry weight, seed moisture content and yield of adzuki bean. Fomesafen and imazamox plus fomesafen reduced shoot dry weight by 16% and delayed maturity at the high dose. Based on these results, the application of fomesafen, sethoxydim, quizalofop-p-ethyl and imazamox plus fomesafen has an adequate margin of crop safety for weed management in adzuki beans in Ontario, but bentazon and imazamox plus bentazon do not. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Limited information exists on cole crop tolerance to post-emergence (POST) applications of sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides under Ontario growing conditions. Broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower were evaluated for tolerance to ethametsulfuron-methyl, foramsulfuron, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl, and triflusulfuron-methyl in nine separate experiments conducted from 2002 to 2004. Each of the SU herbicides was applied at the proposed and twice the proposed use dose in broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower. Ethametsulfuron-methyl did not cause visual injury, and did not reduce head weight or yield in all nine trials conducted. Foramsulfuron, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron and thifensulfuron-methyl caused unacceptable injury (greater than 10%) at the proposed use dose of each herbicide. Injury symptoms included stunting, twisting of the petioles, and malformed, chlorotic leaves. Foramsulfuron and nicosulfuron caused complete death of broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower at the proposed use dose of each of these herbicides. Injury was severe enough to prevent head production of broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower at twice the proposed use dose of rimsulfuron and thifensulfuron-methyl. Though heads were formed in the triflusulfuron–methyl treatments, head weight and yields were reduced at the proposed use dose of this herbicide. Ethametsulfuron-methyl is the only herbicide to which broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower possessed an acceptable level of tolerance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Topramezone is a newly introduced herbicide for use in field corn (Zea mays L.) that may have potential for weed management in sweet corn. Tolerance of eight sweet corn hybrids to topramezone applied postemergence (POST) at 0, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 300 g a.i. ha-1 were studied at one Ontario location in 2000 and two locations in 2001 and 2002. Topramezone applied POST at 50, 75, 100, and 150 g·ha-1 did not cause any visual injury in Calico Belle, CNS 710, Delmonte 2038, FTF 222, FTF 246, GH 2684, Reveille, and Rival sweet corn hybrids at 7 days after treatment (DAT) and caused minimal injury (less than 5%) at 300 g·ha-1 in all hybrids. The initial sensitivity observed in these hybrids was minimal and transient with no effect on visual injury at 14 and 28 DAT. Topramezone applied POST did not reduce plant height, cob size, or marketable yield of the sweet corn hybrids included in this study. Based on these results, topramezone applied POST at the rates evaluated can be safely applied to Calico Belle, CNS 710, Delmonte 2038, FTF 222, FTF 246, GH 2684, Reveille, and Rival sweet corn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited information exists on sweet corn (Zea mays) tolerance to postemergence (POST) applications of thifensulfuron-methyl under Ontario growing conditions. Eight sweet corn hybrids were evaluated for tolerance to thifensulfuron-methyl in four field experiments conducted in 2003 and 2004. Thifensulfuron-methyl was applied POST at 6 and 12 g·ha-1 a.i., the registered and twice the registered rate for use in soybean in Ontario. Sweet corn hybrid responses to thifensulfuron-methyl varied. Delmonte 2038 was the most sensitive to thifensuifuron-methyl and had as much as 92% visual injury, 76% height reduction, and 98% yield reduction compared to the nontreated control. Empire, GH1861, GH2298, and GH2684 hybrids showed visual injury of 53%, 55%, 53%, and 61%, height reduction of 34%, 31%, 32%, and 26% and yield reduction of 77%, 68%, 68%, and 51%, respectively. GG214, GH2547, and GSS9299 sweet corn hybrids were not as sensitive to thifensulfuron-methyl. The initial sensitivity observed in these hybrids was minimal and transient with no effect on yield. Although thifensulfuron-methyl is safe for use on some sweet corn hybrids, it has the potential to cause severe crop injury and yield reduction in other hybrids and therefore it should not be recommended for weed management in sweet corn production in Ontario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]