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Ethnopharmacological relevance In contrast to other leguminous plants generally used as food, Rhynchosia volubilis Loureiro, a small soybean with a black seed coat, has been used as a traditional oriental remedy for various human diseases in Eastern Asia. In this study, we demonstrated the protective effect of R. volubilis against dry eye disease. Aim of the study We aimed to investigate whether a standardized ethanol extract of R. volubilis (EERV) can protect the cornea in a benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-induced mouse dry eye model. Materials and methods Experimental dry eye was induced by the instillation of 0.2% BAC on mouse cornea. A standardized ethanol extract of R. volubilis (EERV) was orally administered following BAC treatment. The positive control group was treated with commercial eye drops. Fluorescein staining, tear break-up time (BUT), and hematoxylin and eosin staining were evaluated on the ocular surface. Squamous metaplasia and apoptosis in the corneal epithelial layer were detected by immunostaining. Furthermore, the protein expression of cytochrome c, Bcl-2, and Bax was determined. Results EERV treatment significantly improved fluorescein scoring, BUT, and smoothness in the cornea compared to the vehicle group. In addition, EERV inhibited squamous metaplasia and apoptosis in the cornea. The expression of cytochrome c and Bax was upregulated, while that of Bcl-2 was downregulated in the vehicle group compared with that in the control group. However, EERV treatment inhibited the expression of cytochrome c and Bax, while that of Bcl-2 was improved. Conclusion Standardized EERV could be a beneficial candidate for the treatment of dry eye disease.

Purpose: To evaluate the role of intravitreal aflibercept (IVA) for treating persistent central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) of more than 6 weeks. Methods: AFlibercept Efficacy in Cscr Treatment (NCT01971190) was a 6-month, phase 2, multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial at 6 clinical sites in Korea. Forty-three patients were randomized into group 1 (29) with 3 monthly IVA administrations or group 2 (14) with sham treatment and followed for 6 months with pro re nata (PRN) IVA. Patients could be retreated with IVA when they met the eligibility criteria for this. The primary end point was a mean change in central subfield thickness (CST) from baseline. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and CST were checked monthly. Data from a subgroup with long-term follow-up in a real-life practice were also compared. Results: After 3 months of treatment, group 1 had a greater change in mean CST (173.97 vs 80.15 µm; P = .001) and BCVA improvement (10.38 vs 8.62 Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters; P = .52) than group 2. Among patients whose disease had lasted ≥3 months, BCVA improvement was significantly better in group 1 than in group 2 after 3 months (12.0 vs −2.7 letters; P = .007), and the percentage of eyes requiring PRN IVA was lower in group 1 (50% vs 100%). These differences were attenuated at 6 months but maintained during additional 6-month follow-up. Conclusion: Intravitreal aflibercept may facilitate the anatomical improvement in persistent CSCR and may improve the visual outcomes in relatively chronic cases. The IVA injection may be a therapeutic option for CSCR.

Objective To evaluate prognostic factors associated with good response to intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) treatment in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) patients. Methods We retrospectively reviewed ninety-four eyes of 94 CSC patients who received intravitreal bevacizumab injection(IVB) (0.05 ml, 1.25 mg) as a first line treatment. Patients were divided into two groups as good responders and poor responders based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings 1 month after the first injection of intravitreal bevacizumab. Good responders were defined as complete resolution of subretinal fluid (SRF) on OCT 1 month after IVB. We compared baseline visual acuity, duration of symptoms, angiographic findings on fluorescein angiography, central retinal thickness (CRT), macular volume (MV),subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) between two groups. Results 42 eyes were included as good responder and 52 eyes as poor responders. Mean age was 47.8±7.4 year old ingood responders and 50.6±7.8 year old in poor responders. Baseline visual acuity (logMAR) was better in good responders than poor responders, 0.19±0.19 and 0.29±0.19 respectively (p=0.015). SFCT was significantly thicker in good responders than poor responders 419.7±103.2㎛ and 376.0±99.0㎛ respectively (p=0.040). Prevalence of chronic cases was higher in poor responders (33/52) than good responders (15/42), (p=0.012). There was no statistical significance in age, sex, CRT, MVbetween two groups. Conclusion Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab can be potential option for the treatment of CSC patients, especially in case of recent onset, better baseline visual acuity with thicker choroid on OCT.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the protective effects of the ethanol extract of Diospyros kaki (EEDK) persimmon leaves to study N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced retinal degeneration in mice. EEDK was orally administered after MNU injection. Retinal layer thicknesses were significantly increased in the EEDK-treated group compared with the MNU-treated group. The outer nuclear layer was preserved in the retinas of EEDK-treated mice. Moreover, EEDK treatment reduced the MNU-dependent up-regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and nestin expression in Müller and astrocyte cells. EEDK treatment also inhibited MNU-dependent down-regulation of rhodopsin expression. Quercetin exposure significantly attenuated the negative effects of H2O2 in R28 cells, suggesting that quercetin can act in an antioxidative capacity. Thus, EEDK may be considered as an agent for treating or preventing degenerative retinal diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration.

This study aimed to investigate the levels of aqueous humour cytokines in the eyes of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), who received an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab, and to evaluate the differences in cytokine levels between bevacizumab responders and non-responders.Aqueous humour samples were collected from 39 eyes of 39 patients with CSC and 25 eyes of 25 control patients undergoing cataract surgery and were analysed using Multiplex bead assays. We compared the cytokine levels in patients with CSC (responders and non-responders) and control subjects. After intravitreal injections of bevacizumab in patients with CSC, we evaluated the changes in visual acuity and optical coherence tomographic parameters.Significantly increased levels of interferon gamma-induced protein (IP-10) were detected in the aqueous humour of eyes from patients with CSC compared to controls (p = 0.036). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were significantly higher in bevacizumab responders than in non-responders (p = 0.021). The concentrations of the other cytokines investigated did not differ significantly between patients with CSC and control subjects or between responders and non-responders.The results of the present study suggest that IP-10 and VEGF may contribute to the pathogenesis of CSC. It is clear that intravitreal bevacizumab was helpful in some of the patients with CSC, who showed higher levels of VEGF in the aqueous humour. However, the true effect and the rationale of anti-VEGF injection treatment in patients with CSC remain to be elucidated. Our results suggest that patients with CSC may be more susceptible to VEGF and/or other cytokines than the normal population.

To determine whether intravitreally-injected baicalin inhibits the growth of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) experimentally induced via laser photocoagulation through analysis of angiogenic factors.Six CNVs were induced in the left eyes of 8-week-old male Brown Norway rats. Immediately after the induction of CNV, 4 μl of baicalin solution (0.1, 1 or 5 nmol) and 4 μl of a solution containing 100 μg of bevacizumab were slowly injected into the vitreous cavity under direct observation with an operating microscope. At 14 days after CNV induction, fluorescein angiography (FA) was performed, and choroidal flat mounts were produced for quantitative assessment of CNV. The levels of the anti-angiogenic proteins vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) were determined via Western blot analysis.FA of bevacizumab- and baicalin-treated rats showed significantly reduced CNV and leakage from the CNV lesions compared to control rats at day 14. Choroidal flat mounts revealed that baicalin inhibited the growth of CNV lesions in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis demonstrated that baicalin significantly attenuated the up-regulation of VEGF, PDGF and MMP-2.Baicalin suppressed laser-induced CNV formation in rats. These results suggest that baicalin should be considered as a candidate drug for treating exudative age-related macular degeneration.

To investigate laser photocoagulation and intravitreal bevacizumab efficacy and safety in patients with moderate-to-severe stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and to evaluate the effects of treatment on the development of peripheral retinal vessels.A retrospective chart review of 15 premature babies, all of whom were diagnosed with stage 3 ROP, was conducted. Patients with moderate-to-severe stage 3 ROP, thus with a vascular-active ROP, received intravitreal injections of bevacizumab (0.5 mg/0.02 ml) and laser photocoagulation, whereas those with relatively inactive ROP received laser photocoagulation only. Patients were examined 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after treatment, or until peripheral retinal vessel growth over the laser scar was noted.Both eyes of 15 patients diagnosed with moderate-to-severe stage 3 ROP were evaluated. Eight patients (n=16 eyes) received intravitreal bevacizumab injection and laser photocoagulation, and seven patients (n=14 eyes) received laser photocoagulation only. During the follow-up period, regression of plus disease and peripheral retinal vessel development appeared significantly more rapidly in patients who received both intravitreal bevacizumab injection and laser photocoagulation. Peripheral retinal vessel development over the laser scar was identified 1-2 weeks after treatment. No systemic or significant ocular complications, such as vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, or endophthalmitis, were noted during follow-up after treatment.A combination of laser photocoagulation and intravitreal bevacizumab injection seems to be a safe and effective therapy in patients with moderate-to-severe stage 3 ROP, promulgating rapid development of peripheral retinal vessels.

OBJECTIVE: To review the epidemiology and prognostic factors related to visual outcome after open globe injuries. METHODS: A retrospective case review during a 14-year period. RESULTS: The study was based on a sample of 321 patients (321 eyes) with open globe injuries. Gender of the sample was predominantly male (76.6%) and the average age was 38.8 years. Injuries occurred most frequently in autumn (37.7%) and in the work place (45.8%). The anatomic site of the wound was corneal (zone I) in 148 eyes, corneoscleral (zone II) in 61 eyes, and scleral (zone III) in 92 eyes. Initial visual acuity was 4/200 or worse in 77.9% of patients and was significantly correlated with the zone of injury (linear by linear association p = 0.000). The elapsed time from injury to surgery was shorter than 48 hours in 90.7%. Primary repair was performed in 301 eyes and, subsequently, pars plana vitrectomy in 165 eyes, and cataract extraction in 67 eyes. Anatomic success was achieved in 91% of eyes and evisceration was performed in 7.8% (25 eyes). Final visual acuity of 5/200 or better was achieved in 58.3% of patients, and vision of 20/40 or better in 36.5%. The zone of injury was the most significant predictor of functional outcome (linear by linear association p = 0.000) as well as anatomic outcome (chi p = 0.000). Associated injuries such as retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, uveal prolapse, and adnexal injury were also important prognostic factors (linear by linear association, p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we identified the epidemiology and prognostic factors of open globe injuries in a Korean urban community. The visual as well as anatomic outcome for open globe injury was shown to be reasonably favorable when prompt and appropriate surgical management was applied. Language: en

Purpose In this study, the beneficial effects of the oral administration of ethanol extract of Diospyros kaki (EEDK) were tested on a mouse dry eye model induced by benzalkonium chloride (BAC). Methods A solution of 0.2% BAC was administered topically to mouse eyes for 14 days, twice daily, to induce dry eye. Various concentrations of EEDK were administrated daily by oral gavage for 14 days after BAC treatment. Preservative-free eye drops were instilled in the positive-control group. The tear secretion volume (Schirmer’s test), tear break-up time (BUT), and fluorescein score were measured on the ocular surface. BAC-induced corneal damage was tested with hematoxylin-eosin staining. Moreover, apoptotic cell death in the corneal epithelial layer was investigated with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. The protein expression level of interleukin-1alpha (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) was determined with western blot analysis. Furthermore, squamous metaplasia in the corneal epithelial layer was detected with immunofluorescent staining for cytokeratine-10. The cellular proliferation in the cornea was examined with immunohistochemical staining for Ki-67. Results EEDK treatment resulted in prolonged BUT, decreased fluorescein score, increased tear volume, and smoother epithelial cells compared with BAC treatment alone in the cornea. Moreover, EEDK treatment inhibited the inflammatory response and corneal epithelial cell death in a BAC-induced murine dry eye model, and changes in squamous cells were inhibited. Proliferative activity in the corneal epithelium cells was improved with EEDK. Conclusions EEDK could be a potential therapeutic agent in the clinical treatment of dry eye.

Aim. To analyze the subfoveal choroid thickness and choroidal volume in unilateral ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS).Methods. A retrospective review was conducted for all patients with unilateral OIS from October 2010 through June 2014. The subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFChT) and choroidal volume of both eyes were compared.Results. 19 unilateral OIS patients were included in this study. The mean SFChT of OIS eyes was significantly lower than that of fellow eyes (OIS eyes: 208.89 ± 82.62 μm and fellow eyes: 265.31 ± 82.77 μm,P<0.001). The choroidal volume of OIS eyes was significantly smaller than that of fellow eyes (OIS eyes: 0.16 ± 0.05 mm3and fellow eyes: 0.21 ± 0.05 mm3,P<0.001).Conclusion. The choroidal thickness and volume of OIS eyes were smaller than those of unaffected fellow eyes. Decreased choroidal circulation caused by carotid artery stenosis might affect the discordance of choroidal thickness and choroidal volume.

To compare clinical outcomes between the IntraLase femtosecond laser and the mechanical microkeratome for creating flaps during laser in situ keratomileusis.Nonrandomized clinical trial.The study involved a total of 55 eyes of 30 patients, with 27 eyes of 16 patients comprising the microkeratome group and 28 eyes of 14 patients comprising the IntraLase group. Refractive errors, visual acuity, higher-order aberrations, contrast sensitivity, and corneal sensitivity were compared between the two groups.There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of refractive errors and postoperative uncorrected visual acuity. There was no loss of best-corrected visual acuity in either group. The higher-order aberrations were similar in both groups (P.05), except for spherical aberration, which was greater in the microkeratome group (P.05). In the IntraLase group, the contrast sensitivity value at 12 and 18 cycles per degree under mesopic conditions was significantly improved at three months postoperatively (P.05). The IntraLase group showed faster corneal sensitivity recovery compared with the microkeratome group, and corneal sensitivity in the peripheral area was nearly normalized at three months postoperatively in the IntraLase group.The femtosecond laser may have advantages over the microkeratome in the flap-making procedure. However, the IntraLase femtosecond laser failed to have significant superiority over the mechanical microkeratome in clinical outcomes, except for faster recovery of corneal sensation, lesser degree of spherical aberration, and some contrast sensitivity value.

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is characterized by well-demarcated serous neurosensory retinal detachment in the posterior pole. CSC is a self-limiting disease that is usually associated with a good visual prognosis. In some cases, however, persistent CSC results in permanent damage to the retina or retinal pigment epithelium [1,2,3,4,5]. Therefore, if the disease continues beyond the acute phase, active treatment must be considered to prevent irreversible damage to retinal function. The pathogenesis of CSC is associated with abnormal choroidal circulation and/or abnormal barrier function in the retinal pigment epithelium. Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) shows dilated choroidal vessels and choroidal hyperpermeability in CSC patients [6]. The recent development of enhanced depth image-optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) has improved the accuracy of choroidal examinations with better quantitative results and increased reliability [7,8,9]. Several EDI-OCT investigations have analyzed the choroidal thickness of CSC eyes. The results of these investigations reveal greater choroidal thickness in CSC eyes relative to age-matched normal eyes. Furthermore, choroidal thickness in unaffected contralateral eyes is also greater than in age-matched controls [10,11,12,13,14]. Intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection is a therapeutic option for chronic CSC. Studies that evaluated the efficacy of IVB injection in CSC eyes have found good visual and anatomical outcomes [15,16,17,18,19,20]. However, IVB administration is not effective in all cases of chronic CSC, which necessitates consideration of alternative treatments such as focal argon laser photocoagulation or photodynamic therapy with verteporfin. Inoue et al. [21] demonstrated that photodynamic therapy for chronic CSC was not effective in eyes without intense hyperfluorescence on late-phase ICGA. Moreover, Jirarattanasopa et al. [22] documented a connection between choroidal thickness and choroidal vascular hyperpermeability on ICGA. They reported that choroidal thickness is greater in areas with choroidal vascular hyperpermeability on ICGA than in unaffected areas [21,22]. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that the responsiveness of specific CSC patients to IVB injection might be related to late-phase ICGA findings and pretreatment choroidal thickness. Given the absence of prior studies on this issue, we investigated differences in pretreatment and posttreatment subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFChT) and late-phase ICGA findings between bevacizumab responders (BevRs) and nonresponders (BevNRs) using Heidelberg Spectralis EDI-OCT and ICGA.

Purpose We evaluated the association of angiogenic and inflammatory cytokine levels in the aqueous humor with development of retinal ischemia and recurrent macular edema in retinal vein occlusion (RVO) patients. Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study, and patients with RVO (n = 41) and age-matched control subjects (n = 25) were included. The concentrations of angiogenic and inflammatory cytokines, including VEGF, PDGF-AA, IL-1a, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IP-10, in the aqueous humor were measured before intravitreal injection of bevacizumab using suspension array technology. After retinal hemorrhage disappeared, fluorescein angiography (FA) images were obtained. Based on FA data, RVO patients were divided into a nonischemic group and an ischemic group. We investigated the presence of recurrent macular edema using optical coherent tomography (OCT) during the follow-up period. We compared the levels of cytokines between RVO patients and control subjects, between nonischemic and ischemic groups, and between patients with and without recurrent macular edema. Results The levels of VEGF, PDGF-AA, IL-1a, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IP-10 in the aqueous humor were higher in the RVO group than in the control group. The levels of IL-8, PDFGF-AA, TNF-α, and VEGF in the aqueous humor were significantly higher in the ischemic RVO group than in the nonischemic RVO group. We did not observe any association between cytokine levels and recurrent macular edema. Conclusions Angiogenic and inflammatory cytokines were overexpressed in RVO patients. Additionally, increased levels of IL-8, PDFGF-AA, TNF-α, and VEGF in the aqueous humor at the onset of RVO were associated with the development of future retinal ischemia in RVO patients.

To evaluate whether intravitreal ranibizumab injection at cataract surgery prevents postoperative diabetic macular edema (PME) in patients with stable diabetic retinopathy without significant macular edema.Eighty patients with cataract, stable diabetic retinopathy, and no significant macular edema were randomized to a sham group (cataract surgery only) or a group undergoing cataract surgery plus intraoperative ranibizumab injection. Best-corrected visual acuities, central subfield thickness, and total macular volume were assessed at baseline and 1 week, 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Clinically meaningful PME (central subfield thickness increase60 μm relative to baseline) was computed.The groups did not differ in baseline best-corrected visual acuity, central subfield thickness, and total macular volume. Compared with the ranibizumab injection group, the sham group had significantly larger central subfield thickness increases relative to baseline at 1 week and 1 month; larger total macular volume increases at all time points (P = 0.012, P = 0.005, P0.001, P0.001, P = 0.005, P = 0.017, respectively); higher PME frequency at 1 month (P = 0.019); and poorer best-corrected visual acuity improvement from baseline to 6 months after surgery (P = 0.046).In patients with stable diabetic retinopathy without significant macular edema, intravitreal ranibizumab injection at cataract surgery may prevent the postoperative worsening of macular edema and may improve the final visual outcome without affecting safety.

The aim was to evaluate changes in choroidal thickness, intraocular pressure (IOP) and other parameters of optical coherence tomography, such as central foveal thickness (CFT), macular volume, peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness after haemodialysis (HD).Thirty-four eyes of 34 chronic renal failure patients (9 eyes with diabetic patients) who underwent haemodialysis in the Dialysis Unit of Gangneung Asan Hospital were included. CFT, macular volume, peripapillary RNFL and choroidal thickness were measured before and after haemodialysis by optical coherence tomography (OCT, Spectralis; Heidelberg Engineering). Changes in the IOP were evaluated with Goldmann applanation tonometry before and after haemodialysis.The average choroidal thickness decreased significantly, from 233.1 ± 77.5 μm to 219.1 ± 76.8 μm (paired t-test, p0.001). This change correlated with the amount of body weight lost (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.348, p = 0.044). The mean IOP decreased from 15.1 ± 2.6 mmHg to 13.9 ± 2.2 mmHg after haemodialysis (paired t-test, p = 0.03). The change in macular volume and the small decrease in CFT (214.0 ± 21.0 μm to 213.8 ± 21.8 μm) were not significant. The measured overall change in RNFL thickness from 93.6 ± 15.5 μm to 94.7 ± 14.6 μm was not significant.Haemodialysis can affect various ocular parameters, particularly choroidal thickness and IOP.

An increase in intraocular pressure after intravitreal steroid injection facilitates reduction of macular edema

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 0.005% latanoprost in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with chronic angle-closure glaucoma (CACG) and no visible ciliary-body face. Fourteen eyes of 14 Korean patients with CACG with 360 degrees of peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) and an IOP greater than 21 mmHg without medication were treated with 0.005% latanoprost once-daily. All patients completed 3 months of treatment with latanoprost. The IOP, which was 30.3 +/- 4.5 (mean +/- standard deviation) mmHg at baseline, decreased to 22.6 +/- 4.9 mmHg after 1 week, 19.6 +/- 5.5 mmHg after 1 month, 19.4 +/- 4.9 mmHg after 2 months, and 21.5 +/- 5.9 mmHg after 3 months of treatment with latanoprost (P < 0.01 for each). Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the anterior chamber angle showed anterior bowing of the iris with total occlusion of the angle by PAS, except for 5 eyes with focal microscopic openings to the ciliary-body face at various angles. Adverse ocular events were well-tolerated and transient. In this preliminary study, treatment with 0.005% latanoprost once-daily resulted in a significant reduction in IOP in CACG patients with 360 degrees of PAS on gonioscopy. Our results suggest that latanoprost may be considered as a therapy of choice in these rare cases.

A substantial proportion of patients with macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) experience poor visual recovery even after successful re-attachment surgery. Many studies have shown associations between structural changes and final visual outcomes in macula-off retinal detachment (RD) patients who have undergone successful retinal re-attachment surgery. Preoperative visual acuity and duration of macular detachment are known to influence post-surgery visual outcomes [1-3]. More recent studies using optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed that preoperative OCT findings, such as a greater height of the detached fovea, and the presence of an intraretinal cyst, intraretinal separation (IRS), and/or outer layer undulation (OLU), were associated with postoperative visual acuity [1,4,5]. Postoperative factors relevant to visual outcome include the presence of cystic macular edema, development of an epiretinal membrane (ERM), presence of retinal folds, subretinal retinal pigment epithelium migration, and the persistence of subretinal fluid [1,6]. With development of spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT), the postoperative microstructure of a re-attached macula can now be studied in greater detail. Wakabayashi et al. found that the junction between the photoreceptor inner and outer segments (IS/OS) and that of the external limiting membrane (ELM) were both closely (and positively) correlated with postoperative visual acuity [7]. Although several studies have documented the relationship between preoperative and postoperative OCT findings on the one hand and pre and postoperative visual outcomes on the other, few reports have compared preoperative OCT findings with postoperative OCT data. In the present study, we used SD-OCT to evaluate preoperative and postoperative factors affecting the anatomic and functional outcomes of retinal re-attachment surgery after maculaoff RRD repair, focusing on the correlation between preoperative microstructure of the fovea and postoperative photoreceptor integrity.

Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is a clinical disease entity featuring a branching vascular network terminating in polypoidal lesions [1-8]. PCV pathophysiology is not fully understood [9] but many inner choroidal vessel abnormalities have been reported. PCV clinical findings include elevated orange-red lesions on fundus photography and characteristic polypoidal lesions on indocyanine green angiography (ICG). The polypoidal lesions apparently correspond to the lesions on fundus photography. ICG is an essential test for the diagnosis of PCV; on ICG, branching network vessels and terminating polyps can be identified [10,11]. However, ICG is an invasive technique involving an intravenous indocyanine green dye injection. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is both non-invasive and supportive when used to diagnose PCV and can monitor changes in various retinal disease states. An OCT image of a PCV eye shows a moderate-to-high reflective polypoidal lesion, 2 reflective retinal pigment epithelium layer lines (termed the double-layer line), subretinal fluid (SRF), and pigment epithelium detachment (PED). Polypoidal lesions and dilated network vessels have been detected in various retinal areas of PCV patients, and can be distributed in the subfoveal [12,13], juxtafoveal, or extrafoveal regions [14]. PCV treatment methods include laser photocoagulation [15-17], photodynamic therapy (PDT) [18-24], and use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs such as bevacizumab or ranibizumab. In a study regarding the long-term results of PDT treatment for PCV, Akaza et al. [18] found a high incidence of polypoidal lesion recurrence and a frequent need for additional treatment. To address these problems, many authors have explored anti-VEGF treatments for PCV patients. Many previous studies have assessed follow-up PCV pathologic changes by ICG or fluorescein angiography (FA) [11]. However, to the best of our knowledge, no report has focused on OCT changes during follow-up after treatment. The authors of the present study hypothesized OCT could be used to explore features of subfoveal or juxtafoveal PCV located near the macula. The present study describes the follow-up changes observed by OCT after PDT/bevacizumab treatment for PCV.

Purpose: To evaluate clinical characteristics and the macular gradient in myopic posterior staphyloma with time domain (TD) optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: Sixty-four staphyloma eyes of 40 patients were examined. Macular gradient (tangent θ) and the location of staphyloma were assessed with OCT imaging. The macular gradient was measured at points 1 mm and 2 mm distant from the fovea. The relationships of the macular gradient with age, axial length, and spherical equivalent were analyzed. Results: In 8 eyes (12.5%), the bottoms of the staphylomas were in the fovea, and there was no macular gradient. However, in the other 56 eyes (87.5%), the bottoms of the staphylomas were not in the foveal area, and macular gradients existed. Staphylomas were commonly located in the infero-nasal retinal area. The mean macular gradient (tangent θ) was 0.26 ± 0.08 at 1 mm distance from the fovea and 0.28 ± 0.10 at 2 mm. No significant relationships were observed between macular gradient and axial length, patient age, or spherical equivalent. Conclusions: TD OCT reveals staphyloma location. If the location is outside of the fovea, a macular gradient exists and can be measured by OCT. Axial length measurement error may occur in eyes with poor visual fixation and steep macular gradients.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the frequency doubling technology (FDT) screening algorithm and parapapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in the eyes of glaucoma suspects and patients with open angle glaucoma. FDT C20-1 screening program and a scanning laser polarimetry (SLP) system (GDx-NFA) was used to assess 53 glaucomatous eyes, 53 glaucoma suspects and 36 normal control eyes. In glaucomatous eyes, there were correlations between the FDT the screening algorithm and RNFL retardation values in several polarimetric indices, most significantly “inferior thickness” (r = -0.321, P = 0.029). In the eyes of glaucoma suspects, however, we observed no correlation between the FDT results and RNFL retardation values (r = 0.080, P > 0.05, “inferior thickness”). In glaucomatous eyes, the abnormal scores obtained with FDT screening program correlated negatively with RNFL retardation values, as measured by SLP. Despite poor correlation between the FDT abnormal score and RNFL retardation value in glaucoma suspects, detection of abnormality using the FDT screening protocol may aid in the assessment of early glaucomatous structural damage.