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M-type hexagonal ferrites have been getting considerable attention owing to their promising application in electronic fields. Though, the growth of nanosized M-type hexagonal ferrites is still a big challenge. Herein the fabrication of M-type hexaferrite with nominal composition Ca 1-x Bi x Fe 12-x Co x O 19 (x=0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) with high quality is reported by the sol-gel auto combustion route. The objective of the study is to improve the structural, spectral, dielectric, and magnetic characteristics of M-type hexagonal ferrite which was achieved through the variation of concentration of Cobalt and Bismuth. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the single-phase M-type hexagonal structure. The crystallite size of all samples was found to be in the range of 42–49 nm. Other parameters such as lattice parameters a & c, unit cell volume, crystallite size, X-ray density, Bulk density, and porosity were also calculated. The doping contents were found to decrease the bulk and X-ray densities while increasing the porosity. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed the formation of metal-oxygen stretching vibrations that confirmed the formation of hexagonal ferrites. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed a regular platelet hexagonal structure and homogeneously distributed grains were examined. The dielectric constant was high at low frequency and then decreased with increasing frequency, while the dielectric loss was decreased appreciably with doping. The saturation magnetization ranged from 15.51 to 38.27 emu/g, coercivity increased from 207.93 to 1359.69 Oe, and the squareness ratio was found to be in the range of 0.19–0.78. The dielectric and magnetic properties of Ca 1-x Bi x Fe 12-x Co x O 19 (x=0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) with the variation of Co and Bi revealed that these materials are good candidates for modern devices. • The samples Ca 1-x Bi x Fe 12-x Co x O 19 results in enhanced structural, dielectric and magnetic properties. • XRD patterns of samples indicate that the peaks match well with the standard patterns of the M-type hexaferrites. • Crystallite size lies in the range of 42–49 nm • At room temperature the conductivity is due to impurity, at higher temperature conductivity is due to polaron hopping. • According to Maxwell–Wagner model the dielectric substance contains heterogeneous structure separated by highly resistant thin grain boundaries [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

M -type hexagonal ferrites with compositions Ca 1 − x CrxFe 1 2 O 1 9 at (x = 0. 1 , 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) were successfully prepared by sol–gel auto combustion method and then immersed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) by ultrasound-assisted in situ emulsion technique. The results indicate that the synthesized nanoparticles were diffused homogeneously in PVA retaining the size and shape of the particle. The single-phase M -type hexagonal structure was revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with extra 101 peak of PVA at 2 θ = 1 8 ∘ . The suitable signal-to-noise ratio in the high density recording media can be achieved due to the small particle size of the prepared composites as compared to pure hexaferrites. The interaction between PVA and nanoparticles was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed the homogeneous distribution of grains, the crystallite size was measured from SEM (25–38 nm), and it is also in agreement as calculated from the Scherer formula. Dielectric properties were also explored in the range of 1 MHz–3 GHz frequencies. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss were found to decrease with increasing frequency and decrease with the addition of ferrite ratio in the polymer matrix. This impact is because of the grain boundary at low frequency regime. The occurrence of resonance at high frequency regime recommends the investigated samples for multilayer chip inductor. The formation of PVA-Ferrite Nanocomposites was confirmed by the FTIR in the range of 3500–400 cm–1 wavenumbers. The FTIR spectra of ferrite-polymer composites (PF3,PF5) were shown. The absorption bands in the range of 500–600 cm–1 wavenumbers are due to stretching vibrations at tetrahedral sites and absorption bands in the 400–500 cm–1 wavenumbers demonstrate the octahedral site formation in the M-type hexagonal ferrites structure. The absorption band at 1600 cm–1 is due to the stretching bands of hydroxyl group -O-H. Slight shifts in the bands were recorded due to the addition of polymer. Due to the interaction of ferrites-polymer, force constant and electron density were found to be decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hexaferrites of Sr1-xCrxFe12O19 with x = (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) were fabricated by citrate sol–gel technique. Characterization of grown samples such as structural and morphological analysis was performed by XRD and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Effect of Cr3+ incorporation on the electrical, structural and dielectric properties of Sr1-xCrxFe12O19x = (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) was reported. Confirmation of single phase M-type hexaferrite structure was carried out by the x-ray diffraction analysis. Lattice parameters have been reported to boost as the content of Cr3+ rises, which is due to the ionic size of the cation involved. SEM analysis indicates the decrease in grain size with the substitution of Cr3+. The dielectric constant and ac conductivity represent increasing behavior, while dielectric and tan loss indicate decreasing behavior with the increase in frequency and with Cr3+ content. The increasing decreasing trend of saturation magnetization was observed, and it is due to the different site occupancy of iron at different crystallographic sites. The coercivity values (6.64-6.72 KOe) of all samples were found to be in the range of M-type hexaferrites. These dielectric parameters values are appropriate for different applications in high-frequency devices such as modulators, phase shifters and also in longitudinal recording media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sol-gel auto-combustion method was employed to synthesize Ca 1-x Bi x Fe 12-x Co x O 19 M-type hexaferrites. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a single phase M-type hexagonal structure, with a crystallite size ranging from 23.51 to 23.08 nm. The doping contents were found to decrease the bulk and X-ray densities while increasing the porosity. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed the formation of metal-oxygen stretching vibrations that confirmed the hexagonal ferrites. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed a regular platelet hexagonal structure with homogeneously distributed grains. The dielectric constant was high at low frequency and decreased with increasing frequency, while the dielectric loss decreased appreciably with doping. The saturation magnetization ranged from 38.27 to 15.51 emu/g, coercivity increased from 207.93 to 1359.69 Oe, and the squareness ratio was in the range of 0.19–0.78. All synthesized samples exhibited greater coercivity values than Mr/2, indicating their hard nature and potential use in high frequency applications. • Investigation of Bi-Co doping effect on multiple properties of M-type Calcium Hexaferrites. • Sol-gel auto-combustion technique used for sample preparation. • X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed pure crystalline phase with no impurity • SEM imaging showed the surface morphology of the synthesized hexaferrites • The dielectric constant was high at low frequency and decreased with the with doping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work investigated the effect on wire offset and surface morphology, with input process parameters as peak current, pulse on time, wire tension over Die Steel D3. Some of experiments were performed by using response surface methodology (RSM) as the design of experiment with central composite design (CCD) technique for the analysis. The ANOVA results annotate that the model is significant. Wire Tension and peak current are observed to have major impact on wire offset during machining operation and surface morphology. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images confirmed that the thermal stresses produced during the machining of the workpiece resulted in the development of microcracks, craters and spherical module. Due to higher thermal gradient i.e., higher peak current and pulse on-time larger cracks and melted deposits were observed.

[Display omitted] • M type hexaferrites with composition Pb 1-x Cr x Fe 12 O 19 x = (0.0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5) were synthesized by the sol-gel auto combustion technique. • Peaks of the XRD pattern match well with the standard pattern of P63/mmc group with JCPDS card No (43-0002). • Crystallite size lies in the range of 63–53 nm. Lattice parameters, crystallite size and cell volume was found to decrease with the substitution of Cr3+ content. • Dielectric constant and ac conductivity (σ ac) increases gradually with the increase in Chromium doping. Mofreover, Pb 1-x Cr x Fe 12 O 19 with x = 0.2 have exceptional dielectric properties with significant Q-value (4900). • These samples may suitable for high frequency applications such as phase shifter, modulators and also in longitudinal recording media. Chromium substituted M-type hexagonal ferrites with nominal composition Pb 1-x Cr x Fe 12 O 19 where x= (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) were prepared via sol gel route. Structure of the single phase lead hexaferrite was estimated from X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of hexagonal platelets with an average grain size in the range of 53–63 nm. Crystallite size, lattice parameters and cell volume was found to decrease with the increase of Chromium concentration. Magneto crystalline anisotropy and saturation magnetization has been explored through the law of approach to the saturation magnetization. Saturation magnetization first increased and then found to be maximum (64 emu/g) at 30% of Cr3+ doped lead hexaferrite and minimum coercivity (6.54 KOe) was perceived for this composition. Dielectric constant, dielectric loss, tangent loss, real and imaginary part of electric modulus, ac conductivity and Q-values of the prepared samples were also explained. With the increase of dopant (Cr3+) concentration, dielectric constant was increased gradually. These characteristics are suitable for various applications such as phase shifter, modulators, stealth technologies and also in Multilayer chip inductor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Effect of Pr–Ni substitution on structural and magnetic properties of Ca0.5Ba0.5−x Pr x Ni y Fe12−y O19 (x=0.00–0.10 and y=0.00–1.00) prepared by the sol–gel auto combustion method were investigated. The XRD analysis confirmed the single phase M-type hexa-ferrite structure. The lattice parameters were found to increase as Pr–Ni content increases, which is attributed to the ionic size of the implicated cations. The Pr–Ni seems to be completely soluble in the lattice. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the grain size decreases with increase of Pr–Ni substitution. The coercivity and remanent magnetization ranges from 1511 to 1925 (Oe) and 21.4 to 26.5 (emu/g), respectively. The coercivity values of all the samples fall in the range of M-type hexa-ferrites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Holmium (Ho 3+ ) substituted W-type hexagonal ferrites (BaCo 2 Fe 16 O 27 ) were prepared by sol gel auto-combustion technique. The precursors were prepared by Ba 2+ , Fe 3+ nitrates solutions with citric acid as chelating agent. The prepared powder was sintered at 950 °C for 8 h to produce a single phase of W-type hexa ferrite with corresponding crystallite size ranging from 34 nm to 44 nm. The thermal decomposition of nitrate-citrate gel of as-prepared powder was investigated by TGA and DTA. The FTIR spectral study reveals the presence of two absorption bands which are characteristics of hexaferrites. DC electrical resistivity increases from 3.01×10 9 to 5.69×10 10 (ohm-cm). The real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant (ɛʹ, ϵ״) and dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) are determined in the frequency range of 20 Hz–1 MHz. It was observed that both real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant and tanδ decrease with the increase of frequency on the basis of Wagner and Koop's theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel Ni 0.6 Zn 0.4 Y 2 x Fe 2−2 x O 4 soft spinel ferrites were prepared via double sintering ceramic route. The influence of Y 3+ cations on structural, morphological, electrical and dielectric properties was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of single phase spinel structure for 0≤ x ≤0.06 and thereafter a small peak of orthorhombic phase (FeYO 3 ) appeared for x >0.06. The incorporation of yttrium altered the lattice constant. The variation in lattice constant with respect to the Y 3+ contents was non-linear. The variation of lattice constant may be attributed to larger ionic radius of Y 3+ as compare to Fe 3+ cations and solubility limit of substituted cations. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed two strong absorption bands around 600 cm −1 and 400 cm −1 which confirmed the spinel structure. The dc electrical resistivity was found to increase from 5.67×10 5 to 8.48×10 8 Ω cm with the increased Y 3+ contents. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent were significantly impeded by increasing the yttrium contents. The optimized electrical resistivity and reduced dielectric parameters suggest the possible use of these ferrites in the fabrication of microwave devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Y-type hexa-ferrite Sr 1.8 Sm 0.2 Co 2 Ni 1.50 Fe 10.50 O 22 was synthesized via micro-emulsion route. Ferrite/PST composites were obtained by mixing the different ferrite ratio in the pure PST matrix. The microstructure was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and exhibited heterogonous distribution of grains. A keen observation of these SEM images revealed that the grain morphology changes noticeably with increasing ferrite filler contents. The electrical modulus, Cole–Cole plots and quality factor of ferrite polymer composites have been investigated in the frequency range (1 MHz to 3 GHz). The field dependent magnetic properties of the prepared samples were investigated at room temperature by using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The shape of hysteresis loops and linearity of M s , M r , H c values vs. ferrite contents unfold that the ferrite nanoparticles are evenly dispersed within the composite. The occurrence of resonance at high frequency suggests that the present investigated composite samples are best candidate for multilayer chip inductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycrystalline ferrites with chemical formula MgY 2 x Fe 2−2 x O 4 ( x =0.0 to 0.12) have been fabricated by a double sintering ceramic technique. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Impedance spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A slight increase in lattice constant is observed for x =0.02 and thereafter it decreased for higher Y-contents. The increase in lattice constant is attributed to the difference in ionic radii of the cations involved and decrease led to the formation of secondary phase (YFeO 3 ). The substitution of yttrium impedes the grain growth. The resistivity at 298 K was significantly enhanced as the Y 3+ was increased. The FTIR band positions in the range of 370–1100 cm −1 exhibited two main absorption bands. These bands confirmed the completion of solid state reaction. As the Yttrium contents were increased the dielectric parameters were greatly influenced. Both the observed/optimized electrical and dielectric parameters suggested the potential use of the Y-doped MgFe 2 O 4 ferrites in high frequency devices fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The decreasing trend of saturation magnetization is attributed to the weakening of exchange interactions. [•] The change in lattice constant at x >0.04 indicated the solubility limit of Gd in the spinel lattice. [•] The high coercive Li–Mg ferrites may be suitable for high frequency microwave absorption. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]