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Nowadays, the applications of the triboelectric nanogenerator in sensing and monitoring sports experience a blooming prosperity. Here, we report a flexible and lightweight triboelectric nanogenerator (FL-TENG) made of hydrogel electrodes, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), PDMS, and polyurethane (PU). Based on the triboelectric effect, the FL-TENG can work as a self-powered sensor attaching to taekwondo protective gear, which can be used to monitor athletes' competition performance and improve the fairness of the competition. In addition, the FL-TENG can drive micro-wireless devices for wireless transmitting sports data during the competition in real time. This kind of sustainable green self-powered sensor provides a new path for the field of sports competition monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wearable motion-monitoring systems have been widely used in recent years. However, the battery energy storage problem of traditional wearable devices limits the development of human sports training applications. In this paper, a self-powered and portable micro-structure triboelectric nanogenerator (MS-TENG) has been made. It consists of micro-structure polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film, fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) film, and lithium chloride polyacrylamide (LiCl-PAAM) hydrogel. Through the micro-structure, the voltage of the MS-TENG can be improved by 7 times. The MS-TENG provides outstanding sensing properties: maximum output voltage of 74 V, angular sensitivity of 1.016 V/degree, high signal-to-noise ratio, and excellent long-term service stability. We used it to monitor the running skills of speed skaters. It can also store the biomechanical energy which is generated in the process of speed skating through capacitors. It demonstrates capability of sensor to power electronic calculator and electronic watch. In addition, as a flexible electrode hydrogel, it can readily stretch over 1300%, which can help improve the service life and work stability of MS-TENG. Therefore, MS-TENG has great application potential in human sports training monitoring and big data analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A novel self-powered wearable sweat-lactate analyzer for building sports big data has been realized basing on sweat-evaporation-biosensing coupling effect. The self-powered biosensor in analyzer is fabricated from porous carbon film (modified with lactate oxidase). The hydrophilic carbon can soak up sweat, and harvest environmental thermal energy to generate electricity through nature sweat-evaporation. The outputting voltage increases with increasing sweat-lactate concentration, which can be regarded as biosensing signal. The surface enzymatic reaction can change the zeta potential of carbon and thus influence the outputting voltage. On the flexible substrate, the biosensor can be integrated with wireless transmitter and capacitor, constructing a self-powered wearable sweat-lactate analyzer. The analyzer can detect sweat-lactate concentration on athlete's skin, wirelessly transmit the exercise physiological information to terminal, and build sports big data. This work can provoke a new research direction for realizing self-powered wearable exercise-analyzing system, and can also promote the development of sports big data. Graphical abstract A self-powered wearable sweat-lactate analyzer for building sports big data has been presented basing on sweat-evaporation-biosensing coupling effect. The analyzer is powered by nature sweat evaporation, and the outputting voltage can be treated as sweat-lactate biosensing signal. The analyzer can wirelessly transmit the analysis information to terminal for building sports big data. Image 1 Highlights • A new self-powered wearable sweat-evaporation-biosensing analyzer has been presented. • The analyzer can soak up sweat, and harvest environmental energy for biosensing. • The analyzer can wirelessly transmit the biosensing information for building sports big data. • A fundamentally new coupling effect (evaporation and biosensing) has been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metaverse is the society of future, which merges the physical and digital worlds by utilizing sophisticated human-machine interfaces (HMIs). In this study, a Metaverse sport interactive system based on triboelectric nanogenerators has been developed, which realizes a real-time interaction among human beings, devices, and the internet. This Metaverse sport interactive system is composed of a self-powered anaerobic power meter (APM), a wireless transmission module, personalized data analysis based on the professional Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) method, and an augmented reality (AR) application. By leveraging the WAnT method, the power (PP), mean power (MP), and fatigue index (FI) are tested, which indeed reflect the explosive power, speed endurance, and endurance. Meanwhile, the data is transmitted to the cloud via the wireless transmission module, and the users can freely explore the Metaverse through AR application. Notably, through machine learning, the professional WAnT can not only reflect the anaerobic capacity but can also be used for athlete selection. Essentially, this work puts forward a new approach to design online competitions, sport training, and athlete selection, and in general, provides a new strategy to build the Metaverse. [Display omitted] • MSIS is consisted of a self-powered anaerobic power meter, a Bluetooth module, Wingtate analysis method, and an AR platform. • The anaerobic power of athletes is the first time tested by TENGs with the Wingtate anaerobic power. • Athletes are selected by a unique deep-learning method based on wingate anaerobic power test. • People can interact with others online via MSIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High sensitivity and fast response piezo-humidity sensing have been realized from Ga-doped ZnO nanowire (NW) nanogenerator (NG) as self-powered/active gas sensor. The piezoelectric output generated by Ga-doped ZnO NW NG can not only act as a power source for driving the device, but also as a sensing signal for detecting humidity. Upon exposure to 80% relative humidity (RH) at room temperature, the piezoelectric output of Ga-doped ZnO NWs decreases from 0.56 V (in 45% RH) to 0.12 V, and the sensitivity is up to 358, higher than that of undoped ZnO NWs. In addition, the response time of Ga-doped ZnO NWs is 5 s, much shorter than that of undoped ZnO NWs. Such high performance can be ascribed to that Ga 3+ ions can provide many donor defects and produce high local charge density/strong electrostatic field. The present results demonstrate a feasible approach for realizing high performance self-powered/active humidity sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent stretchable wearable hybrid nano-generators present great opportunities in motion sensing, motion monitoring, and human-computer interaction. Herein, we report a piezoelectric-triboelectric sport sensor (PTSS) which is composed of TENG, PENG, and a flexible transparent stretchable self-healing hydrogel electrode. The piezoelectric effect and the triboelectric effect are coupled by a contact separation mode. According to this effect, the PTSS shows a wide monitoring range. It can be used to monitor human multi-dimensional motions such as bend, twist, and rotate motions, including the screw pull motion of table tennis and the 301C skill of diving. In addition, the flexible transparent stretchable self-healing hydrogel is used as the electrode, which can meet most of the motion and sensing requirements and presents the characteristics of high flexibility, high transparency, high stretchability, and self-healing behavior. The whole sensing system can transmit signals through Bluetooth devices. The flexible, transparent, and stretchable wearable hybrid nanogenerator can be used as a wearable motion monitoring sensor, which provides a new strategy for the sports field, motion monitoring, and human-computer interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of the fifth generation technology poses more challenges in the human motion inspection field. In this study, a nanogenerator, made by PVDF, ionic hydrogel, and PDMS, is used. Furthermore, a transparent, stretchable, and biocompatible PENG (TSB-PENG) is presented, which can be used as a self-powered sensor attached to the athlete's joints, which helps to monitor the training and improve the subject's performance. This device shows the ability to maintain a relatively stable output, under various external environments (e.g., inorganic salt, organic matter and temperature). Additionally, TSB-PENG can supply power to small-scale electronic equipment, such as Bluetooth transmitting motion data in real time. This study can provide a new approach to designing lossless, real-time, portable, and durable self-powered sensors in the sports motoring field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A self-powered portable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is used to collect biomechanical energy and monitor the human motion, which is the new development trend in portable devices. We have developed a self-powered portable triboelectric nanogenerator, which is used in human motion energy collection and monitoring mobile gait and stability capability. The materials involved are common PTFE and aluminum foil, acting as a frictional layer, which can output electrical signals based on the triboelectric effect. Moreover, 3D printing technology is used to build the optimized structure of the nanogenerator, which has significantly improved its performance. TENG is conveniently integrated with commercial sport shoes, monitoring the gait and stability of multiple human motions, being strategically placed at the immediate point of motion during the respective process. The presented equipment uses a low-frequency stabilized voltage output system to provide power for the wearable miniature electronic device, while stabilizing the voltage output, in order to effectively prevent voltage overload. The interdisciplinary research has provided more application prospects for nanogenerators regarding self-powered module device integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-powered piezoelectric sensor can achieve real-time and harmless monitoring of motion processes without external power supply, which can be attached on body skin or joints to detect human motion and powered by mechanical energy. Here, a sensor for monitoring emergent motion is developed using the PVDF as active material and piezoelectric output as sensing signal. The multi-point control function enables the sensor to monitor the sequence of force order, angle change, and motion frequency of the "elbow lift, arm extension, and wrist compression" during shooting basketball. In addition, the sensor shows can simultaneously charge the capacitor to provide more power for intelligence, typically Bluetooth transmission. The sensor shows good performance in other field, such as rehabilitation monitoring and speech input systems. Therefore, the emerging application of flexible sensors have huge long-term prospects in sport big data collection and Internet of Things (IoT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A portable and flexible self-powered biosensor based on ZnO nanowire arrays (ZnO NWs) and flexible PET substrate has been designed and fabricated for real-time monitoring in swimming. Based on the piezoelectric effect of polar ZnO NWs, the fabricated biosensor can work in both air and water without any external power supply. In addition, the biosensor can be easily attached to the surface of the skin to precisely monitor the motion state such as joint moving angle and frequency during swimming. The constant output piezoelectric signal in different relative humidity levels enables actual application in different sports, including swimming. Therefore, the biosensor can be utilized to monitor swimming strokes by attaching it on the surface of the skin. Finally, a wireless transmitting application is demonstrated by implanting the biosensor in vivo to detect angiogenesis. This portable and flexible self-powered biosensor system exhibits broad application prospects in sport monitoring, human–computer interaction and wireless sport big data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of 5G technology, contemporary technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data analyses have been widely applied to the sport industry. This paper focuses on the design of a portable, self-powered, flexible sensor, which does not require an external power supply. The sensor is capable of monitoring speed skating techniques, thereby helping professional athletes to enhance their performance. This sensor mainly consists of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) with polarization after a silvering electrode and a flexible polyester substrate. Flexible sensors are attached to the push-off joint part of speed skaters and the ice skate blade. During motion, it produces different piezoelectricity signals depending on the states of motion. The monitoring and analyzing of the real-time sensor signals will adjust the athlete's skating angle, frequency, and push-off techniques, thus improving user training and enhancing performance. Moreover, the production of piezoelectric signals can charge the capacitor, provide power for small electronic equipment (e.g., wireless device), and extend the applications of wearable flexible sensors to the Big Data and IoT technologies in the sport industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial sensory substitution systems can mimic human sensory organs through replacing the sensing process of a defective sensory receptor and transmitting the sensing signal into the nervous system. Here, we report a self-powered flexible gustation sour sensor for detecting ascorbic acid concentration. The material system comprises of Na2C2O4-Ppy with AAO modification, PDMS and Cu wire mesh. The working mechanism is contributed to the triboelectrification/enzymatic-reaction coupling effect, and the device can collect weak energy from body movements and directly output triboelectric current without any external power-units. The triboelectric output is affected by AA concentration, and the response is up to 34.82% against 15.625 mM/L of AA solution. Furthermore, a practical application in detecting ascorbic acid concentration of different drinks has been demonstrated. This work can encourage the development of wearable flexible electronics and this self-powered sour sensor has the potential that can be acted as a kind of gustatory receptors to build electronic tongues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A self-powered biosensor for monitoring the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) during exercise has been developed for intelligently assisting training system. It has been presented to create poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/Tetrapod-shaped ZnO (T-ZnO)/enzyme-modified nanocomposite film through an efficient and cost-effective fabrication process. This sensor can be readily attached to the skin surface of the tester. Due to the piezoelectric surface coupling effect, this biosensor can monitor/sense and analyze physical information in real-time under the non-invasive condition and work independently without any battery. By actively outputting piezoelectric signals, it can quickly and sensitively detect body movements (changes of joint angle, frequency relative humidity during exercise) and physiological information (changes of lactate concentration in sweat). A practical application has been demonstrated by an excellent professional speed skater (male). The purpose of this study is to increase the efficiency of MLSS evaluation, promote the development of piezoelectric surface coupling effect and motion monitoring application, develop an intelligently assisting training system, which has opened up a new direction for human motion monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A flexible self-powered smelling electronic-skin (e-skin) for real-time monitoring the mining environment has been fabricated from piezo-gas-sensor matrix of ZnO-based composite nanowires (NWs) via soft photolithography technique. The e-skin includes four sensing units (relative humidity: bare ZnO NWs, ethanol: Pd/ZnO NWs, hydrogen sulfide: CuO/ZnO NWs, and methane: TiO 2 /ZnO NWs) and can cross-reactively detect relative humidity (RH), ethanol, hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and methane (CH 4 ) in the surrounding gas atmosphere without external electrical power supply or battery. The e-skin attached on human body can be driven by body motions, and the piezoelectric impulse of the piezo-gas-sensior matrix serves as the power supply. The responses of the four sensing units are 87.76% against 90% RH, 59.82% against 1000 ppm ethanol, 79.27% against 500 ppm H 2 S and −87.50% against 500 ppm CH 4 , respectively. High response, selectivity and stability have been achieved from the sensing units. The present results could provoke a possible new research direction for promoting the practical application of flexible self-powered smelling electronic-skin in specific occasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• New device: a self-powered UV photodetector. • New operation: the device generates electricity and outputs photodetecting signal. • New application: a self-powered smog monitoring system. • New mechanism: the coupling of hydrovoltaic and photoelectric effect. A self-powered UV photodetector based on the coupling of hydrovoltaic and photoelectric properties has been fabricated for application in smog monitoring system in IoT. [Display omitted] We report a novel self-powered ultraviolet (UV) photodetector as sensor node in the internet of things (IoT). The working mechanism of the device relies on the coupling of hydrovoltaic and photoelectric effect of ZnO nanowire arrays. The photodetector can long-term work without any external batteries or power supply units, and the natural water (such as rain, river water and etc) can be used as the fuel to powering the system. Water flow and evaporation on the aligned ZnO nanowire arrays can generate power, and the outputting current is dependent on the UV illumination as photodetecting signal. The UV photodetector has rapid response/recovery processes, and the outputting current increases from 0.112 to 1.899 μA under UV illumination (365 nm, 20 mW cm−2). The UV photodetector as sensor nodes can be integrated with wireless transmitters, constructing self-powered smog monitoring systems in IoT. The self-powered photodetecting signal can reflect the smog degree, and the wireless transmitter can send the smog information to the mobile equipment or cloud. The present results can stimulate a new research trend on the next generation of photodetectors and promote the development of environment monitoring technique in IoT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]