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Background: Ultraviolet C (UVC) irradiation was used in the food industry as an environmentally friendly and safe defense against inducible biological elicitors. Turnips have an excellent nutritional profile. The aim of this research is to study the effect of UVC on the morphological structure and antioxidants of Turnips seeds. Methods: The seeds of Turnips red were received from the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture, and used as research samples. The ultraviolet irradiation system consists of one fluorescent lamp (type- C) which is covered totally with aluminum foil to illuminate the sample from all sides. The total phenolic content was determined using the Florin–Ciocalteu method. The structure of the used samples was studied by x-ray and IR analysis. Results: The values of germination height and the weight for turnip red seeds after exposure to UV- C for 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours at 5, 15 and 15 cm from ultraviolet (UV) source are less than non-irradiated seeds. Total phenolic and anthocyanin content in Turnip red seeds increased after exposure to UV- C for 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours at 5, 15 and 15 cm distances from the UV source. Also, an internal structure such as the order or arrangement or position of Turnip red molecules changed after exposure to UVC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to test the effects of qualitatively varied reinforcement on response rates, 3 experiments were conducted. The goal of the first experiment was to assess the level of substitutability between 2 reinforcers. Eight female Wistar rats kept on a diet consisting solely of turnip and millet seeds were exposed to a concurrent FR5 FR5 and then to a FR4 FR8 program. By the end of the experiment, there was a shift in consumption, albeit to a small degree. During the second experiment, 8 female Wistar Rats were exposed to a 3-component variable interval program: 1 during which only millet seeds were available, 1 in which only turnip seeds were available, and a third component in which both kinds of seeds were delivered randomly. By the end of the second experiment, the highest response rates were recorded during the component in which only millet seeds were available. Finally, a third experiment was implemented in order to assess whether the particular way in which the substitutable consequences are delivered (i.e., random or simultaneously) has an effect on response rates. The program for this experiment consisted of a VI 60's with 2 components. During one of the components, a mixture of millet seeds was delivered when subjects responded after the interval was reached, while, during the second component, either millet and turnip seeds were delivered randomly. By the end of the experiment, no differences between components were found. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for the study of reinforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Understanding the specific inhibitory effects of different Brassica seed meals (BSMs) on soilborne pathogens is important for their application as biocontrol agents for controlling plant disease. In this study, the seed meals of Brassica napus L. (BnSM), Brassica campestris L. (BcSM), and Brassica juncea L. (BjSM), and the combined seed meal of BcSM and BjSM (CSM, 1:1), were selected for investigation. The inhibitory effects of these seed meals on the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) and tomato bacterial wilt, were assessed and compared. RESULTS: All the BSMs significantly inhibited the growth of R. solanacearum in vitro. Furthermore, the BSMs could effectively suppress R. solanacearum virulence traits, including motility, exopolysaccharide production, dehydrogenase activity, virulence‐related gene expression, and colonization in the soil. Among them, BjSM showed the best inhibiting effects, and CSM displayed synergic toxicity against R. solanacearum. In addition, the predominant antibacterial compounds in BcSM and BjSM were identified as the volatile compounds, 3‐butenyl isothiocyanate and allyl isothiocyanate, respectively. Finally, pot experiment verified that the control effects of BjSM and CSM on tomato wilt reached more than 90%. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to report on the ability of different kinds of BSMs to suppress the virulence of R. solanacearum and biocontrol efficiencies against bacterial wilt in tomato plants. Furtherly, the main antibacterial compounds in the BSMs were identified. The results demonstrated that CSM may possess potential for controlling bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum. The results provide a fresh perspective for comprehending the mechanism underlying BSM suppression of pathogens and plant disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to enhance the turnip seed performance under salinity stress conditions. The impact of priming with an optimized dosage (5 g/l) of KCl and NaCl had been evaluated for enhancing seedling vigor and salt stress tolerance in seedlings of the turnip. Seeds prepared with (5 g/l) of KCl and NaCl solutions were examined at different salinity levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200)mM of NaCl concerning the early growth stage. The data were analyzed using SPSS windows version 23 (one way ANOVA p ≤ 0.05) to determine the significant difference between treatments and followed Duncan test, p < 0.05 for means comparison. The results have shown that priming with KCl and NaCl were effective in reducing the adverse effects of salinity. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in germination percentage, seed vigor, hypocotyl and radicle length, salt tolerance, and dry weight of the seedlings of seed that priming with (5 g/l) of KCl and NaCl compared to nonprimed seeds was recorded. On the other hand, In this experiment, it was concluded that seed priming with KCl and NaCl had been discovered to be better treatment, especially in the high concentration of salts as compared to non-primed seeds in case of turnip for rising the seeds vigor and seedling growth under salt-stressed conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is a severe threat to the production of Brassica napus , worldwide. The cultivation of resistant varieties is the most efficient and environmentally friendly way to limit disease spread. We developed a highly resistant B. napus line, ZHE226, containing the resistance locus PbBa8.1. However, ZHE226 seeds contain high erucic acid content, which limits its cultivation owing to its low edible oil quality. A segregation population of BC3F2 was developed by crossing ECD04, a resistant European turnip donor, with Huangshuang5, an elite variety with no erucic acid in its seeds, as a recurrent plant. Fine mapping using the bulk segregation analysis sequencing (BSA-Seq) approach detected PbBa8.1 within a 2.9 MB region on chromosome A08. Interestingly, the previously reported resistance gene Crr1a was found in the same region. Genetic analysis revealed that the CAP-134 marker for Crr1a was closely linked with clubroot resistance (CR). Thus, PbBa8.1 and Crr1a might be allelic for CR. Moreover, comparative and genetic analysis showed that high erucic acid in the seeds of ZHE226 was due to linkage drag of fatty acid elongase 1 (FAE1) in the ECD04 line, which was located in the interval of PbBa8.1 with a physical and genetic distance of 729 Kb and 1.86 cm, respectively. Finally, a clubroot-resistant line with a low erucic acid content was successfully developed through gene-specific molecular marker assistant selection from BC4F4. These results will accelerate CR breeding programs in B. napus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzed the EU-28 oil seeds sector in terms of cultivated area, production and yield for rape and turnip rape, sunflower and soybean, based on the data provided by Eurostat for the period 2008-2018. Growth rate, index method, descriptive statistics, correlations and regression equations were used to identify the trends and connections between these indicators. In 2018, the EU-28 cultivated 11.8 million ha with oil seeds crops, of which 58% rape, 33.8% sunflower and 8 % soybean. Seeds production reached 35 million tonnes, being by 30 % higher than in 2008. The average yield accounted for 3.2 t/ha in case of rape, 2.4 t/ha sunflower and 2.8 t/ha soybean seeds. The main producers of rape seeds are France, Germany, Poland, United Kingdom and Romania, and in case of sunflower are Romania, Bulgaria, Italy and France. The correlations and regression models indicated that for increasing production, yield improvement of sunflower and rape and also cultivated surface of soybean to increase. The lack of incentives for oil seeds producers in the EU and the higher payments for protein crops in order to balance the protein deficit on the EU market and reduce imports, will affect oilseeds for sure producers and production. As a result, it is expected as soybean to be cultivated on larger surfaces and sunflower cultivated area to decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turnip (Brassica rapa spp. rapa) is an important vegetable species, with a unique physiology. Several plant parts, including both the turnip tubers and leaves, are important for human consumption. During the development of turnip plants, the leaves function as metabolic source tissues, while the tuber first functions as a sink, while later the tuber turns into a source for development of flowers and seeds. In the present study, chemical changes were determined for two genotypes with different genetic background, and included seedling, young leaves, mature leaves, tuber surface, tuber core, stalk, flower and seed tissues, at seven different time points during plant development. As a basis for understanding changes in glucosinolates during plant development, the profile of glucosinolates was analysed using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). This analysis was complemented by a gene expression analysis, focussed on GLS biosynthesis, which could explain part of the observed variation, pointing to important roles of specific gene orthologues for defining the chemical differences. Substantial differences in glucosinolate profiles were observed between above-ground tissues and turnip tuber, reflecting the differences in physiological role. In addition, differences between the two genotypes and between tissues that were harvested early or late during the plant lifecycle. The importance of the observed differences in glucosinolate profile for the ecophysiology of the turnip and for breeding turnips with optimal chemical profiles is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the thermodynamic properties of the process of water sorption in forage turnip seeds. The equilibrium moisture content of forage turnip seeds was determined by the gravimetric-dynamic method for different values of temperature and water activity. According to the results, increasing the moisture content increases the energy required for the evaporation of water in forage turnip seeds, and the values of integral isosteric heat of desorption, within the moisture content range of 3.33 to 11.30 (% d.b.), varies from 4,222.70 to 2,870.34 kJ kg-1. With the elevation in the equilibrium moisture content, there is an increase in differential entropy and Gibbs free energy, which has positive values, demonstrating non-spontaneity in the process of desorption in the seeds. The theory of enthalpy-entropy compensation can be satisfactorily applied to the sorption phenomenon, and the process of water desorption of forage turnip seeds is controlled by enthalpy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic variability heritability, and genetic advance as percentage of mean have been studied in 18 genotypes of rapeseed (Brassica campestris var.toria) for 10 characters. Significant differences were observed for all characters indicating the diverse genetic nature of the genotypes studied. Heritability in broad sense was high for all the characters ranging from 82 to 99 per cent. Genetic advance as percentage of mean was high for siliquae per plant and moderate for plant height, primary and secondary branches per plant and 1000 seed weight. Mass selection positively responded for primary and secondary branches per plant, siliquae per plant, and seeds per siliqua. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An 9.4-kDa antifungal peptide designated as campesin was isolated from seeds of the cabbage Brassica campestris. The isolation procedure involved affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose and Mono S, and gel filtration on Superdex 75 and Superdex Peptide. The peptide was adsorbed on the first three chromatographic media. It exerted an inhibitory action on mycelial growth including Fusarium oxysporum and Mycosphaerella arachidicola, with an IC50 of 5.1 μM and 4.4 μM, respectively. The peptide was characterized by remarkable thermostability and pH stability. It inhibited proliferation of HepG2 and MCF cancer cells with an IC50 of 6.4 μM and 1.8 μM, and the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC50 of 3.2 μM. It demonstrated lysolecithin binding activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

When plants encounter salinity, growth is reduced initially by water stress and subsequently by toxic levels of ions and by interference with nutrient acquisition and translocation. Calcium (Ca2 +) in particular seems to have an important role in salt tolerance and there are reports of a beneficial effect of increasing Ca2 + availability. Higher potassium (K+) concentrations in plants may also improve salinity tolerance as sodium (Na)+/K+ ratios have been shown to be important. Previous work with a range of Acacia species has suggested that endogenous seed Ca2 + and K+ concentrations might influence salinity tolerance at germination, but this has not previously been tested with a single species. The objectives of this investigation were thus to determine whether (1) altered Ca2 + and K+ nutrition of Brassica campestris (rapa) L. plants affects the yield and ion content of their seeds, and (2) seeds with different Ca2 + and K+ contents differ in their salinity tolerance. Plants were grown in a growth room or greenhouse in (1) Gem® horticultural sand (2) Silvaperl® perlite and sand (2:1), or (3) Shamrock® Medium General Purpose Irish Sphagnum Peat and Vermiperl® vermiculite (1:1). Plants in each growth substrate were supplied with nutrient solutions based on a modified Hoagland's solution as a control, low Ca2 + and low K+ solutions containing those elements at half the control strength, but all other mineral elements as far as possible at control strength, and high Ca2 + and high K+ solutions containing those elements at double control strength but all other mineral elements, as far as possible, at control strength. An increase in substrate available Ca2 + and K+ resulted in increased Ca2 + and K+ concentration in seeds, respectively, and was accompanied by a reduction in seed K+ and Ca2 +, respectively. The Ca2 + and K+ concentrations of seeds affected their salinity tolerance. Increases in seed Ca2 +, K+ or Ca2 ++ K+ concentrations decreased salinity tolerance at germination. The results, especially in terms of Ca2 + nutrition, contradict previous results of an increased salinity tolerance with increased Ca2 + and/or K+ concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Latvian Journal of Agronomy / Agronomija Vestis is the property of Latvian Journal of Agronomy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Storage triacylglycerol in field-grown mature Brassica campestris cv. B-54 (Agrani) seeds were composed of approximately 51% erucic (C22:1) acid, 14% oleic (C18:1) acid, 14% linoleic (C18:2) acid, 10% eicosenoic (C20:1) acid, 6% linolenic (C18:3) and 3% palmitic (C16:0) acid. To investigate the developmental regulation of the seed fatty acid synthesis (FAS), the fatty acid composition of the seed lipid along with the levels of acyl carrier protein (ACP), ACP-specific mRNA transcripts, and the long-chain fatty acyl-specific oleoyl–ACP thioesterase (LC-FAT), during seed development in the plant, were determined. The ratio of ACP-specific mRNA to total mRNA was highest at 23–24 DAF (days after flowering), but declined by 80% on 27–28 DAF when ACP and oleoyl–ACP thioesterase activities were at their maximum level. LC-FAT was purified to homogeneity from extracts of the developing seeds using hydroxylapatite-, DEAE-Sephacel- and ACP-affinity column chromatography, followed by a preparative native gel electrophoresis step. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the most highly purified fraction showed a single band corresponding to a 38 kDa polypeptide. The molecular weight of the non-denatured enzyme, using Superose-12 gel filtration procedure, was 72 kDa indicating the dimeric structure of the native enzyme. The primary substrate of the purified enzyme was oleoyl–ACP; comparatively, stearoyl–ACP as a substrate showed little activity. The apparent Km of this enzyme for oleoyl–ACP was 3.0 μM, the optimum pH for activity was 9.0 and the optimum temperature for assay was 35 °C. The properties of this LC-FAT from B-54 (Agrani) variety were very similar to that of the oleoyl–ACP thioesterase isolated from the developing seeds of Brassica napus, as reported previously. This is so far the first report of such a homogeneous preparation of this enzyme. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The involvement of ethylene in zygotic embryogenesis is a little known aspect of the growth and development in higher plants. In the present work, we study the alterations of the last step of the ethylene biosynthesis pathway during the formation period of turnip tops (Brassica rapa cv. Rapa) seeds and its repercussions in the germination process and post-germinative growth. For this, we chose 11 different phases of silique development, the first being the recently fertilized pistil and the last being the silique just prior to its dehiscence (ca. 2 months post-anthesis). In the 11 phases, ethylene production was detected in both whole silique (with or without seeds) and in the seeds enclosed by the silique wall. The levels of ACC, ACO and ethylene production proved high in seeds belonging to: (1) the pod in the very early phases, when the seeds were growing but without photosynthetic competence; (2) the silique at maximum growth, in which the seeds will initiate desiccation and loss of photosynthetic activity. During the phases prior to dehiscence, there was a marked inhibition in the last step of the ethylene biosynthesis pathway. In viable dry seeds, no ACO activity was detected and the ACC levels were 4-fold lower than at the onset of the silique senescence. Germination brings about a net synthesis of ACC with respect of the stores dry seed. This fact, together with other results presented in this work, point towards, as in other seeds, a dependence of ethylene synthesis for radicle emergence. The possible role played by the silique wall in the control of ethylene biosynthesis during zygotic embryogenesis, as well as the participation of ethylene as a hormonal signal in the triggering of seed desiccation in Brassica rapa cv. Rapa, are discussed in depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In radishes, self-incompatibility (SI) is governed by the S-locus, which consists of a series of multiple alleles. This SI can be overcome by CO2 gas treatment, a characteristic that is very useful in obtaining large amounts of parental seeds for F1 commercial seeds. We know from experience that there are genetic variations in the reaction level of self-incompatibility (RLSI) to a 4% CO2 gas treatment (hereafter described as RLSICO2 ) in the radish. We have raised and analyzed an F2 population derived from an F1 cross between No. 9324 (S206-homozygote, low RLSICO2) and LV364 (S209-homozygote, high RLSICO2). The RLSICO2 among three S-genotypes (S206-homozygotes, S206S209-heterozygotes, S209-homozygotes), which fit the theoretical ratio of one gene segregation in the F2 population, did not show any significant statistical differences. Hence, we concluded that the RLSICO2 was controlled by a gene other than the S-gene. In this F2 population the segregation of the RLSICO2 fit the 3(low RLSICO2):1(high RLSICO2) ratio well. This result and F3 progeny tests suggest that high RLSICO2 is controlled by a recessive gene. Reciprocal crosses among S209-homozygotes with different RLSICO2 have shown that this gene would act in the stigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium oxysporum, F. moniliforme and F. semitectum isolated from Brassica campestris var. dichotoma seeds were grown on autoclaved seeds and after several weeks of incubation the oil was analysed. All the three Fusarium species reduced oil content and altered its colour. The infested oil emitted mouldy odour and the refractive index increased. The free fatty acid content increased progressively. The saponification value increased but the iodine value decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the onset of desiccation tolerance in developing embryos of Brassica campestris seeds and possible correlated ultrastructural modifications in the radicle cells. Since the acquisition of desiccation tolerance is a long asynchronous process which took 9 d to be achieved, we determined criteria allowing us to separate freshly intact harvested seeds into desiccation intolerant and desiccation tolerant batches that differed in age by only 2 d. No particular structural modifications were found except a strong depletion of intraplastidial starch (-90%) coincident with the appearance of stachyose and an increase of sucrose (+30%) on the acquisition of desiccation tolerance. As we did not observe an increase of lipid reserves as a consequence, we suggest that these metabolic events call be a key factor towards the acquisition of desiccation tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents results of experiments on the use of uptake of atrazine in turnip seeds during the process of germination. Methodology and materials used; Relationship between the concentration of seeds to atrazine and their water uptake, atrazine uptake and growth in untreated soil; Effect of seed coat removal on the growth of turnip seeds.

Diploid and tetraploid types of white mustard (Sinapis alba) and turnip rape (Brassica campestris), annual and biennial forms, were grown in Turkey and in Sweden. Seed weight and oil content were measured and fatty acid composition determined by gas chromatography. Potyptoidization of all cultivars effected an increase in seed size but did not markedly change the oil percentage or fatty acid composition. Growing conditions in Turkey caused an over-all decrease in seed size although the (lit content was reduced only in the spring Turkish plantings. Fatty acid composition was influenced by the environment to a small but probably significant extent in all cullivais. For Swedish and Turkish winter turnip rape the mean content of oleic acid was 13.7 per cent and 15.8 per cent, of linolenic acid 9.5 per cent and 8.6 per cent, of erucic acid 45.7 per cent and 42.4 per cent, respectively; no consistent differences were observed for linoleic acid. Similar differences were observed for summer turnip rape and white mustard. Thus the warmer and drier Turkish climate favoured a higher oleic acid, lower linolenic and erucic acid content, i.e. a reduction in the percentage of the major end products of fatty acid biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inheritance of siliqua orientation and seed coat colour in Brassica tournefortii was investigated using four genotypes varying in these two characters. The F1, F2 and backcross generations of two crosses were used for studying the segregation pattern of the traits. The plants were classified for seed colour as having brown or yellow seeds and for siliqua orientation as having upright, semi-spread or spread siliqua. Seed colour was found to be under monogenic control with brown being dominant over yellow. Siliqua orientation was under digenic polymeric gene action: upright siliqua was produced by the presence of two dominant genes and spread siliqua by two recessive genes. The absence of even a single dominant gene resulted in a third type of siliqua orientation, semi-spread siliqua. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]