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De heersende leer in de rechtspraak en literatuur is dat causaliteit in het strafrecht moet worden vastgesteld aan de hand van de leer van de redelijke toerekening. In dit artikel wil ik een alternatief standpunt verdedigen over causaliteit in het strafrecht. Dat alternatieve standpunt houdt in dat het vaststellen van causaal verband in de meeste gevallen niet een materieelrechtelijke kwestie is van het toepassen van juridische criteria op vastgestelde feiten, zoals de redelijkheid of de condicio sine qua non. Het vaststellen van causaal verband is in de meeste gevallen een formeelrechtelijke kwestie die wordt bepaald door het bewijsrechtelijke criterium of het tenlastegelegde verband buiten redelijke twijfel uit de bewijsmiddelen kan worden afgeleid.

Artikel 21 SW kent bijzondere waarderingsvoorschriften, waaronder voor woningen. Op grond van jurisprudentie van de Hoge Raad werken deze waarderingsvoorschriften onder omstandigheden door in de waardering van vorderingen die afhankelijk zijn van de waarde van een goed waarvoor een waarderingsvoorschrift geldt. De auteurs analyseren de reikwijdte van deze doorwerking.

Legal sightseeing de- notes the ‘eventisation’ of inter- national law: international court- houses stage public photo exhibitions and offer audio tours, inter- national lawyers partake in film festivals, and the buildings of international organisations have become top tourist destinations. We zoom-in on these encounters and ask how international law is presented to ‘the public’ and in turn what that public shows up for. We argue that as phenomenon, legal sightseeing is vital to our understanding of the contemporary practice of international law and to questions of who gets to partake in it. Moreover, as experimental methodological intervention, legal sightseeing is not only an argument about what to look at and for, but also about how to look and see.

Het zwijgrecht is een fundamenteel onderdeel van het recht op een eerlijk proces, maar is desondanks niet absoluut. In dit artikel wordt aan de hand van systematische feitenrechtspraakanalyse onderzocht wat de rol is van het zwijgen van de verdachte in de bewijsbeslissing bij diefstal, of dit verschilt tussen de delicten diefstal en witwassen en zo ja, welke factoren daarbij relevant zijn.

In deze Uitspraak Uitgelicht bespreekt Galina Cornelisse het arrest Landkreis Gifhorn (JV 2022/106 nt S. Thelosen, ve22000591) waarin opnieuw strenge eisen worden gesteld aan de uitzonderingen op de hoofdregel, namelijk dat vreemdelingen alleen in speciale inrichtingen in bewaring mogen worden gesteld. De beperkte rolopvatting van de Nederlandse bestuursrechter in dit soort zaken is niet verenigbaar met het Unierecht.

This article analyses the consistency between the implementation of the EU Youth Guarantee and the fundamental right to work. Focusing on the use of traineeships as an implementation instrument, it explores various types of national Active Labour Market Policies (ALMP) for young unemployed people in Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and Poland. The case studies show that it remains to be seen whether the traineeships considered in this research comply with the right to work. The authors argue for the need to strengthen the Youth Guarantee to accord with the right to work, so that in addition to the right to a first job, it ensures that work-related instruments include the provision of effective training, as well as the right to equal pay for work of equal value, and decent working conditions. This is particularly important in view of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, that has had an unprecedented economic impact in the EU and is likely to result in another dramatic upsurge in the number of young unemployed. Youth Guarantee, Right to Work, NEETs, Traineeships, Decent Work, Equal Pay, Active Labour Market Policies

This article seeks to conduct a critical analysis of the place the EU currently occupies on the international scene and how it uses its central position to shape international politics in order to promote international peace and security. For this purpose, it will firstly provide the reader with a general overview of the CFSP and how the Lisbon treaty changed the EU’s functioning in this field. Secondly, taking the EU-Russia relations as a starting point, this paper will evaluate the means the EU employs to achieve its CFSP goals. Thirdly, it will seek to predict the possible future of the EU role as a unitary political actor in the global fora.

The Belgian Constitution holds an obligation for governmental schools to organise RE in the recognised religions and in non-confessional ethics for all children of school age. While neither the Flemish nor the French Community legislator can thus abandon RE altogether, both legislators have recently taken initiatives, moving beyond the opt-out system, towards an opt-in system and a partial withdrawal of RE in governmental schools. After a brief description of the Belgian RE system and its historical roots, we scrutinise these evolutions. Although the Constitution does offer some room for manoeuvring, not everything goes: ending the possibility for students in governmental schools to opt for RE in any of the recognised religions or in non-denominational ethics altogether would, for instance, not be allowed. This is different from the perspective of human rights instruments such as the ECtHR, which permits, but does not require governmental schools to organise moral or religious education. Following the margin of appreciation doctrine of the ECtHR, the ECHR does not pose strict limits on governmental possibilities. It remains, however, to be seen whether the Flemish and French Community will manage to stay in line with the stricter regime of the Belgian Constitution.

This article investigates how participatory art can contribute to legal change. As a case study, it discusses Jonas Staal’s project of New World Summit in Rojava, a (so far still) autonomous region in North and East Syria. It offers an interesting case, since it invites the law to include what it has excluded so far. To begin with, it is clarified how change is conceived within legal systems based on the rule of law. Although law resists radical change, it is involved in a constant process of adaptation to its environment. Subsequently, Staal’s project of New World Summit is discussed from a utopian perspective. Its apparent impossibility is what makes is so valuable for law and its development. By erecting a parliament for Rojava, it presents a picture of how the international order could look like when things were different. It basically is an exercise in “utopian world-making”.

Leerboek ten behoeve van de deelnemers aan de advocaat-stagiaire opleiding van de Law Firm School. Dit zijn advocaat-stagiairs van de bij de Law Firm School aangesloten grote internationaal opererende advocatenkantoren in Nederland.

In het Smallsteps-arrest uit 2017 oordeelde het Hof van Justitie van de EU dat de uitzondering die in Richtlijn 2001/23/EG inzake overgang van ondernemingen is opgenomen voor de faillissementsdoorstart, niet van toepassing is wanneer een dergelijke doorstart wordt gerealiseerd met gebruikmaking van de pre-packmethode. In het Heiploeg-arrest van april 2022 blijkt het Hof over deze kwestie een compleet ander standpunt in te nemen. Na een korte introductie van de relevante Europese regelgeving en weergave van de belangrijkste overwegingen uit het Smallsteps-arrest, bespreekt de auteur de Heiploeg-zaak en staat hij stil bij de implicaties van het recente Hof-arrest voor de Nederlandse doorstartpraktijk.

Deze drafting tip gaat over de dwingende bewijskracht van een tussen partijen opgemaakte akte en over de vraag wat rechtens is als de echtheid van hetgeen in de akte is opgenomen of de echtheid van de daarop geplaatste handtekening door een der partijen wordt betwist.

The Peace Palace in The Hague is more than a mere venue where international law is practiced. Initiated after the 1899 Peace Conference it provided a material home for the emergent international community and as such, we argue, helped to sing this community into existence. This article traces the process of materialising the grand international ideal of ‘peace through justice’ by shedding light on its bureaucratic backstage of transnational diplomacy. Taking a ritual perspective on gift-giving as a way to constitute relationships, we analyse how three sets of gifts were crucial to (the) building (of) the emergent international community: finding a proper site (as a gift from the Dutch government), securing Andrew Carnegie’s financial gift, and collecting materials and artworks donated by the States as gifts to the Palace. We examine how each of these arrangements involved a complex web of public and private transnational actors, temporalities, and bickering over nitty gritty details as the conditions of possibility for giving and receiving gifts, and constituting the international community.

This article aims to provide a semiotic analysis of environmental law and youth protests. More precisely, drawing on speech act theory this article regards both as types of communication and teases out the inherent voice and message, specifically with regard to the interests of future generations. The argument unfolds in three steps. First, the article looks into speaker and speech of environmental law and argues that it speaks, as legislation does, in the first-person plural voice of a ‘we’. Second, the article examines a speech of Greta Thunberg through the lens of Stanley Cavell’s theory of passionate utterances. This interpretation will unlock the political stakes of Thunberg’s speech as she claims standing with those responsible for enacting environmental law. Finally, the consequences of this reading will be analysed by relating message and voice of environmental law. As youth protests question ordinary forms of political representation, new ways of safeguarding the interests of future generations are called upon.

The disproportionate use of remand detention (i.e. pre-trial detention) for vulnerable and marginalized youth is an issue of concern globally and demographic disparities in youth remand decision outcomes have been found in many jurisdictions, including England and the Netherlands. This article aims to explore and identify potential catalysts of disparity in the collective process of remand decision-making in youth courts. Drawing from Ulmer’s ‘inhabited institutions’ perspective, and the related ‘court community model’ and ‘focal concerns model’, and empirical findings from research in Dutch and English youth remand courts, this article suggests that several distinctive mechanisms and features of the youth remand decision-making process might function as catalysts of disparity. The findings indicate that the focus on ‘risk’ and ‘welfare needs’, the distinctive context defined by time constraints, limited information, shortages of readily available services, interdependency and interdisciplinary, and high stakes, combined with the profoundly human nature of courtroom workgroup decision-making, make the remand decision-making process in youth courts particularly prone to producing unwarranted disparities. Ultimately, informed by the theoretical perspectives and empirical findings, the article provides insights into how and why disparities might occur in youth remand decisions and offers suggestions for policy, practice and future research.

One of the objectives of Directive 2014/24/EU is to facilitate the participation of SMEs in public procurement. Although the realisation of this objective very much depends on the decisions taken by contracting authorities when designing their procurement procedures, the provisions of the Directive offer them little guidance in that regard. This article explains how the Dutch legislator has tried to fill that gap by means of a Proportionality Guide based on the Dutch Public Procurement Act. The Guide provides contracting authorities with best practices and rules explaining how to act in a proportionate manner when deciding on important topics such as time limits, selection criteria, contract terms and conditions, aggregation of contracts, and the type of procurement procedure to apply. This article argues that, in doing so, both the Act and the Guide give a (too) broad interpretation to the proportionality principle. Although this interpretation raises questions from an EU law perspective, it is submitted that it does not conflict with EU law, nor does it lead to significant problems in Dutch procurement practice.

Ideally, online contracts are concluded by informed consumers. For 25 years the European Union is issuing an abundance of information requirements providers of online services have to comply with. We briefly touch upon the previously existing information requirements, and findings on the intersection of behavorial studies and consumer law, but primarily focus on new information requirements against the background of an online platform offering space for businesses to provide their service to consumers. We critically discuss new information requirements from the so-called Omnibus Directive 2019/2161 primarily regarding changes in Directive 2011/83/EU on consumer rights. Also, we analyze amendments to the Directive 2000/31/EC on e-commerce as proposed late 2020 in the Digital Services Act. We focus on what information should be communicated, how this information should be communicated, and at what moment. In our analysis our doubts about the value of all this information is apparent, and we question the need for and interest of consumers for all information. In the end we suggest of what we believe should be directly communicated to the consumer, and what could be available only to those consumers, probably quite few, who are really interested. Online platforms, consumer protection, information requirements, Digital Services Act

De onlangs door de Tweede Kamer aangenomen wetsvoorstellenintroduceren een vaststellingsprocedure voor staatloosheiden een optierecht op Nederlanderschap voor in Nederlandgeboren staatloze kinderen zonder rechtmatig verblijf.Katja Swider bespreekt de politieke achtergrond die tot dehuidige wetsvoorstellen heeft geleid en analyseert de voorstellenin het licht van internationale verplichtingen. De nieuwestaatloosheidsvaststellingsprocedure blijkt de meest benadeeldestaatlozen – degenen zonder rechtmatig verblijf – zoveel mogelijk uitte sluiten. En het nieuwe optierecht kent een te lange wachttijd, gaatte ver met de eis dat geen andere nationaliteit kan worden verkregenen discrimineert tussen kinderen met en zonder wettig verblijf.

De Hoge Raad heeft in zijn uitspraak van 9 april 2021 (Van Dooren q.q./Holding) art. 3:262 BW, dat betrekking heeft op de rangwijziging van hypotheekrechten en beperkte genotsrechten op hetzelfde registergoed, analoog van toepassing verklaard ten aanzien van pandrecht. In dit artikel wordt ingegaan op de inhoud en strekking van art. 3:262 BW, de discussies in de literatuur over de mogelijke analoge toepassing van dit wetsartikel op pandrecht vóórdat dit arrest in 2021 door de Hoge Raad werd gewezen, alsmede op enkele juridische en praktische kwesties naar aanleiding van dit arrest. Aan de orde komen de vraag of voor de (goederenrechtelijke) rechtsgeldigheid van een rangwijziging medewerking van de pand- of hypotheekgever is vereist, de problematiek van de vaak geringe kenbaarheid van stille pandrechten op niet-registergoederen, de (on)mogelijkheid van rangwijziging tussen beperkte genotsrechten onderling, en herverpanding. Tenslotte wordt in dit artikel kort aandacht besteed aan de opmerkingen van de Hoge Raad ten aanzien van de wijze en reikwijdte van parate executie van pandrechten op vorderingen door de hoogst gerangschikte pandhouder.

In the field of refugee law, ‹discretion› reasoning – that is, the assumption that asylum seekers can be returned to their countries of origin on the basis that they can avoid persecution by behaving ‹discreetly› and thus escaping the attention of the persecutors – is a legal problem where legal analysis seems to get stuck. Once there appears to be a doctrinal solution to settle the problem, it reappears in a different form. This Forumsbeitrag introduces ‹legal discourse analysis› as an approach to tackle such perennial legal problems. Inspired by critical legal and queer scholars, and drawing on elements of deconstruction and discourse analysis, legal discourse analysis does not try to find the solution to the puzzle. Instead, it has the distinct aim of tracing how doctrine is constructed, or how ‹right› answers are created. On that basis, it draws out the underlying tensions that enable these answers. The Forumsbeitrag first retraces the steps developed to address ‹discretion› reasoning in refugee law, and then extrapolates and generalises ‹legal discourse analysis› as an approach to explore its usability for other perennial doctrinal problems, both within refugee and migration law, and beyond.

In dit artikel wordt de uitspraak van Hof ’s-Hertogenbosch 12 april 2022, ECLI:NL:GHSHE:2022:1171 besproken. Dit arrest is interessant omdat het hof hierin een aandeelhoudersovereenkomst gelijkstelt met een geldig genomen besluit buiten vergadering (art. 2:238 BW). Na een samenvatting, volgen ’s hofs overwegingen die op deze gelijkstelling betrekking hebben, voorzien van een beschouwing. De overwegingen die betrekking hebben op appellants vorderingen tot de aansprakelijkstelling en het ontslag van ‘geïntimeerde 3’ als bestuurder blijven buiten beschouwing omdat die naar de mening van schrijver niet van belang zijn voor de rechtsontwikkeling.

Computer-based communication (CBC) has become an inevitable aspect of our communication infrastructure and a lasting alternative to face-to-face conversations. Yet, CBC (e.g. video conferencing) is not common practice for victim-offender mediation (VOM). Based on eighteen semi-structured interviews with adult victims, offenders and mediators, we provide a heuristic assessment of CBC applicability in VOM. Interviewees associated CBC with higher environmental safety compared to face-to-face mediation, and with richer emotional information compared to indirect VOM (e.g., letter exchange). Risks comprised technical and privacy concerns. Our findings provide insight into stakeholder perceptions of the usability of CBC-VOM and thus directions for effective employment.

The platform economy undoubtedly brings advantages, but also generates significant challenges for (local) government. National and local regulators seeking to address such challenges are confronted with limits imposed by EU law, which seemingly grants online platforms a wide degree of freedom to provide their services within the Union’s internal market. This article evaluates the room for national and local authorities to regulate platform-mediated services under the E-Commerce Directive and Services Directive after the “Airbnb cases” (Airbnb Ireland and Cali Apartments). Taking the short-term rental market as a case study, the article concludes that there is in fact considerable room to target both the intermediary services provided by the platforms (upstream), as well as the underlying services (downstream). A combination of upstream and downstream regulation is recommended for local enforcement to be effective, avoid further fragmentation from city to city and halt the trend towards ever-stricter regulation of the underlying services. E-Commerce, Services, EU Law, Platform Economy, Airbnb, Regulation, Short-Term Rental. Digital Services Act

De agent van de toekomst is ongetwijfeld uitgerust met een bodycam. De bodycam biedt de samenleving een unieke inkijk in en meer controle op het politiewerk. Agenten en burgers hebben baat bij het mogelijk de-escalerende effect van de bodycam. Een potentiële bijvangst van de grootschalige invoering van bodycams in de dagelijkse politiepraktijk is de bijdrage die bodycambeelden kunnen leveren aan de waarheidsvinding in strafzaken en de afhandeling van klachten over bijvoorbeeld de bejegening van burgers. Dit artikel richt zich op die potentiële bijvangst.

In this paper, we adopt an experimentalist approach to determining the content of international human rights for assessing national mandatory work programmes for recipients of social assistance (MWPs). This approach implies going back and forth between law and experience in order to determine the better way to secure human rights in an ever-changing environment. After having identified six criteria for evaluating MWPs in the soft case-law of international bodies, we confront this emerging international human rights framework with an empirical study on MWP practices in the Netherlands. This confrontation reveals that specific aspects of the capability for voice of working welfare recipients are absent in the human rights framework and that the framework is not gender-neutral. Including these aspects, we construct an experimentalist human-rights-based instrument that is suitable for evaluating national MWPs.

In the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) the right of States to control migration is firmly established despite strong indications that the effects of migration control are not racially neutral. In this article we attempt to understand how it is possible that the doctrine of sovereign migration control is not considered to breach the prohibition of racial discrimination. We argue that the ECtHR’s approach to migration and racial discrimination fits a pattern in the historical development of migration law whereby the right to travel, and the power of States to restrict this right, have been consistently defined in such a way as to protect the interests of the predominantly white population of today's global North. Hence, the ease with which the racialised impact of migration control is accepted as normal and compatible with the prohibition of racial discrimination is consistent with migration law's long history as part of colonial and postcolonial relations.

Contrary to the common claim that privacy is a concept in disarray, this Article argues that there is considerable coherence in the way privacy has been conceptualized over many decades of privacy scholarship. Seemingly disparate approaches and widely differing definitions actually share close family resemblances that, viewed together from a bird’s-eye perspective, suggest that the concept of privacy is more akin to a kaleidoscope than to a swamp. As a heuristic device to look at this kaleidoscope, we use a working definition of privacy as "having spaces in which you can be yourselves," building on two major strands in privacy theory: identity-building and boundary-management. With this heuristic, we analyze how six authoritative privacy accounts can be under¬stood in the terms and rationale of other definitions. We show how the notions of Cohen (room for boundary management), Johnson (freedom from others’ judgement), Nissenbaum (contextual integrity), Reiman (personhood), Warren and Brandeis (being let alone), and Westin (control over information) have significant overlap with—or may even be equivalent to—an understanding of privacy in terms of identity-fostering spaces. Our kaleidoscopic perspective high¬lights not only that there is coherence in privacy, but also helps to understand the function and value of having many different privacy definitions around: each time and context bring their own privacy-related challenges, which might best be addressed through a certain conceptualization of privacy that works in that particular context. As the world turns its kaleidoscope of emerging privacy issues, privacy scholarship turns its kaleidoscope of privacy definitions along. The result of this kaleidoscopic perspective on privacy is an illuminating picture of unity in diversity.

Children around the world who have been found responsible for murder continue to be sentenced to indeterminate or long periods of detention. This is in contravention of children’s rights standards which urge a ban on the life sentence and require that detention is used only for the shortest appropriate period of time. Nonetheless, the public and victims of crime have a legitimate interest in the protection of public safety and appropriate accountability for serious offending. Further, there is little guidance on what a rights compliant approach in such cases might involve. This work builds on previous studies of how children are sentenced for murder across the common law world and extends the analysis to a selection of European civil law jurisdictions. It explores and applies recent updated guidance from the Committee on the Rights of the Child and seeks to develop a framework for a children’s rights and human rights compliant approach to such cases.

In art. 43 wna is de informatieplicht voor de notaris opgenomen. Een onderdeel van deze informatieplicht is het ‘zo nodig’ wijzen op de gevolgen van de voorgenomen rechtshandeling. Dat wijzen op de gevolgen wordt ook wel de waarschuwingsplicht genoemd. Het is echter niet altijd even duidelijk wanneer de notaris ‘zo nodig’ op de gevolgen moet wijzen, zeker als hij onderdeel is van een omvangrijk traject waarbij meerdere deskundigen betrokken zijn.

Borrowing from literary studies, this article revisits a series of interviews conducted with EU officials who narrated many beginnings of an EU military counter-migrant smuggling operation. The article asks what these many beginnings do together. It argues they together constitute a mode of (un)governance geared towards leaving open maximum room for manoeuvre.

Through a close reading of Anton de Kom’s Wij slaven van Suriname (We Slaves of Suriname), this essay explores the complex legal, symbolic, social, and political lives of differentially positioned humans in the Dutch colonial and postindependent context. Firstly, De Kom’s 1934 book reveals the fundamental dualism between legal subjects and rightless bodies in the Dutch colonial context and how European law and the rights of citizens enabled the maximum exploitation of colonized and enslaved bodies. Contrary to universalist-inclusive and progressive notions of legal citizenship and the law, the concept of what the author terms “citizenship violence” seems appropriate to appreciate the dynamics revealed in Wij slaven. However, as De Kom demonstrates, the colonized were not passive subjects; they resisted citizenship violence in multiple ways. Secondly, in discussing the racialization of citizenship and belonging in contemporary Dutch society as part of broader European patterns, the essay highlights some ominous colonial afterlives.

Op 3 november 2022 ontzegde de Staatssecretaris van Justitie en Veiligheid de Britse complotdenker en antisemiet David Icke voor twee jaren de toegang tot Nederland én de 25 andere Schengen-lidstaten. Icke was uitgenodigd om op 6 november 2022 te spreken op een demonstratie in Amsterdam georganiseerd door Samen voor Nederland.2 Uit de brief van de staatssecretaris blijkt dat hij van mening is dat Icke een gevaar oplevert voor de openbare orde. De eerste vraag is natuurlijk of van een gevaar voor de openbare orde sprake is. Een tweede vraag is of dat gevaar voldoende is om aan Icke de mogelijkheid te ontzeggen om fysiek aanwezig te zijn bij de demonstratie.

This paper describes ongoing PhD research into decentralized governance. First the notion of governance is explained as necessarily underlying and enabling any human cooperation. Up till now, governance has always been the job of a group of people specifically appointed for that purpose. Acknowledging the fundamental tension between decentralization and governance, the possibility of decentralized governance is investigated as informed by established principles of good governance.

With the Modernisation of the Code of Criminal Procedure, certain digital investigation powers will for the first time be given a specific statutory basis, such as the search of data carriers, open-source investigation and network searches. Nevertheless, considering the high degree of intrusiveness of such techniques, particularly with the right to privacy, it remains important to take note of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, which continues to set minimum safeguards for the interference with private life. In this paper, we therefore conduct a brief overview of recent ECtHR case law concerning five types of digital investigation powers. We then consider the implications of this case law for the regulation of such powers in the draft Code of Criminal Procedure and for the Modernisation process more broadly.

This article presents the findings of an in-depth comparative study of remand decision-making in youth courts in England & Wales and the Netherlands. Informed by qualitative empirical research, this article explores differences and similarities in remand decision-making and in the functions of remand in the administration of youth justice. A key finding is that in Dutch youth justice a paternalistic and interventionist perception of the ‘welfare principle’ seems to be an important informal driver of the (relatively) high youth remand rates, whereas in the English youth justice system the ‘welfare principle’ seems to function rather as a protective mechanism against an overzealous use of youth remand. Ultimately, the article explores how different legal traditions and ‘proximal processes’ might explain and shape cross-national differences in the use of remand for youth and identifies several areas for further inquiry that can potentially advance our broader international comparative understanding of youth remand practices.

Over 30 million people worldwide have taken a commercial at-home DNA test, because they were interested in their genetic ancestry, disease predisposition or inherited traits. Yet, these consumer DNA data are also increasingly used for a very different purpose: to identify suspects in criminal investigations. By matching a suspect’s DNA with DNA from a suspect’s distant relatives who have taken a commercial at-home DNA test, law enforcement can zero in on a perpetrator. Such forensic use of consumer DNA data has been performed in over 200 criminal investigations. However, this practice of so-called investigative genetic genealogy (IGG) raises ethical concerns. In this paper, we aim to broaden the bioethical analysis on IGG by showing the limitations of an individual-based model. We discuss two concerns central in the debate: privacy and informed consent. However, we argue that IGG raises pressing ethical concerns that extend beyond these individual-focused issues. The very nature of the genetic information entails that relatives may also be affected by the individual customer’s choices. In this respect, we explore to what extent the ethical approach in the biomedical genetic context on consent and consequences for relatives can be helpful for the debate on IGG. We argue that an individual-based model has significant limitations in an IGG context. The ethical debate is further complicated by the international, transgenerational and commercial nature of IGG. We conclude that IGG should not only be approached as an individual but also—and perhaps primarily—as a collective issue.There are no data in this work.

In the past decade or so, vulnerability has become a fairly prominent concept in human rights law. It has evolved from being an underlying notion to an explicit concept. This column takes stock of vulnerability's relationship to, and possible influence on human rights law, assessing the concept's potential and pitfalls. It focuses on the not altogether unrelated issues of migrants’ social rights and on the role of human rights in environmental protection. The discussion commences with a reflection on the potential of vulnerability to re-interrogate those aspects of the human rights paradigm that relate to environmental protection. The next section focuses on the potential of vulnerability to enhance migrants’ social rights within human rights law. Subsequently, it focuses on the pitfalls and the difficulties of the vulnerability concept. It concludes by offering an outlook for the future of the concept.

De auteurs gaan in op de verhouding tussen het Unierechtelijke en het nationale vertrouwensbeginsel. Aan de orde komt de betekenis van het recente Sense-arrest van het Hof van Justitie voor de omzetbelasting en de douanerechten. In deze procedure is beslist dat daar waar een nationale autoriteit een toezegging heeft gedaan die in strijd is met een duidelijke Unierechtelijke bepaling, waardoor het Unierechtelijke beginsel buitenspel komt te staan, het niet strijdig is met het Unierecht dat de justitiabele die heeft vertrouwd op die toezegging op basis van het nationale vertrouwensbeginsel alsnog een schadevergoeding kan claimen op nationaal niveau.

De verontwaardiging over de mondkapjesdeal was in Nederland groot: hoe kan iemand die voordoet zonder winstoogmerk te handelen miljoenen verdienen aan de mondkapjesdeal? Toch blijkt het lastig te zijn om de gedragingen rondom de mondkapjesdeal simpel en schoon strafrechtelijk te duiden. In deze bijdrage belichten we de gedragingen rondom de mondkapjesdeal vanuit het oogpunt van verschillende fraudebepalingen uit het Wetboek van Strafrecht.

This book focuses on border deaths at sea. It unravels how the interplay of the law of the sea and rules on jurisdiction widen the opportunity for states to make and enforce rules outside their territory, and questions whether this is also accompanied with an obligation to respect the right to life under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) when doing so.By embarking upon the challenge of analysing a cross-border phenomenon in which direct encounters between state agents and the victims are few through the lens of legal obligations, the book unearths avenues for arguing that the ECHR is applicable to border deaths on the high seas and showcases the Court’s creativity in bridging the gap between the Convention and people in need of protection. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the ECHR is applicable to border deaths occurring within the territorial seas of states. It discusses the right to life, as well as the specific obligations of states in respect to border deaths at sea, and demonstrates that in many instances, EU policies fall short of the standards set under the right to life.This book will be of key interest to scholars, students and practitioners in migrant rights, international human rights law, public international law including, refugee and migration law, maritime law, and security studies.

In response to the 2015 migration ‘crisis’, the European Union intensified the externalisation of its migration policies, in particular through the EU Trust Funds for Syria and Africa, and the Facility for Refugees in Turkey. The legal construction of these financial measures is such that in many projects, normal implementation and public procurement procedures are not applied. This creates opportunities for clientelism. A limited number of actors (Europe’s ‘clients’) has emerged to implement European policies in third countries. This way of implementing externalisation projects will first be analysed in functionalist terms and in terms of path dependency. The paper will conclude by arguing that, in addition to such analyses, this way of implementing externalisation is to be understood as (a) expanding the scope of legitimate action of European states outside their territory; and (b) setting norms for international actors such as non-European states, international organisations and corporations.

Smart city projects in Europe and North America are employing a novel approach to data analysis that processes hardly any or no personal data at all. As such, these projects—at least, for the most part—escape the scope of (European) data protection law. The idea behind this new approach to smartness can be condensed in the statement: “smart cities are only Big Brother to the masses.” In other words, if the data collected within smart city projects do not identify any individuals, then there are no issues with privacy and data protection law. This problematic assumption relies on two reductive understandings of key notions in this context: that of “personal privacy” and “personal surveillance.” In this contribution, I focus on the latter and call for a broader understanding of surveillance as a set of diverse modes of social control by privacy law scholars. After all, in order to reveal the underlying dynamics of power and how these might lead to surveillance abuse—even, or especially, when surveillance is based on the processing of seemingly non-personal data—concrete surveillance practices and their logics need to be examined. For this purpose, I take the example of the Stratumseind Living Lab in the Netherlands and examine it through the lens of Foucault’s notion of security. This examination leads to two valuable insights for privacy and data protection law scholars. First of all, it strengthens the argument of contemporary group privacy scholars that a narrow focus on individual privacy and surveillance is inadequate and that the regulatory framework needs to be adapted. The second insight raises another broad issue: smart cities, which function according to the securitizing logic of surveillance, such as the Stratumseind Living Lab, are transforming public spaces into consumption spaces. Yet, the protection of privacy in public can and should serve to protect key aspects of public space—political participation and sociability—as well.

Constitutional pluralism tries to provide a legitimating theoretical frame for stubborn disagreements between the European Court of Justice and national constitutional courts. However, in accepting the legal separateness of constitutions and EU law it offers a depressingly Cold War vision of the European constitutional space. Interpretative pluralism instead conceives of these texts as a composite whole, with the task of courts to read them as such, seeking interpretations of one that do not do violence to the other. The disagreements between courts should not be about which text takes precedence, but about what they mean. The difference in practice is that national constitutional courts should never say that EU law conflicts with their constitutions. Rather, they should read it so that it does not, even if that means disagreeing with an interpretation offered by the European Court of Justice. Normatively this approach has the merit that it encourages national courts to engage more deeply with EU law, a necessary step in the construction of a working and legitimate European legal order. Descriptively, it also corresponds increasingly to what national apex courts actually do.

Het artikel ziet op de voorgestelde strafbaarstelling van seks tegen de wil. De formulering van de culpa in het ‘Wetsvoorstel seksuele misdrijven’ van maart 2021 verschilt van die in het (op de Kamerbrief uit 2019 gebaseerde) Voorontwerp uit 2020, in die zin dat het ‘redelijkerwijs moeten vermoeden dat bij de ander de wil ontbreekt’ is gewijzigd in ‘ernstige reden om te vermoeden dat bij de ander de wil ontbreekt’. In het artikel worden de verschillende formuleringen van de culpa onderzocht en wordt gepleit voor een terugkeer naar het ‘redelijkerwijs had moeten vermoeden’ uit het eerste voorstel.

In September 2012, the Dutch Supreme Court upheld a judgment of the Hague Court of Appeal that the eviction from basic shelter of a mother and her minor children, who did not have legal residence in the Netherlands, was unlawful. This ruling was instigated by a radically new interpretation of the European Social Charter’s personal scope and caused a major shift in Dutch policy.This article provides a case study into the legal reasoning adopted by the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court. It argues that, instead of relying on legal doctrinal reasoning for justifying the outcome, both courts referred to factors that the general public relies on to assess people’s deservingness of welfare. This finding raises fundamental questions about the relationship between human rights law and deservingness; and calls, therefore, for further research into the relevance of deservingness criteria in judicial discourse.

Uit het recente Danske Bank-arrest van het HvJ volgt dat een Deens hoofdhuis dat onderdeel is van een Deense fiscale eenheid en haar Zweedse filiaal voor de btw twee te onderscheiden belastingplichtigen zijn. Als gevolg daarvan wordt het mogelijk ‘interne’ prestaties in de btw-heffing te betrekken. Het arrest lijktop het eerste gezicht een eenvoudige toepassing van het eerdere Skandia-arrest maar roept een aantal fundamentele vragen op rond onder meer de belastingplicht, belastbare handelingen en de fiscale eenheid in de btw. De auteurs gaan op een aantal van deze vragen in.

De zaak van de voormalige piloot Julio Poch van Transavia heeft in Nederland veel stof doen opwaaien. Poch werd ervan verdacht als piloot betrokken te zijn geweest bij de doodsvluchten in Argentinië tijdens de militaire dictatuur van 1976 tot 1983, waarbij politieke tegenstanders van het regime uit vliegtuigen werden gegooid. De verdenking tegen Poch leidde ertoe dat Nederland in 2009 aan Argentinië de gegevens verstrekte over de laatste vlucht van Poch als piloot van Transavia naar Spanje. Op grond van die gegevens kon hij op 22 september 2009 in Spanje worden aangehouden, waarna hij door Spanje aan Argentinië werd uitgeleverd. In dit artikel wordt onderzocht of Nederland verplicht was de gegevens aan Argentinië te verstrekken. De strekking van het artikel is dat Nederland daartoe niet was verplicht en in 2009 de zaak had moeten voorleggen aan de uitleveringsrechter, zodat deze rechter alle relevante rechtsvragen had kunnen beantwoorden. Door het verstrekken van de vluchtgegevens heeft Nederland de uitleveringsprocedure omzeild, waardoor Poch in Nederland niet zijn verweren kon voeren op grond van het Nederlandse uitleveringsrecht.

Over the past few decades, child sexual abuse (‘CSA’) has become recognized as a serious and major problem in modern societies. Consequently, a common denominator in modern government policy is that CSA must be criminalized and pro-actively enforced. However, if national authorities are to be able to enforce, knowledge about the abuse is essential. Yet the disclosing of information to the authorities is hampered by the hidden nature of the offence. According to the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (Lanzarote) and EU Directive 2011/93 on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children, Member States should ‘encourage any person’ who knows about or suspects CSA to report this to the relevant authorities. To encourage such disclosure, several European governments have introduced mandatory reporting systems imposing a (non-criminal) duty on designated professionals to report information about or suspicions of CSA to the competent authorities.This article examines whether introducing a criminal duty to report CSA could be recommendable for the European Union or the Council of Europe in order to improve Member States’ knowledge of CSA and thus protect children more effectively against this type of violence. Using the outcomes of our recent study into the possibilities and impossibilities of extending the present Dutch criminal duty (aangifteplicht) to report rape, we argue that a criminal duty to report CSA is not recommendable as a means to encourage CSA disclosure by third parties.

The European Commission has started two infringement procedures against the Netherlands regarding pensions. The Commission is of the opinion that the Dutch tax legislation on international transfers of pension capital is not in accordance with EU law. This article discusses the relevant legislation and the infringement procedures.

In the period 2014–2019, the Dutch authorities governed the duration of asylum procedures in order to control the influx of asylum seekers. They prioritised and accelerated cases with poor chances of success, while they deprioritised cases with good chances of success. This resulted in long asylum procedures for asylum seekers with a likelihood of success and short asylum procedures for those with a poor chance of success. This article contends that this Dutch policy is an illustration of ‘temporal governance’: a governmental strategy to control and discipline migrants by means of time. This form of governance is based on a detailed knowledge of processes of asylum procedures, which enables qualification, categorisation and differentiation between different groups of asylum seekers. The focus of this research is on how such temporal governance functions and how it relates to law. A traditional understanding of law and sovereign power entails that law legitimates and restricts power. Strikingly, temporal governance regulating the asylum procedure seems to have a different relationship to law. This article demonstrates that legal standards, in this case the standards of European Union legislation, provide Member States a large amount of room (temporal discretion) to apply temporal governance. Moreover, only a few limited legal remedies remain available, if the duration of the asylum procedure appears unlawful. Instead of limiting temporal governance, law provides ample opportunity for the acceleration and deceleration of asylum cases in order to delay due process of asylum seekers and deter others from arriving. We cannot prove that the Dutch government aimed at deprioritising and decelerating complex asylum cases and cases with good chances of success – which would have been unlawful. However, this was the net result of their chosen policy. We illustrate that instead of a legitimation and restriction of sovereign power to govern the asylum influx by means of time, law can function as a set of tactics to pursue policy aims by employing ‘temporal governance’.