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Panaspis cabindae (Bocage, 1866) Material (two specimens): One adult specimen (MHNCUP/REP 266, formerly UP-MHNFCP-017381), collected from Lucálla [=Lucala] [-9.27268º, 15.25206º, 708 m a.s.l.] Kwanza Norte Province, in 1903; one adult specimen (MHNCUP/REP 267, formerly UP-MHNFCP-017380; Fig. S37), collected from Catete [-9.11667º, 13.70000º, 21 m a.s.l.] Bengo Province, in September 1903. Comments: Panaspis cabindae is a species with a distribution extending from southwestern Democratic Republic of the Congo to southwestern Angola (Marques et al. 2018; Ceríaco et al. 2020b). The presented specimens were cited as “ Ablepharus cabindae, Boc ” by Ferreira (1904) and are the only published records for the species from “Lucala” and “Catete” localities. Recently, Ceríaco et al. (2016a, 2018b, 2020b) and Medina et al. (2016) published new records for the species in Angola, including the first accounts for Bié, Luanda, Uíge, Malanje, Lunda Norte and Huíla provinces. This species is one of the most widespread in the country, despite the lack of published records (Ceríaco et al. 2020b)., Published as part of Santos, Bruna S., Marques, Mariana P., Bauer, Aaron M. & Ceríaco, Luis M. P., 2021, Herpetological results of Francisco Newton's Zoological Expedition to Angola (1903 – 1906): a taxonomic revision and new records of a forgotten collection, pp. 1-80 in Zootaxa 5028 (1) on page 23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5028.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5453967, {"references":["Bocage, J. V. B. (1866) Reptiles nouveaux ou peu connus recueillis dans les possessions portugaises de l'Afrique occidentale, qui se trouvent au Museum de Lisbonne. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, I, 57 - 78.","Marques, M. P., Ceriaco, L. M. P., Blackburn, D. C. & Bauer, A. M. (2018) Diversity and distribution of the amphibians and terrestrial reptiles of Angola atlas of historical and bibliographic records (1840 - 2017). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 65 (Supplement 2), 1 - 501.","Ceriaco, L. M. P., Heinicke, M. P., Parker, K. L., Marques, M. P. & Bauer, A. M. (2020 b) A review of the African snake-eyed skinks (Scincidae: Panaspis) from Angola, with the description of a new species. Zootaxa, 4747 (1), 077 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4747.1.3","Ferreira, J. B. (1904) Reptis e amphibios de Angola da regiao ao norte do Quanza (Colleccao Newton 1903). Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Serie, 7 (25), 111 - 117.","Ceriaco, L. M. P., De Sa, S. A. C., Bandeira, S., Valerio, H., Stanley, E. L., Kuhn, A. L., Marques, M. P., Vindum, J. V., Blackburn, D. C. & Bauer, A. M. (2016 a) Herpetological survey of the Iona National Park and Namibe National Park, Angola, with a synoptic list of the amphibians and reptiles of Namibe Province, southwestern Angola. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 63 (2), 15 - 61.","Ceriaco, L. M. P., Marques, M. P., Bandeira, S., Blackburn, D. C. & Bauer, A. M. (2018 b) Herpetological survey of Cangandala National Park with a synoptic list of the amphibians and reptiles of Malanje Province, central Angola. Herpetological Review, 49 (3), 408 - 431.","Medina, M. F., Bauer, A. M., Branch, W. R., Schmitz, A., Conradie, W., Nagy, Z. T., Hibbitts, T. J., Ernst, R., Portik, D. M., Nielsen, S. V., Colston, T. J., Kusamba, C., Behangana, M., Rodel, M. - O. & Greenbaum, E. (2016) Molecular phylogeny of Panaspis and Afroablepharus skinks (Squamata: Scincidae) in the savannas of sub-Saharan Africa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 100, 409 - 423. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2016.04.026"]}

Trachylepis binotata (Bocage, 1867) Material (one specimen): One adult specimen (MHNCUP/REP 268, formerly UP-MHNFCP-040729; Fig. S41), collected from unknown locality, date unknown. Comments: Trachylepis binotata is a large arboreal skink found in southwestern Angola and northwestern Namibia (Marques et al. 2018; Butler et al. 2019). Ferreira (1904, 1906) did not cite this specimen; however, the jar’s external tag is noted with the generic identification of “ Mabuia ”, an identification most likely done by him. Without locality information, we cannot assess whether the specimen falls inside the expected distribution range. Nevertheless, the specimen was most likely collected by Newton from Namibe Province, where this species is known to occur (Marques et al. 2018)., Published as part of Santos, Bruna S., Marques, Mariana P., Bauer, Aaron M. & Ceríaco, Luis M. P., 2021, Herpetological results of Francisco Newton's Zoological Expedition to Angola (1903 – 1906): a taxonomic revision and new records of a forgotten collection, pp. 1-80 in Zootaxa 5028 (1) on page 24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5028.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5453967, {"references":["Bocage, J. V. B. (1867) Batraciens nouveaux de l'Afrique occidentale (Loanda et Benguella). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867, 843 - 846.","Marques, M. P., Ceriaco, L. M. P., Blackburn, D. C. & Bauer, A. M. (2018) Diversity and distribution of the amphibians and terrestrial reptiles of Angola atlas of historical and bibliographic records (1840 - 2017). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 65 (Supplement 2), 1 - 501.","Butler, B. O., Ceriaco, L. M. P., Marques, M. P., Bandeira, S., Julio, T., Heinicke, M. P. & Bauer, A. M. (2019) Herpetological survey of Huila Province, southwest Angola, including first records from Bicuar National Park. Herpetological Review, 50 (2), 225 - 240.","Ferreira, J. B. (1904) Reptis e amphibios de Angola da regiao ao norte do Quanza (Colleccao Newton 1903). Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Serie, 7 (25), 111 - 117.","Ferreira, J. B. (1906) Algumas especies novas ou pouco conhecidas de amphibios e reptis de Angola (Coleccao Newton - 1903 - 1904). Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Serie, 7 (26), 159 - 171."]}

Trachylepis occidentalis (Peters, 1867) Material (three specimens): One adult specimen (MHNCUP/REP 273, formerly UP-MHNFCP-017375; Fig. S43), collected from Bahia dos Tigres [=Baía dos Tigres] [-16.58559º, 11.82709º, 98 m a.s.l.] Namibe Province, in 1905; one adult specimen (MHNCUP/REP 274, formerly UP-MHNFCP-017376), collected from Bahia dos Tigres [= Baía dos Tigres] [-16.58559º, 11.82709º, 98 m a.s.l.] Namibe Province, in 1905; one adult specimen (MHNCUP/REP 275, formerly UP-MHNFCP-040728), collected from unknown locality, date unknown. Comments: The distribution range of T. occidentalis in Angola is mostly limited to desert regions in Namibe Province, southwestern Angola; it also occurs in central and western Namibia as well as western South Africa (Ceríaco et al. 2016a; Marques et al. 2018). None of these specimens were published by Ferreira (1904, 1906). Recently, Ceríaco et al. (2016a) collected the third published record for Angola from “Pico Azevedo” and sighted specimens (uncollected) near Espinheira camp, Namibe Province., Published as part of Santos, Bruna S., Marques, Mariana P., Bauer, Aaron M. & Ceríaco, Luis M. P., 2021, Herpetological results of Francisco Newton's Zoological Expedition to Angola (1903 – 1906): a taxonomic revision and new records of a forgotten collection, pp. 1-80 in Zootaxa 5028 (1) on pages 24-25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5028.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5453967, {"references":["Ceriaco, L. M. P., De Sa, S. A. C., Bandeira, S., Valerio, H., Stanley, E. L., Kuhn, A. L., Marques, M. P., Vindum, J. V., Blackburn, D. C. & Bauer, A. M. (2016 a) Herpetological survey of the Iona National Park and Namibe National Park, Angola, with a synoptic list of the amphibians and reptiles of Namibe Province, southwestern Angola. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 63 (2), 15 - 61.","Marques, M. P., Ceriaco, L. M. P., Blackburn, D. C. & Bauer, A. M. (2018) Diversity and distribution of the amphibians and terrestrial reptiles of Angola atlas of historical and bibliographic records (1840 - 2017). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 65 (Supplement 2), 1 - 501.","Ferreira, J. B. (1904) Reptis e amphibios de Angola da regiao ao norte do Quanza (Colleccao Newton 1903). Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Serie, 7 (25), 111 - 117.","Ferreira, J. B. (1906) Algumas especies novas ou pouco conhecidas de amphibios e reptis de Angola (Coleccao Newton - 1903 - 1904). Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Serie, 7 (26), 159 - 171."]}

Sepsina angolensis Bocage, 1866 Material (one specimen): One adult specimen (MHNCUP/REP 345, formerly UP-MHNFCP-017384; Fig. S38), collected from Zembe [-9.31667º, 14.66667º, 539 m a.s.l.] Kwanza Norte Province, in September 1903. Comments: Sepsina angolensis is known from Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, northern Namibia and Zambia (Ceríaco et al. 2018a; Marques et al. 2018). Ferreira (1904) published two adult specimens of S. angolensis from “Catete” and “Zembe” (MHNCUP/REP 345). Additionally, Ferreira (1906) also cited an adult specimen of “ Sepsina bayoni ” Bocage, 1866 from Golungo Alto (Kwanza Norte Province) that we were unable to locate. S. angolensis is the type species of its genus (Bocage 1866)., Published as part of Santos, Bruna S., Marques, Mariana P., Bauer, Aaron M. & Ceríaco, Luis M. P., 2021, Herpetological results of Francisco Newton's Zoological Expedition to Angola (1903 – 1906): a taxonomic revision and new records of a forgotten collection, pp. 1-80 in Zootaxa 5028 (1) on page 23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5028.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5453967, {"references":["Bocage, J. V. B. (1866) Reptiles nouveaux ou peu connus recueillis dans les possessions portugaises de l'Afrique occidentale, qui se trouvent au Museum de Lisbonne. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, I, 57 - 78.","Ceriaco, L. M. P., Marques, M., Bandeira, S. Heinicke, M., Boye, C., Stanley, E., Blackburn, D. & Bauer, A. (2018 a) A taxonomic review and phylogeny of the African Burrowing Skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Sepsina Bocage, 1866). Joint meeting of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Rochester, New York. [unknown pagination]","Marques, M. P., Ceriaco, L. M. P., Blackburn, D. C. & Bauer, A. M. (2018) Diversity and distribution of the amphibians and terrestrial reptiles of Angola atlas of historical and bibliographic records (1840 - 2017). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 65 (Supplement 2), 1 - 501.","Ferreira, J. B. (1904) Reptis e amphibios de Angola da regiao ao norte do Quanza (Colleccao Newton 1903). Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Serie, 7 (25), 111 - 117.","Ferreira, J. B. (1906) Algumas especies novas ou pouco conhecidas de amphibios e reptis de Angola (Coleccao Newton - 1903 - 1904). Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Serie, 7 (26), 159 - 171."]}

Trachylepis albopunctata (Bocage, 1867) Material (one specimen): One adult specimen (MHNCUP/REP 269; Fig. S39), collected from Ambaca [-9.26667º, 15.18333º, 738 m a.s.l.] Kwanza Norte Province, by Américo da Costa (offered to Francisco Newton), date unknown. Comments: Trachylepis albopunctata is a widespread species in Angola, although it is absent from southeastern regions of the country (Marques et al. 2018). This specimen was presumably offered to Newton by Américo da Costa, as that was the name present in its internal label. Ferreira (1904, 1906) did not cite it in any of his publications but identified it as “ Mabuia varia ”. The Angolan and Zambian specimens of this species have long been considered to be Trachylepis varia, however Weinell & Bauer (2018) concluded that Trachylepis varia is absent from both countries. Marques et al. (2018) referred to the species as Trachylepis albopunctata and later, Weinell et al. (2019), in a phylogeny study on the genus Trachylepis, followed its usage for Angolan (and Zambian) specimens., Published as part of Santos, Bruna S., Marques, Mariana P., Bauer, Aaron M. & Ceríaco, Luis M. P., 2021, Herpetological results of Francisco Newton's Zoological Expedition to Angola (1903 – 1906): a taxonomic revision and new records of a forgotten collection, pp. 1-80 in Zootaxa 5028 (1) on pages 23-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5028.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5453967, {"references":["Bocage, J. V. B. (1867) Batraciens nouveaux de l'Afrique occidentale (Loanda et Benguella). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867, 843 - 846.","Marques, M. P., Ceriaco, L. M. P., Blackburn, D. C. & Bauer, A. M. (2018) Diversity and distribution of the amphibians and terrestrial reptiles of Angola atlas of historical and bibliographic records (1840 - 2017). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 65 (Supplement 2), 1 - 501.","Ferreira, J. B. (1904) Reptis e amphibios de Angola da regiao ao norte do Quanza (Colleccao Newton 1903). Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Serie, 7 (25), 111 - 117.","Ferreira, J. B. (1906) Algumas especies novas ou pouco conhecidas de amphibios e reptis de Angola (Coleccao Newton - 1903 - 1904). Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Serie, 7 (26), 159 - 171.","Weinell, J. L. & Bauer, A. M. (2018) Systematics and phylogeography of the widely distributed african skink Trachylepis varia species complex. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 120, 103 - 117. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2017.11.014","Weinell, J. L., Branch, W. R., Colston, T. J., Jackman, T. R., Kuhn, A., Conradie, W. & Bauer, A. M. (2019) A species-level phylogeny of Trachylepis (Scincidae: Mabuyinae) provides insight into their reproductive mode evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 136, 183 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.04.002"]}

Trachylepis maculilabris (Gray, 1845) Material (one specimen): (MHNCUP/REP 272; Fig. S42), collected from unknown locality, date unknown. Comments: Trachylepis maculilabris is a human commensal species widely spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa that can be found in the northern regions of Angola and in scattered southern localities (Marques et al. 2018). Ceríaco et al. (2016c) had previously suggested that T. maculilabris constituted a species complex, which was confirmed in a recent phylogenetics study by Allen et al. (2019), with the authors uncovering four distinct lineages. Furthermore, Ceríaco et al. (2014a) noted that Angolan material seems to match the typical form of T. maculilabris and represents its most southwestern populations (Ceríaco et al. 2016c). Ferreira (1906) reported specimens from “Cambondo” and “Golungo” (adult and juvenile respectively), to which the extant specimen probably corresponds., Published as part of Santos, Bruna S., Marques, Mariana P., Bauer, Aaron M. & Ceríaco, Luis M. P., 2021, Herpetological results of Francisco Newton's Zoological Expedition to Angola (1903 – 1906): a taxonomic revision and new records of a forgotten collection, pp. 1-80 in Zootaxa 5028 (1) on page 24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5028.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5453967, {"references":["Marques, M. P., Ceriaco, L. M. P., Blackburn, D. C. & Bauer, A. M. (2018) Diversity and distribution of the amphibians and terrestrial reptiles of Angola atlas of historical and bibliographic records (1840 - 2017). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 65 (Supplement 2), 1 - 501.","Ceriaco, L. M. P., Marques, M. P. & Bauer, A. M. (2016 c) A review of the genus Trachylepis (Sauria: Scincidae) from the Gulf of Guinea, with descriptions of two new species in the Trachylepis maculilabris (Gray, 1845) species complex. Zootaxa, 4109 (3), 284 - 314. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4109.3.2","Allen, K. E., Tapondjou N., W. P., Greenbaum, E., Welton, L. J. & Bauer, A. M. (2019) High levels of hidden phylogenetic structure within Central and West African Trachylepis skinks. Salamandra, 55 (4), 231 - 241.","Ceriaco, L. M. P., Bauer, A. M., Blackburn, D. C. & Lavres, A. C. F. C. (2014 a) The herpetofauna of the Capanda Dam Region, Malanje, Angola. Herpetological Review, 45 (4), 667 - 674.","Ferreira, J. B. (1906) Algumas especies novas ou pouco conhecidas de amphibios e reptis de Angola (Coleccao Newton - 1903 - 1904). Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Serie, 7 (26), 159 - 171."]}

Panaspis wahlbergi (Smith, 1849) (Fig. 7, 13–15) Ablepharus Wahlbergii (Bocage 1895: 52) Ablepharus wahlbergii (Boulenger 1905: 111; Loveridge 1957: 219) Afroablepharus wahlbergi (FitzSimons 1937: 269; Greer 1974: 32; Perret 1975: 8; Schmitz et al. 2005: 19; Bates et al. 2014: 257) Panaspis wahlbergi (Branch 1998: 159; Jacobsen & Broadley 2000: 63; Branch & Conradie 2015: 200; Medina et al. 2016: 410; Branch et al. 2019a: 296) Panaspis aff. wahlbergi (Marques et al. 2018: 249; Branch et al. 2019a: 318) Panaspis sp. (Baptista et al. 2018: 400) Panaspis aff. namibiana (Butler et al. 2019: 233) P. wahlbergi was originally described as Cryptoblepharus wahlbergi by Smith (1849) based on specimens from the “Country to the eastward of the Cape Colony,” later restricted to KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, by FitzSimons (1937). Similar to all other members of the genus, the species has a complex taxonomic history, especially regarding its genetic allocation (for a review of its taxonomic and nomenclatural history see Schmitz et al. 2005 and Medina et al. 2016). The first records of this species for Angola were provided by Bocage (1895), who noted specimens collected by J.A.O. de Anchieta from Cahata and Caconda, in the higher elevation areas of Benguela and Huíla provinces, respectively. As he had done with P. cabindae, Bocage (1895) provided a detailed illustration of Angolan P. wahlbergi (Fig. 7). Boulenger (1905) referred to this species specimens collected “between Benguella and Bihé” [between what it is currently understood as Benguela and Bié provinces] by the British explorer William John Ansorge (1850–1913). These are the only published records of the species for Angola, although some other specimens assignable to the species were collected in the country during the twentieth century and deposited in the collections of Portuguese (IICT), North American (CAS, FMNH) and South African (TM) museums. More recently the species has been relocated in the country. Baptista et al. (2018) reported the presence of Panaspis sp. in theTundavala area. Butler et al. (2019) reported one specimen from Bicuar National Park, which they mistakenly labeled as P. aff. namibiana. Other specimens were recently collected by the authors LMPC and MPM in southeastern Bié Province. Both Marques et al. (2018) and Branch et al. (2019) referred to the central Angolan populations of P. wahlbergi as P. aff. wahlbergi, suggesting doubts about its conspecificity with the nominotypical form, and even suggesting that the Angolan population may represent a different taxon (Branch et al. 2019a). However, contrary to what Medina et al. (2016) demonstrated for the eastern African populations, where a high level of cryptic diversity exists, and to the suspicions of Marques et al. (2018) and Branch et al. (2019), our results unambiguously place the central Angolan population as conspecific with nominotypic wahlbergi. The presence in the country of additional undescribed wahlbergi -like lineages cannot be excluded, as Bittencourt-Silva (2019) recently reported the presence of one of these lineages (“ Panaspis sp. Katanga 2” sensu Medina et al. 2016) in northwestern Zambia, not far from the Angolan border. Specimens from Calombe-Luso, Moxico Province, (IICT 268–1959 and 276–1959) could potentially belong to this lineage as well. Further sampling in the eastern regions of the country is needed to address this possibility. Diagnosis. Panaspis wahlbergi can be distinguished from other members of the genus occurring in Angola by the following combination of characteristics: 1) absence of supranasals; 2) ablepharine eye (as defined by Greer 1974); 3) frontoparietals fused; 4) dorsum coppery-brown, with a broad black lateral band; 5) absence of rows of light spots on the neck; 6) usually a presence of a white ventrolateral stripe, from supralabials to the groin; 7) 24 to 26 midbody scales rows (Figs. 13–14). Specimens examined. ANGOLA: Benguela Province: Cubal [-13.03333º, 14.25, 922 m] ( TM 39762); Kwanza-Sul Province: 10 miles SE of Quirimbo [-10.83998º, 14.308124º, 851 m] (CAS 85966); Bié Province: near Mumbué [-13.85417º, 17.47044º, 1631 m] (AMB 11675 –11676); Chitau [-11.43333º, 17.15º, 1510 m] ( FMNH 74295, AMNH 48505); Huíla Province: Caconda [-13.73333º, 15.06667º, 1675 m] ( NHM 1906.8.24.72); 19 miles NE of Lubango [-14.78503º, 13.730408º, 1691 m] (CAS 85956); Lubango [-14.916667º, 13.5º, 1760 m] (FMNH 74295); Bicuar National Park [-15.1034º, 14.8311º, 1243 m] (CAS 263401). Distribution. Medina et al. (2016) restricted to Mozambique and northeastern South Africa, but we here extend that distribution into south-central Angola. Historical records from Zimbabwe and Zambia might also represent true wahlbergi, potentially connecting the Angolan population to those of Mozambique and South Africa. However, this distribution requires further assessment, as other cryptic lineages may also be present, as evidenced by the recent discovery in northwestern Zambia of one of the Katangan cryptic lineages of wahlbergi by Bittencourt-Silva (2019). In Angola, P. wahlbergi is limited to the central and southern areas of the Angolan plateau, from Benguela Province to Bié (Fig. 15), but is most likely that the species also occurs in the neighboring areas of Moxico and Cuando-Cubango provinces. Habitat and Natural History notes. The species is found in Miombo Woodlands, usually under leaf-litter, under rocks, or moving through grass (Fig. 16)., Published as part of Ceríaco, Luis M. P., Heinicke, Matthew P., Parker, Kelly L., Marques, Mariana P. & Bauer, Aaron M., 2020, A review of the African snake-eyed skinks (Scincidae: Panaspis) from Angola, with the description of a new species, pp. 77-112 in Zootaxa 4747 (1) on pages 98-101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4747.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3693431, {"references":["Smith, A. (1849) Appendix. In: Smith, A. (Ed.), Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa, Reptilia, 1849, pp. 1 - 28 + [i].","Bocage, J. V. B. (1895) Herpetologie d'Angola et du Congo. Ministerio da Marinha e das Colonias, Lisbonne, 203 pp., 20 pls.","Boulenger, G. A. (1905) A list of the batrachians and reptiles collected by Dr. W. J. Ansorge in Angola with descriptions of new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 16, 105 - 115, pl. 4. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745480509443656","FitzSimons, V. F. M. (1937) Notes on the reptiles and amphibians collected and described from South Africa by Andrew Smith. Annals of the Transvaal Museum, 17, 259 - 274.","Greer, A. E. (1974) The generic relationships of the scincid lizard genus Leiolopisma and its relatives. Australian Journal of Zoology, 31, 1 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ajzs 031","Perret, J. L. (1975) La differentiation dans le genre Panaspis Cope (Reptilia: Scincidae). Bulletin de la Societe Neuchateloise des Sciences Naturelles, 98, 5 - 16.","Schmitz, A., Ineich, I. & Chirio, L. (2005) Molecular review of the genus Panaspis sensu lato (Reptilia: Scincidae) in Cameroon, with special reference to the status of the proposed subgenera. Zootaxa, 863 (1), 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 863.1.1","Bates, M. F., Branch, W. R., Bauer, A. M., Burguer, M., Marais, J., Alexander, G. J. & De Villiers, M. S. (2014) Atlas and Red List of the Reptiles of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Suricata 1. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, xvii + 459 pp.","Branch, W. R. (1998) Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa. 3 rd Edition. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, 399 pp.","Jacobsen, N. H. G. & Broadley, D. G. (2000) A new species of Panaspis Cope (Reptilia: Scincidae) from southern Africa. African Journal of Herpetology, 49 (1), 61 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 21564574.2000.9650017","Branch, W. R. & Conradie, W. (2015) IV. Herpetofauna da regiao da Lagoa Carumbo. In: Huntley, B. & Francisco, P. (Eds.), Avaliacao Rapida da Biodiversidade da Regiao da Lagoa Carumbo, Lunda Norte-Angola. Ministerio do Ambiente de Angola, Luanda, Angola, pp. 194 - 209.","Medina, M. F., Bauer, A. M., Branch, W. R., Schmitz, A., Conradie, W., Nagy, Z. T., Hibbitts, T. J., Ernst, R., Portik, D. M., Nielsen, S. V., Colston, T. J., Kusamba, C., Behangana, M. & Rodel, M. - O. (2016) Molecular phylogeny of Panaspis and Afroablepharus skinks (Squamata: Scincidae) in the savannas of sub-Saharan Africa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 100, 409 - 423. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2016.04.026","Branch, W. R., Pinto. P. V., Baptista, N. & Conradie, W. (2019 a) The Reptiles of Angola: History, Diversity, Endemism and Hotspots. In: Huntley, B, Russo, V., Lages & Ferrand, N. (Eds.) Biodiversity of Angola, Science & Conservation: A Modern Synthesis. Springer, Cham, pp. 283 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 030 - 03083 - 4 _ 13","Marques, M. P., Ceriaco, L. M. P., Blackburn, D. C. & Bauer, A. M. (2018) Diversity and distribution of the amphibians and terrestrial reptiles of Angola-Atlas of historical and bibliographic records (1840 - 2017). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 65 (supplement 2), 1 - 501.","Baptista, N., Antonio, T. & Branch, W. R. (2018) Amphibians and reptiles of the Tundavala region of the Angolan Escarpment. Biodiversity & Ecology, 6, 397 - 403. https: // doi. org / 10.7809 / b-e. 00351","Butler, B. O., Ceriaco, L. M., Marques, M. P., Bandeira, S., Julio, T., Heinicke, M. P. & Bauer, A. M. (2019) Herpetological Survey of Huila Province, Southwest Angola, Including First Records from Bicuar National Park. Herpetological Review, 50, 225 - 240.","Bittencourt-Silva, G. B. (2019) A herpetological survey of western Zambia. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 13 (2), 1 - 28."]}

Panaspis maculicollis Jacobsen & Broadley, 2000 Panaspis maculicollis (Conradie et al. 2016: 25; Medina et al. 2016: 414; Ceríaco et al. 2018a: 141; Marques et al. 2018: 248; Branch et al. 2019a: 293, 317) This species was described by Jacobsen & Broadley (2000), based on specimens from northern Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa, northern Botswana, northeastern Namibia, Zimbabwe, southern Zambia and central Mozambique. Medina et al. (2016) presented evidence that the central Namibian populations, as well as those from Mozambique and Limpopo represent undescribed species. The central Namibian population was recent- ly described by Ceríaco et al. (2018), while the other lineages await description. Conradie et al. (2016) presented the first record of the species for Angola, based on a single specimen collected in the southeastern tip of Cuando- Cubango Province. The taxonomic identity of this specimen was confirmed by Medina et al. (2016). Diagnosis. Panaspis maculicollis can be distinguished from other members of the genus occurring in Angola by the following combination of characteristics: 1) absence of supranasals; 2) ablepharine eye (as defined by Greer 1974); 3) frontoparietals fused; 4) dorsum coppery-brown, with a dorsolateral light stripe extending approximately to midbody, and a thin darker band starting on the temporals and extending to midbody; 5) presence of rows of light spots on the neck; 6) absence of a white ventrolateral stripe; 7) 22 to 28 midbody scales rows (usually 26). Additional material. ANGOLA: Cuando-Cubango Province: Cuando Basin [-17.535º, 23.18916º, 983 m] (PEM R 20007). Distribution. The species is known from the Kalahari sand areas of northeastern Namibia, northern Botswana and western Zimbabwe. In Angola, the species enters the extreme southeastern tip of Cuando-Cubango Province, however it is probable that it is more widespread in the province, and similar habitat extends into Moxico Province (Fig. 12). Habitat and Natural History notes. A terrestrial species occupying a variety of habitats from rocky or stony hillsides to open woodland/grassland at altitudes of 220-1200 m (Jacobsen & Broadley 2000). In Angola the species is known from the sparse Miombo woodlands from southeastern Moxico.

Panaspis mocamedensis sp. nov. (Fig. 17–19) With the exception of P. cabindae, the presence of Panaspis species in Namibe province has never been noted. According to our molecular data, some Panaspis from Namibe province represent a distinct lineage of the Panaspis maculicollis species complex, sister to the recently described P. namibiana from neighboring Namibia (Ceríaco et al. 2018a). Based on the molecular and morphological evidence produced in this study, we herein describe this population as a new species, putatively endemic to the province. Holotype. FLMNH 187243 (field number AMB 10652), unsexed adult, from a river bed, 45 km SW of Virei (-16.11958°, 12.83458°, 523 m), Namibe Province, Republic of Angola, collected by Luis M. P. Ceríaco, Ishan Agarwal, Suzana Bandeira and Pedro Baptista on 3 December 2016 (Fig. 17–18). Paratypes. Four specimens, all from the Republic of Angola: CAS 263325, 263326, 263327 (field numbers AMB 10649, 10650, 10651 respectively) all unsexed adults, with the same collecting data as the holotype; CAS 264266 (field number AMB 11401) from Maungo farm (-14.538018º, 12.744793º, 365 m), Namibe Province, Republic of Angola, collected by L.M.P. Ceríaco, Mariana P. Marques, Joyce Janota and Alvaro (Varito) Baptista on 9 August 2018; Diagnosis. Panaspis mocamedensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from other members of the genus by the following combination of characteristics: 1) absence of supranasals; 2) ablepharine eye (as defined by Greer 1974); 3) frontoparietals fused; 4) dorsum coppery-brown, with a dorsolateral light stripe extending approximately to midbody, accompanied by a thinner stripe composed by black dots band starting on the temporals and extending to the base of the tail; 5) presence of rows of light spots on the neck; 6) absence of a white ventrolateral stripe; 7) 23 to 24 midbody scales rows. Description of the holotype. Unsexed subadult in good condition, but with a regenerated tail. Arrangement and relative size of head, body and tail scales typical for Panaspis. Robust, cylindrical body with well-developed pentadactyl limbs. Fore- and hind-limbs do not overlap when adpressed against the body. SVL 32.6 mm, tail regenerated. Head length 6.2 mm, with relatively acuminate snout (HL 172% HW). Other relevant measurements are presented in Table 5. Rostral wider than high, and visible from above. Nasals widely separated behind rostral by frontonasal. Frontonasal acuminate anteriorly, wider than long. Nostrils small, set posteriorly in the nasals bordering the postnasal. Prefrontals in contact with one another, almost pentagonal, contacting loreals, first supraocular, and frontal. Two loreals, the posterior margins of the largest loreal bordering the preocular, which is higher than wide. Frontal length shorter than distance between anterior tip of frontal and tip of snout; frontal in contact with prefrontals anteriorly, the first supraocular, and frontoparietals. Frontoparietals fused, in contact with the frontal, three supraoculars, parietals and interparietal. Frontoparietal plus interparietal length 2.2 times length of the frontal. Interparietal pentagonal with visible parietal foramen in anterior part; parietals about the same width of that of the frontoparietals and contacting each other at the anterior point of the interparietal. Parietals in contact. A pair of large, broad nuchals collectively bordered by a total of eight dorsals. Supraoculars three. Supraciliaries four (left side) and four (right side), third largest. Pretemporals two. Tympanum visible, approximately one seventh the height of the eye. Supralabials six, the fifth and sixth being the suboculars. Ablepharine eye. Infralabials five. Postmental bordering five scales (mental, two primary chin-shields, and one infralabial on each side). Ventral scales smooth. MSR 23, SAD 56, SAV 57. Limbs with five digits; scales on soles of hands and feet smooth. Relative length of digits of manus III>IV>II>VI relative length of digits of pes IV>III>II=V>I. Finger-IV scales 9 (right side), Toe-IV scales 15 (right side). Tail long, robust and tapering smoothly. Both in life and preservative, background color of flanks and upper side of head, neck, dorsum, legs and tail is coppery brown, with a darker dot in the anterior part of each scale. Posteriorly the tail is lighter, with disjunct dark speckles. A beige stripe, less than one scale wide, limited by the dorsal background color above and by a thin stripe of darker brown below (especially evident under the anterior part of eye), extends from the temporals and runs along the insertion of the arms. Areas below the dark brown stripe become lighter, until they reach the ventral side, which is beige. Presence of rows of light spots on the neck. Supralabials light beige anteriorly and posteriorly, with strong coppery brown markings in the middle. This pattern extends to the infralabials. Venter uniformly light-beige, as are the palmar regions of hands and feet. Variation. Variaton in scalation and body measurements of the paratypes of Panaspis mocamedensis sp. nov. is reported in Table 5. The majority of the paratypes agree entirely with the holotype, except regarding the contact between the prefrontals, which are separated in paratypes CAS 263325 and 263326. Comparison with other south and southwestern African Panaspis. As the molecular data provide evidence of the independence of the P. mocamedensis sp. nov. lineage from all other taxa, we here restrict our morphological comparisons to those named congeners occurring in Namibia and Angola. The extreme morphological conservatism of Panaspis limits diagnostic characters for most species (except P. cabindae and P. aff. breviceps) to subtle features, chiefly related to coloration pattern. Comparing P. mocamedensis sp. nov. with P. cabindae and P. aff. breviceps, the newly described species can be easily distinguished by not having supranasals (present in P. cabindae), by having an ablepharine eye (pre-ablepharine eye in P. cabindae and completely movable lower eyelids in P. aff. breviceps), and by having the frontoparietals fused (divided in P. cabindae and in P. aff. breviceps). In comparison with P. wahlbergi, P. mocamedensis sp. nov. can be distinguished by its coloration, namely by the lack of the broad black lateral stripe and bordering ventrolateral white stripe extending from the supralabials through the ear to the groin (males) or terminating behind the shoulder (females). Panaspis mocamedensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from P. maculicollis on the basis of the lack of black patch extending from ear to just beyond the shoulder and by having a smaller count of midbody scale rows (23 to 24 in P. mocamedensis sp. nov. versus typically 26 in P. maculicollis). P. mocamedensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from the newly described P. namibiana on the basis of the presence two or three vertical or diagonal rows of white spots on the neck and by having a smaller count of midbody scale rows (23 to 24 in P. mocamedensis sp. nov. versus usually more than 24 in P. namibiana). Distribution. The newly described species is currently only known from central Namibe Province (Fig. 19). It is likely that the species occurs in other regions of the province where appropriate habitat is available, but further sampling is needed to confirm its presence. Habitat and Natural History notes. The species is terrestrial and is typically found under leaf litter or other debris. It is only known from habitats represented by mosaics of steppes and savannah dominated by Mopane trees and sandy soils (Fig. 20; Grandvaux-Barbosa 1973). Specimens from Virei were captured by day, but CAS 264266 was active under debris well after sunset. Etymology. The specific epithet “ mocamedensis ” refers to the former name of Namibe Province (Moçâmedes), to which the species is apparently endemic. We propose the English vernacular name “Moçamedes Snake-Eyed Skink” and the Portuguese vernacular name of “Lagartixa da Manta-Morta de Moçâmedes”.

Panaspis cabindae (Bocage, 1866) (Fig. 7–10) Chresonymy (includes only citations unambiguously pertaining to specimens referable to the species, or explicitly stating or depicting its geographic range). Ablepharus cabindae (Bocage 1866a: 64, 1895: 51; Peters 1877: 614; Boulenger 1887: 352; Ferreira 1904: 116; Parker 1936: 136) Ablepharus Cabindae (Bocage 1866b: 45, 1867: 224, 1887: 179, 1897: 196) Ablepharus aeneus (Boulenger 1887: 352) Riopa (Panaspis) cabindae (Smith 1937: 229) Panaspis cabindae (Greer 1974: 29; Perret 1975: 8; Schmitz et al. 2005: 23; Ceríaco et al. 2016a: 57; 2016b: 65; Medina et al. 2016: 411; Ceríaco et al. 2018a: 141; Ceríaco et al. 2018c: 423; Marques et al. 2018: 247; Branch et al. 2019a: 317) This species was described by Bocage (1866) based on three specimens collected by the Portuguese explorer José Alberto de Oliveira de Anchieta (1832–1897) in the Cabinda enclave, northwestern Angola. Cope (1868) described a new genus and species Panaspis aeneus. The description of this species was problematic as Cope was unable to provide a specific type locality (according to the original description Habitat. Probably Swan River, Australia; possibly from South-Western Africa.), and the holotype is currently lost. The usage of the nomen aeneus was short-lived, as the only other reference to aeneus as a valid species was that of Boulenger (1887), when referring to specimens from Angola. The two specimens labelled as aeneus by Boulenger (1887) were collected by the London-born Portuguese colonial officer Joaquim John Monteiro (1833–1878) in the Luanda region. These specimens are still extant in the collections of the BMNH under the accession number 1873.7.28.11 and are unambiguously conspecific with P. cabindae. In his scholarly revision of the herpetofauna of Angola, Bocage (1895) was the first to synonymize aeneus with cabindae, a decision then followed by all subsequent authors (e.g. Fuhn 1972; Perret 1975). In the same work Bocage (1895) provided the first illustration of the species, including detailed views of the head scalation (Fig. 7). Despite the unavailability of aeneus type material, the original description provides enough morphological data to confidently confirm that it is conspecific with cabindae, namely the presence of supranasals, pre-ablepharine eye and frontoparietals separated, diagnostic features of cabindae (see below). Due to this lack of ambiguity, a neotype designation for aeneus is not needed. The same holds true for cabindae itself, as the original type series was destroyed in the fire that engulfed the zoological collections of Museu Bocage, Lisbon, in 1978. The most recent data on the species was provided by Medina et al. (2016) who confirmed, through molecular data, that the species extended from southwestern Democratic Republic of the Congo to southwestern Angola; our sequence data here further fills in the Angolan distribution of the species. Other recent published records include those from Cangandala National Park, Malanje Province, Central Angola reported by Ceríaco et al. (2016b) and Ceríaco et al. (2018c). Marques et al. (2018) presented and mapped all available records of the species for Angola. Despite being a quite common species in Angola (LMPC pers. obs.), not much has been published about the distriution, natural history, ecology or conservation status of this species. Diagnosis. Panaspis cabindae can be distinguished from other members of the genus occurring inAngola and surroundingsregionbyhaving1)presenceofsupranasals;2)pre-ablepharineeye(asdefinedbyGreer1974);3)frontoparietalsseparated;dorsumcoppery-brown,withfourveryvaguelongitudinalstripesextendingapproximatelytomidbody, and a thin darker band starting on the temporals and extending to midbody; 5) absence of rows of light spots on the neck; 6) absence of a white ventrolateral stripe; 7) 23 to 26 midbody scales rows (Figs. 8–9). Specimens examined. ANGOLA: Cabinda Province: Chinchoxo [-5.1º, 12.1º, 45 m] (ZMB 9168, 9276); Zaire Province: Soyo [-6.134903º, 12.368935º, 10 m] (PEM 20256 –20260); Uíge Province: Kimpa Vita University Campus [-7.618614º, 15.065536º, 1122 m] (MTD 48612); Luanda Province: Luanda [-8.83333º, 13.26667º, 81 m] (NHM 1951.1.1.94), Cabiri [-8.91667º, 13.66667º, 30 m] ( AMB 10881, 10883), Kissama National Park [-9.18303°, 13.37063°, 136 m] (FLMNH 187235–241); Bengo Province: Catete [-9.11667º, 13.7º, 21 m] (MHN- CUP 017380), Riverine Forest [-9.11667º, 13.7º, 21 m] PEM R 21594; Benguela Province: Lobito Bay [-12.35º, 13.55º, 7 m] (AMNH R-48501), Hanha [-13.3º, 14.2º, 953 m] (AMNH R-40671, 48502, 48504, 40718); Malanje Province: Duque de Bragança / Kalandula [-9.1º, 15.95º, 1011 m] (ZMB 7775, CAS 263590), Cangandala National Park [-9.84606º, 16.72233º, 1111 m] (CAS 258403–407); Laúca [-9.762749º, 15.143798º, 750 m] (ANG 40-41, AMB 9190, 9209, 9214, 9230, 9250, 9251, 9254, 9255, 9256, 9257, 9258, 9259, 9260, 9261, 9262, 9676, 9677, 9678, 9685, 9686); Lunda Norte Province: Lagoa Carumbo [-7.74422º, 19.95467º, 789 m] (PEM R 19467); Kwanza-Norte Province: Lucalla [-9.4º, 15.03333º, 411 m] (MHNCUP 017381); N’Dallatando [-9.3º, 14.91667º, 782 m] (NHM 1909.10.29.103); Kwanza-Sul Province: Congulu [-10.86667º, 14.28333º, 639 m] (NHM 1936.8.1.622–624, MCZ R- 112222); Bié Province: Cassumbe [-11.08615º, 16.66619º, 1235 m] (AMB 11696, 11717, 11753, 11788); Chitau [-11.43333º, 17.15º, 1510 m] (FMNH 74295); Namibe Provice: Mamué Riparian área [-13.80147º, 13.12056º, 660 m] (CAS 10315, AMB 10316, CAS 263554, 10321, CAS 263550); Capangombe [-15.1º, 13.15º, 553 m] (MHNCUP 017379, NHMW 10236, CAS 264244). REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Pointe-Noire [-4.762602º, 11.866835º, 33 m] (MNHN 1966.554). DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Bombo-Lumene Reserve Headquarters [-4.42218º, 16.04904º, 619 m] (UTEP Herp-21173); Malela [-5.982438º, 12.621458º, 1 m] (CAS 54820 –821; MCZ R-11286, 14011–14012). Distribution. The species occurs in the southwestern region of Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, extending to all parts of northern Angolan and descending south to central and southwestern Angola through the Angolan escarpment (Fig. 10). Habitat and Natural History notes. The species is found in a wide variety of habitats, from some more coastal, Euphorbia and baobab dominated savannahs, in northwestern Angola, to typical Miombo woodland habitats (Fig. 11) in the central plateau of Angola. The species appears to be absent from the more xeric and desertic areas of the southwest of Angola and northwestern Namibia, however it may possibly be found in more humid areas close to the escarpment. The species is active during the day in leaf-litter, but is rarely seen exposed., Published as part of Ceríaco, Luis M. P., Heinicke, Matthew P., Parker, Kelly L., Marques, Mariana P. & Bauer, Aaron M., 2020, A review of the African snake-eyed skinks (Scincidae: Panaspis) from Angola, with the description of a new species, pp. 77-112 in Zootaxa 4747 (1) on pages 90-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4747.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3693431, {"references":["Bocage, J. V. B. (1866 a) Lista dos reptis das possessoes portuguezas d'Africa ocidental que existem no Museu de Lisboa. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, 1, 37 - 56.","Bocage, J. V. B. (1895) Herpetologie d'Angola et du Congo. Ministerio da Marinha e das Colonias, Lisbonne, 203 pp., 20 pls.","Peters, W. C. H. (1877) Ubersicht der Amphibien aus Chinchoxo (Westafrika), welche von der Afrikanischen Gesellschaft dem Berliner zoologischen Museum ubergeben sind. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1877, 311 - 621, 1 pl.","Boulenger, G. A. (1887) Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Musuem (Natural History). Vol. 3. Lacertid ӕ, Gerrhosaurid ӕ, Scincid ӕ, Anelytropsid ӕ, Dibamid ӕ, Chamaeleontid ӕ. Trustees of the British Museum, London, xii + 575 pp., 40 pls.","Ferreira, J. B. (1904) Reptis e amphibios de Angola da regiao ao norte do Quanza (Colleccao Newton- 1903). Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Serie, 7, 111 - 117.","Parker, H. W. (1936) Dr. Karl Jordan's expedition to South-West Africa and Angola: herpetological collection. Novitates Zoologicae, 40, 115 - 146.","Bocage, J. V. B. (1866 b) Reptiles nouveaux ou peu connus recueillis dans les possessions portugaises de l'Afrique occidentale, qui se trouvent au Museum de Lisbonne. Jornal de Sciences Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, 1, 57 - 78.","Bocage, J. V. B. (1867) Segunda lista dos reptis das possessoes portuguezas d'Africa occidental que existem no Museu de Lisboa. Jornal de Sciences Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, 1, 217 - 228.","Bocage, J. V. B. (1887) Melanges erpetologiques. I. Reptiles et batraciens du Congo. Jornal de Sciences Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, 11, 177 - 192.","Bocage, J. V. B. (1897) Mammiferos, reptis e batrachios d'Africa de que existem exemplares typicos no Museu de Lisboa. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Serie, 4, 187 - 206.","Smith, M. A. (1937) A review of the genus Lygosoma (Scincidae: Reptilia) and its allies. Records of the Indian Museum, 39 (3), 213 - 234.","Greer, A. E. (1974) The generic relationships of the scincid lizard genus Leiolopisma and its relatives. Australian Journal of Zoology, 31, 1 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ajzs 031","Perret, J. L. (1975) La differentiation dans le genre Panaspis Cope (Reptilia: Scincidae). Bulletin de la Societe Neuchateloise des Sciences Naturelles, 98, 5 - 16.","Schmitz, A., Ineich, I. & Chirio, L. (2005) Molecular review of the genus Panaspis sensu lato (Reptilia: Scincidae) in Cameroon, with special reference to the status of the proposed subgenera. Zootaxa, 863 (1), 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 863.1.1","Ceriaco, L. M. P., de Sa, S. A. C., Bandeira, S., Valerio, H., Stanley, E. L., Kuhn, A. L., Marques, M. P., Vindum, J. V., Blackburn, D. C. & Bauer, A. M. (2016 a) Herpetological survey of Iona National Park and Namibe Regional Natural Park, with a synoptic list of the amphibians and reptiles of Namibe Province, southwestern Angola. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 63, 15 - 61.","Ceriaco, L. M. P., Marques, M. P. & Bandeira, S. A. (2016 b) Anfibios e Repteis do Parque Nacional da Canganda. Instituto Nacional da Biodiversidade e Areas de Conservacao, Angola & Museu Nacional de Historia Natural e da Ciencia, Lisboa, 97 pp.","Medina, M. F., Bauer, A. M., Branch, W. R., Schmitz, A., Conradie, W., Nagy, Z. T., Hibbitts, T. J., Ernst, R., Portik, D. M., Nielsen, S. V., Colston, T. J., Kusamba, C., Behangana, M. & Rodel, M. - O. (2016) Molecular phylogeny of Panaspis and Afroablepharus skinks (Squamata: Scincidae) in the savannas of sub-Saharan Africa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 100, 409 - 423. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2016.04.026","Ceriaco, L. M. P., Branch, W. R. & Bauer, A. M. (2018 a) A new species of African snake-eyed skink (Scincidae: Panaspis) from central and northern Namibia. Zootaxa, 4527 (1), 140 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4527.1.12","Ceriaco, L. M. P., Marques, M. P., Bandeira, S., Blackburn, D. C. & Bauer, A. M. (2018 c) Herpetological survey of Cangandala National Park with a synoptic list of the amphibians of Malanje Province, central Angola. Herpetological Review, 49 (3), 408 - 431.","Marques, M. P., Ceriaco, L. M. P., Blackburn, D. C. & Bauer, A. M. (2018) Diversity and distribution of the amphibians and terrestrial reptiles of Angola-Atlas of historical and bibliographic records (1840 - 2017). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 65 (supplement 2), 1 - 501.","Branch, W. R., Pinto. P. V., Baptista, N. & Conradie, W. (2019 a) The Reptiles of Angola: History, Diversity, Endemism and Hotspots. In: Huntley, B, Russo, V., Lages & Ferrand, N. (Eds.) Biodiversity of Angola, Science & Conservation: A Modern Synthesis. Springer, Cham, pp. 283 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 030 - 03083 - 4 _ 13","Jacobsen, N. H. G. & Broadley, D. G. (2000) A new species of Panaspis Cope (Reptilia: Scincidae) from southern Africa. African Journal of Herpetology, 49 (1), 61 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 21564574.2000.9650017","Cope, E. D. (1868) Observations on reptiles of the old world. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 20 (1868), 316 - 323.","Fuhn, I. E. (1972) Revision du phylum forestier du genre Panaspis Cope (Reptilia, Scincidae, Lygosominae). Revue Roumaine de Biologie, serie de Zoologie, 17 (4), 257 - 272."]}

Trachylepis raymondlaurenti Marques, Cer��aco, Bandeira, Pauwels & Bauer sp. nov. (Figs. 5, 6) Mabuya megalura (de Witte 1953: 107) Mabuya megalura subsp. (Laurent 1964: 74) Trachylepis megalura (Broadley & Cotterill 2004: 42 [partim]) Trachylepis cf. megalura (Cer��aco et al. 2016b: 71; 2018b: 423; Marques et al. 2018: 264) Holotype. CAS 258401 (Figs. 5, 6), adult female collected in the Giant Sable Sanctuary of Cangandala National Park (- 9.84606�� N, 16.7223�� E, WGS-84; elevation 1101 m above sea level) (Fig. 4), Malanje Province, Angola, by Mariana Marques, Luis Cer��aco, Suzana Bandeira, Edward Stanley and Jens Vindum on 17 September 2015. Paratypes. MD 5309, adult female collected in Alto Cu��lo (- 10.01667�� N, 19.55�� E, WGS-84; elevation 1101 m), Lunda Sul Province, Angola, by a local in June 1954; MCZ R-67627, adult female with the same collection data as the former; RBINS 2691 (formerly RBINS 6998), adult female collected in Lusinga (- 8.933333�� N, 27.2�� E, WGS-84; elevation 1810 m), Upemba National Park, DRC, during the Mission G. - F. de Witte on 16 March 1947; RBINS 2692 (formerly RBINS 6999), adult male with locality data as for the former but collected on 9���17 April 1947; RBINS 2693 (formerly RBINS 7000), adult male with locality data as for RBINS 2691 but collected on 21 June���21 July 1947; RBINS 2694 (formerly RBINS 7001), adult male with the same locality data as for RBINS 2691 but collected in December 1947; RBINS 2695 (formerly RBINS 7002), adult female with the same locality data as for RBINS 2691 but collected in January 1948. Diagnosis. Trachylepis raymondlaurenti sp. nov. is readily distinguished from all other congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) slender body of medium size, SVL up to 79.3 mm; (2) long-tailed, up to 215.8 mm, greater than twice body length; (3) well-defined neck constriction; (4) color homogeneously greyishbrown dorsally, with some dark speckles on sides of tail; ventral surface with some scattered dark speckles near the flanks and under the tail; supralabials and infralabials dotted with white; no distinct longitudinal or transverse dorsal bands; (5) MSR 24���28, SAD 48���53, SAV 50���58; (6) KDS 0���3; (7) scales on palms of hands and soles of feet smooth; (8) supranasals separated; and (9) prefrontals separated. Holotype description. Individual in good condition. Gravid female, with 10 fetuses in advanced stage of development. Habitus and relative sizes of head, body and tail comparable to Trachylepis megalura. Body cylindrical and slender with a well-defined neck and thin limbs; tail very long, its length greater than twice the SVL, smoothly tapering. Fore- and hind limbs overlap when depressed against the body. SVL 79.3 mm, TL 152.3 mm. HL 13.1 mm, with relatively long snout (HL/HW 65.1%). Additional measurements are presented in Table 2. Ear opening small, without anterior lobes. Rostral visible from above. Small nostrils set posteriorly so that postnasal effectively borders nostril. Supranasals without contact. Frontonasal wider than long, in contact with loreal scale. Prefrontals pentagonal, separated from one another, each in contact with the following head shields: frontonasal, loreal, first and second supraocular, second supraciliary and frontal. Two loreals. Frontal longer than the distance between anterior tip of frontal and tip of snout. Frontal in contact with three supraoculars on each side. Two frontoparietals, in contact with each other and the frontal, third and fourth supraoculars, parietal and interparietal. Frontoparietal plus interparietal length greater than frontal length. Interparietal twice as long as wide, with a visible parietal foramen. Parietals of same length as frontoparietals. Parietals not in contact with one another. Five supraciliaries, second largest. Seven supralabials, fifth being subocular. Six infralabials. Postmental bordering seven scales. Transparent scale present in lower eyelid, as is usual for Trachylepis. Tympanum visible, at same level as mouth. Dorsal scales each with three smooth keels, sometimes very indistinct. Ventral scales smooth. MSR 28, SAD 52, SAV 58. Limbs with five digits; scales on soles of hands and feet smooth. Relative length of fingers IV>III>II>V>I, relative length of toes IV>III>V>II>I. Finger-IV lamellae 13, Toe-IV lamellae 17. Color in life is homogenous light greenish-brown on the entire dorsum; head, neck, legs and tail uniformly light grey-brown. No visible spots, markings or dorsolateral stripes. Gular region white, remaining ventral areas yellowish, except the brown palmar regions of hand and feet. In preservative, background color of flanks and upper side of head, neck, dorsum, legs and tail homogenously brown, with some white speckles running from the labials through the anterior half of the tail. Above the labials the head is uniformly brown. Eyelids dark-brown. Ventral surfaces uniformly whitish with some scattered dark speckles near the flanks and under the tail. Variation. Variation in measurements and scalation of the paratypes of Trachylepis raymondlaurenti sp. nov. are reported in Table 2. Head scalation similar to holotype in all paratypes except for prefrontals, which vary considerably; in RBINS 2 691 and RBINS 2695 the prefrontals are separated by an additional median scale, and in RBINS 2693 they are separated. Coloration of paratypes agrees entirely with that of holotype. Hatchlings have a reddish tail and hind legs (Fig. 7). Comparison with other species. Trachylepis raymondlaurenti sp. nov. differs from all congeners, with the exception of T. megalura and T. boulengeri, in being a slender skink with a well-marked neck, a very long tail (TL generally more than twice the SVL), and a low number of midbody scale rows (24���28) in comparison with the majority of Trachylepis species (Broadley 2000). Trachylepis raymondlaurenti is readily distinguishable from T. megalura by its coloration and scalation. Trachylepis megalura is characterized by a striped pattern with a number of fine dorsal longitudinal black or white stripes (grey-brown, light orange-brown or golden or red-brown) including a very characteristic prominent white stripe on the flanks, bordered above by a black stripe running from the upper lip along the entire body onto the tail, while the new species is characterized by the lack of the lateral stripe on the flanks, being homogeneously greyish-brown dorsally with scattered dark speckles. In terms of scalation, the supranasals and prefrontals are never in contact in T. raymondlaurenti sp. nov., while in T. megalura they are both in contact. Trachylepis boulengeri shares more morphological similarities with the new species than with T. megalura. Both Trachylepis boulengeri and T. raymondlaurenti have a uniform grey-brown background, sometimes with a few scattered dark flecks, but T. boulengeri also exhibits a black streak from below the eye to the ear opening, which is not visible in T. raymondlaurenti. In both taxa the supranasals and prefrontals are without contact, although T. boulengeri frequently has only one pretemporal (Broadley 2000), whereas T. raymondlaurenti has two. Trachylepis boulengeri has five to 11 keels per dorsal scale, whereas T. raymondlaurenti and T. megalura have only three weak keels, sometimes nearly indistinct. Distribution. Trachylepis raymondlaurenti sp. nov. appears to be restricted to the southeastern DRC in the Katanga Region, and to northern Angola, with records for Malanje and Lunda-Norte provinces. The species potentially occurs in the neighboring provinces of Bi��, Lunda-Sul and Moxico in Angola, and in northern parts of Zambia. Habitat and Natural History notes. The holotype was found while it was basking under a shrub of Cryptosepalum maraviense Oliv. (Fabaceae) in a Miombo woodland habitat (Fig. 8). Dissection revealed ten welldeveloped fetuses in the holotype (Fig. 7), indicating that the young of this diurnal, viviparous species are likely born in late September or October. The fetuses, and presumably neonates, have bright reddish-orange tails that are proportionally shorter than in the adults. The relative length changes in tail length during ontogeny (and presumably also does so in T. megalura), explain why the holotype of Eumeces massaianus, a probable subadult, has a proportionally shorter tail than the types of Euprepes megalurus, a fact which contributed to its early recognition as a distinct taxon. Etymology. The species is named after Raymond F. Laurent (1917���2005), Belgian herpetologist who specialized in African amphibians and reptiles and contributed significantly to current knowledge of the Angolan and Congolese herpetofaunas. We propose the English name "Laurent���s Long Tailed Skink", the Portuguese name "Lagartixa de Cauda Longa de Laurent", and the French name "Scinque �� longue queue de Laurent"., Published as part of Marques, Mariana P., Cer��aco, Luis M. P., Bandeira, Suzana, Pauwels, Olivier S. G. & Bauer, Aaron M., 2019, Description of a new long-tailed skink (Scincidae: Trachylepis) from Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, pp. 51-68 in Zootaxa 4568 (1) on pages 59-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4568.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2599228, {"references":["de Witte, G. - F. (1953) Exploration du Parc National de l'Upemba. Fol. 6. Reptiles. Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge, Brussels, 322 pp.","Laurent, R. (1964) Reptiles et amphibiens de l'Angola (troisieme contribution). Publicacoes Culturais. Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, 67, 1 - 165.","Broadley, D. G. & Cotterill, F. P. D. (2004) The reptiles of southeast Katanga, an overlooked ' hot spot'. African Journal of Herpetology, 53 (1), 35 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 21564574.2004.9635497","Ceriaco, L. M. P., Marques, M. P. & Bandeira, S. A. (2016 b) Anfibios e Repteis do Parque Nacional da Cangandala. Instituto Nacional da Biodiversidade e Areas de Conservacao, Angola & Museu Nacional de Historia Nacional e da Ciencia da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, 97 pp.","Marques, M. P., Ceriaco, L. M. P., Blackburn, D. C. & Bauer, A. M. (2018) Diversity and distribution of the amphibians and terrestrial reptiles of Angola-Atlas of historical and bibliographic records (1840 - 2017). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 65 (2), 1 - 501.","Broadley, D. G. (2000) A review of the genus Mabuya in southeastern Africa (Sauria: Scincidae). African Journal of Herpetology, 49 (2), 87 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 21564574.2000.9635437"]}

Trachylepis principensis sp. nov. (Figs 5–7) Lygodactylus [sic!] maculilabris (Henriques 1917: 81) Mabuia maculilabris (Gray) (Bocage 1903: 53; Boulenger 1906: 205) Mabuya maculilabris, Gray (Manaças 1958: 184; 1973: 223; Schätti & Loumont 1992: 29; Hofer 2002: 82) Trachylepis cf. maculilabris – Príncipe (Ceríaco 2015: 512) Holotype. MB03-000957, adult male collected on a tree near Santo Cristo (N: 1.63822, E: 7.43317; WGS- 84), Príncipe Island, Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe by Luis M.P. Ceríaco, Mariana Marques and Pedro Ceríaco on 11 February 2015 (Figs 6). Paratypes. All specimens from the Island of Príncipe, Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. Twelve specimens: MB03-000909, adult male collected in Roça Pincaté (N: 1.63205, E: 7.39869; WGS- 84) by Luis Ceríaco and Mariana Marques on 20 March 2013; MB03-000951 adult female collected in Roça Porto Real (N: 1.624324, E: 7.405327; WGS- 84), by Ostelino da Silva on 1 March 2014; MB03-000955, adult female, MB03-000956, collected in the same locality, same date and by the same collectors as the holotype; MB03-000979, adult female collected in Torre de Comunicação Sundy (N: 1.00000, E: 7.37924; WGS- 84), by Hélio Vicente on 12 February 2015; CAS 219172, adult female collected south of Roça Sundy (N: 1.66239, E: 7.38550; WGS- 84) by R.C. Drewes and R.E. Stoelting on 21 April 2001; CAS 219188, adult male, CAS 219189, adult female, CAS 219190, adult female, all collected in Nova Estrela (N: 1.62050, E: 7.43036; WGS- 84) by R.C. Drewes and R.E. Stoelting on 21 April 2001; CAS 219358, adult male, CAS 219361, adult female, both collected in Praia Abade (N: 1.63075, E: 7.45600; WGS- 84) by R. E. Stoelting on 16 May 2001; CAS 238898, adult female collected at Bom Bom resort (N: 1.69817, E: 7.40267; WGS- 84) by K. Monson on 3 May 2008. Diagnosis. An elegant medium-sized skink (SVL 58.5–88.3 mm), tail length usually twice SVL (TL/ SVL 169.3–230.9 %, mean 202.2 %). Moveable eyelids with a yellow border clearly contrasting with the brown facial colouration, the lower eyelid with a translucent palpebral disk. Supraciliaries usually 5, sometimes 6; four labials anterior to subocular; rectangularly-enlarged subocular, in contact with the lip and not reduced basally by the intrusion of adjacent supralabials; snout slender and acuminate; infralabials bluish and supralabials bluish at the base but brown at the top; mental pale blue. Supranasals usually in broad contact, or in contact at a point. Parietals always in contact. No distinct longitudinal or transverse dorsal bands. Back uniformly brownish, sometimes with a few scattered dark speckles and a dorsolateral line composed of white spots starting in the temporal area and extending to mid-body, and belly light blue in alcohol, and bluish to green in live specimens. Midbody scale rows 31–33, paravertebral scales 47–51, with 5–6 keels on vertebral and dorsal scales, paraventral scales 57–63. Lamellae beneath fourth finger 16–18, beneath fourth toe 21–22. Description of holotype. Adult male in perfect condition. Arrangement and relative size of head, body, and tail scales typical for Trachylepis. Delicate and cylindrical body with robust legs. Fore- and hind-limbs overlap when pressed against the body. SVL 83.4 mm, TL 156.1 mm, HL 16.5 mm, with relatively acuminate snout (HL/ HW 163.3 %). Other relevant measurements are presented in Table 5. Rostral visible from above, large nostrils set posteriorly so that postnasal effectively borders nostril. Supranasals separated, frontonasal wider than long, laterally in contact with loreal scale. Prefrontals hexagonal, separated, in medium contact with the following head shields: frontonasal, loreal, first supraocular, first supraciliary and frontal. Two loreals, the posterior and dorsal areas of the largest loreal borders an enlarged pre-ocular. Frontal length the same as distance between anterior tip of frontal and tip of snout, frontal in contact with three supraoculars on either side. Frontoparietals two, in contact with each other and the frontal, third and fourth supraoculars, parietal and interparietal. Frontoparietal plus interparietal length equal to frontal length. Interparietal three times longer than wide, with visible parietal foramen, parietals about five times larger than frontoparietals and in contact at the anterior point of the interparietal. Parietals in contact. A pair of large, broad nuchals collectively bordered by a total of six dorsals. Supraciliaries five, second largest. Supralabials seven, the fifth being the subocular. Infralabials six. Postmental borders seven scales. Transparent scale present in lower eyelid, as is usual for Trachylepis. Pre-temporals two. Tympanum visible, approximately as high as the mouth is long. Rostral wider than deep. Dorsal scales have 5–7 keels. Ventral scales smooth. MSR 33, SAD 48, SAV 58. Limbs with five digits; scales on soles of hands and feet smooth. Relative length of fingers IV>III>II>V>I, relative length of toes IV>III>V>II>I. Finger-IV lamellae 16, Toe-IV lamellae 20. Tail long, thin and smoothly tapering. In preservative, background color of flanks and upper side of head, neck, dorsum, legs and tail homogenous dark-brown. Venter uniformly bluish, palmar regions of hands and feet whitish. The alcohol-preserved holotype has a uniformly dark brown dorsal colouration, without speckles. Venter uniform light-blue. The palmar region of the hands and feet are whitish. Infra- and supralabials light blue. Above the labials the head is uniformly dark brown as is the dorsum. Eyelids yellowish-white. Variation. Variation in measurements and principal scale counts is shown in Table 5. Parietals always in contact. The frontoparietals are in contact with each other in all paratypes, whereas the supranasals are in broad contact in most paratypes except CAS 219361 and 219372 where they are in very narrow contact. Contact between prefrontals varies considerably: CAS 238898, prefrontals in narrow contact; CAS 219172, 219188 and 219189, broad contact; CAS 219190, 219358 and 219361, separated. Colouration of paratypes is uniform and agrees with the holotype, with the exception of a faint lighter dorsolateral stripe comprising small white spots starting at the temporals and reaching the middle of the body in CAS 219188, 219189, 219190, 219358 and 219172. Paratypes CAS 238898 and 219361 have only a few scattered small black dots on the dorsum. Colouration. Color in life is uniform greenish-brown on the entire dorsum, with no visible spots, markings or dorsolateral stripes; scales of the venter greenish-yellow, also without any other markings. The eyelids are distinctly yellow, strongly contrasting with the darker head colouration. Comparison with other Gulf of Guinea oceanic island species. Table 2 summarises the most important distinguishing characteristics between T. principensis and all other Gulf of Guinea oceanic island Trachylepis. Comparing T. principensis with T. maculilabris from West Africa, the new species has a larger SVL, lower number of scales from the nuchals to the base of the tail, a greater distance from front of the eye to tip of snout, larger relative tail length, higher numbers of lamellae under the fourth toe and fourth finger (Table 2), and absence of lateral stripes, lightly colored lines starting at the eye and reaching the forelimbs and of dorsal speckles as is usual in T. maculilabris. In terms of colouration, T. principensis lacks a yellow or white ear (usual in T. maculilabris), has greenish-yellow venter (pale yellow in T. maculilabris), and highly contrasting, vivid yellow eyelids. Comparing T. principensis with T. thomensis, the Príncipe species has a smaller SVL, greater tail length, slender and more acute tail, with a slender and shorter head, a smaller interparietal, a smaller internarial distance, a smaller distance from the front of the eye to the parietals, a smaller distance from the front of the eye to the tip of the snout, and a more acuminate head, and lower numbers of dorsal scales between the nuchals and the base of the tail (Table 2). In terms of colouration, T. principensis has a uniformly dark brown dorsum with contrasting yellow eyelids and bluishgreen venter, whereas T. thomensis typically has a brown dorsum with black and white speckles and a yellow venter, orange-brown colouration speckled with white and black dots on the back, and black and white blotches under the eye and on supralabials. Comparing T. principensis with T. adamastor, the new species has a considerably smaller SVL, higher TL/SVL ratio, lower numbers of SAV, and higher number of LUFT (Table 2), two pre-temporals (one in T. adamastor), prefrontal scales separated or in narrow contact (in contact forming a suture in T. adamastor), and the very darkbrown and white-speckled dorsum and greyish ventrum of T. adamastor contrasts with the uniformly brown dorsum and greenish ventrum of T. principensis. Trachylepis principensis is easily distinguished from the sympatric T. affinis by several morphological characters, but primarily by the absence of any dorsolateral stripes, larger size, very acuminate snout, and distinctive yellow eyelid. Trachylepis principensis has greater SVL, less bulky head, higher numbers of scales around the midbody, and greater numbers of keels on the dorsal scales (Table 2). Colouration is strikingly contrasting, whereas T. principensis has homogenous colouration (dark brown above, greenish-yellow below, no pattern) and T. affinis has a distinctive longitudinal band on the lateral sides of the body. Comparing T. principensis with T. ozorii, the newly described species has lower numbers of supraciliaries, higher numbers of keels on dorsal scales, lower numbers of scales around the midbody, and lower numbers of paravertebral scales (Table 2). The dorsal colouration is also different, with T. principensis having a uniformly dark brown dorsum, while T. ozorii has a dark brownish dorsum covered with black speckles. Distribution. Trachylepis principensis is endemic to Príncipe Island, Republic of São Tomé & Príncipe, West Africa. Habitat and natural history notes. This species is widely distributed on Príncipe Island, although very few animals were seen at high altitudes and in dense forest. Most lizards were observed basking near roads, on rocks (Fig. 5) and on slopes. One lizard was spotted on the branches of a creeper plant associated with palm trees at least 2m above the ground (Fig. 7). The species appears to be common. It was found in syntopy with T. affinis. Trachylepis principensis is apparently much more common than T. affinis (L.C. and M.M. pers. obs.). Etymology. The specific epithet ' principensis ' refers to the Island of Príncipe of the Republic of São Tomé & Príncipe, to which it is endemic, and is applied here as a substantive. We propose the English name of " Príncipe Skink" and the Portuguese name "Lagartixa do Príncipe ". The status of synonyms in the Trachylepis maculilabris complex. The taxonomic and nomenclatural history of the T. maculilabris species-complex is not simple, but contrary to other complicated groups within the genus (e.g., T. affinis; Hoogmoed 1974) it has not been properly explored. Consequently, the status of several names currently under the synonymy of T. maculilabris remains uncertain. Euprepes maculilabris was described by Gray (1845) based on one specimen from “W. Africa”, received from “Mr. Raddon” [presumably the London entomologist and engraver William Raddon]. Mausfeld-Lafdhiya et al. (2004) and Rocha et al. (2010) have already shown that the maculilabris complex has at least two different lineages, a western-African (which should represent the “typical” maculilabris) and an eastern-African (for which no names are apparently available at the moment). However, it is possible that more lineages exist in this complex, as there are clear gaps in molecular sampling across the currently known distribution range of the species-complex. Some names have been proposed to describe new varieties and sub-species, but are currently considered as synonyms of the typical form. Peters (1879) described Euprepes notabilis based on two specimens from northern Angola, from “Pungo- Andongo” (Malanje Province) and “Chinchoxo” (Cabinda Province). Euprepes notabilis has been considered valid by some authors who used it to refer to maculilabris - type specimens, as in the case of Bocage (1886 a, 1889), Greef (1884) and Vieira (1887) for São Tomé material. However, it was later considered a synonym of maculilabris, and the Angolan poppulations were subsequently considered “true” maculilabris (e.g., Bocage 1895). Angolan maculilabris appear to represent the southwesternmost populations of the typical form (Ceríaco et al. 2014), which is distributed across West African forest patches. Bauer et al. (2003) located and identified the two syntypes of E. notabilis (ZMB 9204 and ZMB 8485), and rejected the type status of an additional specimen labeled as a type (ZMB 9706), from Rolas Islet, in São Tomé, from Richard Greef collections. We have examined this specimen and consider it referable to T. thomensis sp. nov. The majority of the specimens used by Greef to write his 1884 faunal assessment of São Tomé and Rolas Islet were initially deposited in the Zoological Museum of the University of Marburg, but in the late 19 th century they were transferred to the ZMH, their current repository Euprepes notabilis, even if a potentially valid name for some lineage of the maculilabris complex, it is not applicable to any of Gulf of Guinea taxa described here. Sternfeld (1913) described Mabuia maculilabris major, a subspecies of the nominotypic form within which he recognised six new varieties from what are now the Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania and Sudan: M. m. major var. kwidjwiensis, M. m. major var. wauensis, M. m. major var. schubotzi, M. m. major var. rohrbecki, M. m. major var. rohrbecki and M. m. major var. graueri. Bauer et al. (2003) treated M. m. major as the only validly described name (the varieties being hierarchically inferior to subspecies), and considered the syntype series to include all the specimens noted by Sternfeld as assignable to his different varieties. All of these varieties are currently considered synonyms of T. maculilabris (Uetz & Hošek 2015), although the associated specimens have not been critically reexamined. Our analysis of the syntypes present in the ZMB suggest that at least two different taxa are represented (Ceríaco et al. in prep.), but none of these are conspecific with the Gulf of Guinea taxa. The Indian Ocean insular taxa Euprepes comorensis Peters, 1854 (and Mabuya maculilabris casuarinae Broadley, 1974, have subsequently been treated as full species (e.g., Broadley 2000). However, recent molecular studies suggest that T. casuarinae is nested within T. comerensis (Mausfeld-Lafdhiya et al. 2004; Rocha et al. 2010).

Trachylepis affinis (Gray, 1838) Fig. 8���10 Tiliqua affinis Gray, 1838: 289 Euprepes cupreus Fischer 1886: 6 ? Mabuya Raddonii Gray (Angel 1920: 197) Mabuya blanlingii [sic] (Hallowell) (Mana��as 1958: 185) Mabuya raddoni (Mana��as 1958: 191; Hofer 2002: 88) Mabuya affinis (Hallermann 1998: 22; Jesus et al. 2005 a: 467) Trachylepis affinis (Gray, 1838) is a widespread species-complex distributed across all of western Africa, from Sen��gal to Angola (Trap�� et al. 2012), and its taxonomic and nomenclatural history is convoluted. Hoogmoed (1974) stabilised the nomenclature of T. affinis but several authors have adopted different names when referring to Trachylepis affinis from S��o Tom�� and Pr��ncipe. Mana��as (1958) referred to the existence of " Mabuya blanlingii (Hallowell) [sic]", which was used to refer to T. affinis for some time (see Hoogmoed 1974), on Pr��ncipe based on three males and two females collected at Ro��a Esperan��a on 18 November 1954. Surprisingly, in the abstract of the same publication, Mana��as used the name ��� Mabuya raddoni ��� to refer to the same specimens. Curiously, Mana��as (1973) cited Bedriaga (1893 a) and Bocage (1903) as having referred to the same species from S��o Tom�� and Pr��ncipe, although both cited only T. maculilabris for both islands. Angel (1920) cited four specimens of " Mabuia Raddonii Gray " (another name in the synonymy of affinis ���see Hoogmoed 1974) from S��o Tom��, of which three lack the distinctive dark lateral band. The single confirmed record of T. affinis from S��o Tom�� island is the one of Fischer (1886), based on the holotype of Euprepes cupreus collected by German surgeon Carl Weiss (?-?)The specimen (Figure 8) is presently in the collections of the ZMH (catalog number R04347, formely 234 (812)) and ���is evidently a M. [= Trachylepis] affinis ��� according to Hallermann (1998) and our own observations (see Figure 8 and Table 6). Based on mtDNA sequence data Jesus et al. (2005 a) showed that the Pr��ncipe Island population of T. affinis is highly differentiated from some mainland populations. Based on their analyses, T. affinis from Pr��ncipe showed a 15 % genetic distance from the single specimen (from Guinea-Bissau) based on cytochrome b sequences (Jesus et al. 2005 a). The lack of comparative material, and the complex nomenclatural and taxonomic history of the species, prevented Jesus et al. (2005 a) from a more meaningful and detailed consideration of the taxonomic status of the Pr��ncipe population. However, based on our molecular analysis, the Pr��ncipe population clearly nests in the main T. affinis lineage, having a very low divergence from specimens from Cameroon, suggesting that T. affinis arrived on the island only recently. Morphologically, specimens from Pr��ncipe Island agree (Table 6, Figures 9���10) with the general characteristics of the species described by Hoogmoed (1974) and Trape et al. (2012). The lack of historical or recent material from S��o Tom�� prevents us from confirming that the S��o Tom�� population still exists. Trachylepis affinis from Pr��ncipe (N= 13) are characterized as a small to medium-sized skinks (SVL 39.9���71.1 mm) with tail length approximately 1.5 times SVL. Wide and not very acuminate head (HW /HL 67,8%), approximately 22 % of SVL. Prefrontals always separated. Supranasals in narrow contact. Supraciliaries usually 5, sometimes 6; 4 supralabials anterior to subocular; rectangularly enlarged subocular in direct contact with the lip and not reduced basally by the intrusion of adjacent supralabials. Midbody scales rows 27���29, paravertebral scales 47���51, with 3���4 keels on vertebral and dorsal scales. Lamellae beneath the fourth finger 15���16, beneath the fourth toe 18���20. Digital lamellae neither keeled nor spinose. Back uniformly brownish and belly light bluish in preserved specimens, and bluish to green in live specimens, with a white stripe on the lower part of the flanks; infralabials bluish and supralabials bluish at the base but brown higher up, mental pale blue; absence of distinct longitudinal stripes or transverse dorsal bands. Color in life olivebrown dorsally, with dark flecks. Two dark dorsolateral bands, followed by dark brown lateral colouration. A whitish ventral-lateral band separates the flanks from the venter. Scales of the venter cream or white, without markings. Distribution. The species occurs on Pr��ncipe Island and Bioko Island, and is also widely distributed in West and Central Africa (Trap�� et al. 2012). Habitat and natural history notes. Very little data are available about the habitat and natural history of T. affinis on Pr��ncipe, where it is less abundant than T. principensis. During recent fieldwork on Pr��ncipe only one specimen was spotted basking in the sun, together with a specimen of T. principensis. According to Mana��as (1958) the stomach contents of Pr��ncipe specimens contained Formicidae, coleopteran larvae, other unidentified insects, and Arachnidae., Published as part of Cer��aco, Luis M. P., Marques, Mariana P. & Bauer, Aaron M., 2016, A review of the genus Trachylepis (Sauria: Scincidae) from the Gulf of Guinea, with descriptions of two new species in the Trachylepis maculilabris (Gray, 1845) species complex, pp. 284-314 in Zootaxa 4109 (3) on pages 302-305, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/266320, {"references":["Fischer, J. G. (1886) Uber zwei neue Eidechsen des Naturistorischen Museums zu Hamburg. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 3, 1 - 15 + plate 1.","Angel, M. F. (1920) Sur une collection de reptiles et de batraciens de l'Ile de San Thome et de l'Ile du Prince et description d'une espece nouvelle du genre Typhlops. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 26, 197 - 199.","Manacas, S. (1958) Anfibios e Repteis das ilhas de Sao Tome e do Principe e do Ilheo das Rolas. In: Conferencia Internacional dos Africanistas Ocidentais, Vol IV, Junta Investigacao do Ultramar, Lisboa, pp. 179 - 192.","Hofer, D. (2002) The Sao Tome and Principe Handbook. D. Hofer Verlag, Bern, 152 pp.","Hallermann, J. (1998) Annotated catalogue of the type specimens of the herpetological collection in the Zoological Museum of the University of Hamburg. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 95, 197 - 223.","Jesus, J., Harris, D. J. & Brehm, A. (2005 a) Relationships of scincid lizards (Mabuya spp.) from the islands of the Gulf of Guinea based on mtDNA sequence data. Amphibia - Reptilia, 26, 467 - 473. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853805774806331","Trape, J. F., Chirio, L. & Trape, S. (2012) Lezards, crocodiles et tortues d'Afrique occidentale et du Sahara. IRD, Marseille, 503 pp.","Hoogmoed, M. S. (1974) Ghanese lizards of the genus Mabuya (Scincidae, Sauria, Reptilia). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 138, 1 - 62.","Manacas, S. (1973) Alguns dos anfibios e repteis da provincia de S. Tome e Principe. In: Livro de Homenagem ao Prof. Fernando Frade. Junta Investigacao do Ultramar, Lisboa, pp. 219 - 230.","Bedriaga, J. (1893 a) Note sur les Amphibiens et Reptiles recueillis par M. Adolphe Moller aux iles de la Guinee. O Instituto, 40, 299 - 303; 432 - 440.","Bocage, J. V. B. (1903) Contribution a la Faune des quatre iles du golfe de Guinee. Jornal das Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Serie, 7, 25 - 59."]}

Trachylepis principensis sp. nov. (Figs 5���7) Lygodactylus [sic!] maculilabris (Henriques 1917: 81) Mabuia maculilabris (Gray) (Bocage 1903: 53; Boulenger 1906: 205) Mabuya maculilabris, Gray (Mana��as 1958: 184; 1973: 223; Sch��tti & Loumont 1992: 29; Hofer 2002: 82) Trachylepis cf. maculilabris ��� Pr��ncipe (Cer��aco 2015: 512) Holotype. MB03-000957, adult male collected on a tree near Santo Cristo (N: 1.63822, E: 7.43317; WGS- 84), Pr��ncipe Island, Republic of S��o Tom�� and Pr��ncipe by Luis M.P. Cer��aco, Mariana Marques and Pedro Cer��aco on 11 February 2015 (Figs 6). Paratypes. All specimens from the Island of Pr��ncipe, Republic of S��o Tom�� and Pr��ncipe. Twelve specimens: MB03-000909, adult male collected in Ro��a Pincat�� (N: 1.63205, E: 7.39869; WGS- 84) by Luis Cer��aco and Mariana Marques on 20 March 2013; MB03-000951 adult female collected in Ro��a Porto Real (N: 1.624324, E: 7.405327; WGS- 84), by Ostelino da Silva on 1 March 2014; MB03-000955, adult female, MB03-000956, collected in the same locality, same date and by the same collectors as the holotype; MB03-000979, adult female collected in Torre de Comunica����o Sundy (N: 1.00000, E: 7.37924; WGS- 84), by H��lio Vicente on 12 February 2015; CAS 219172, adult female collected south of Ro��a Sundy (N: 1.66239, E: 7.38550; WGS- 84) by R.C. Drewes and R.E. Stoelting on 21 April 2001; CAS 219188, adult male, CAS 219189, adult female, CAS 219190, adult female, all collected in Nova Estrela (N: 1.62050, E: 7.43036; WGS- 84) by R.C. Drewes and R.E. Stoelting on 21 April 2001; CAS 219358, adult male, CAS 219361, adult female, both collected in Praia Abade (N: 1.63075, E: 7.45600; WGS- 84) by R. E. Stoelting on 16 May 2001; CAS 238898, adult female collected at Bom Bom resort (N: 1.69817, E: 7.40267; WGS- 84) by K. Monson on 3 May 2008. Diagnosis. An elegant medium-sized skink (SVL 58.5���88.3 mm), tail length usually twice SVL (TL/ SVL 169.3���230.9 %, mean 202.2 %). Moveable eyelids with a yellow border clearly contrasting with the brown facial colouration, the lower eyelid with a translucent palpebral disk. Supraciliaries usually 5, sometimes 6; four labials anterior to subocular; rectangularly-enlarged subocular, in contact with the lip and not reduced basally by the intrusion of adjacent supralabials; snout slender and acuminate; infralabials bluish and supralabials bluish at the base but brown at the top; mental pale blue. Supranasals usually in broad contact, or in contact at a point. Parietals always in contact. No distinct longitudinal or transverse dorsal bands. Back uniformly brownish, sometimes with a few scattered dark speckles and a dorsolateral line composed of white spots starting in the temporal area and extending to mid-body, and belly light blue in alcohol, and bluish to green in live specimens. Midbody scale rows 31���33, paravertebral scales 47���51, with 5���6 keels on vertebral and dorsal scales, paraventral scales 57���63. Lamellae beneath fourth finger 16���18, beneath fourth toe 21���22. Description of holotype. Adult male in perfect condition. Arrangement and relative size of head, body, and tail scales typical for Trachylepis. Delicate and cylindrical body with robust legs. Fore- and hind-limbs overlap when pressed against the body. SVL 83.4 mm, TL 156.1 mm, HL 16.5 mm, with relatively acuminate snout (HL/ HW 163.3 %). Other relevant measurements are presented in Table 5. Rostral visible from above, large nostrils set posteriorly so that postnasal effectively borders nostril. Supranasals separated, frontonasal wider than long, laterally in contact with loreal scale. Prefrontals hexagonal, separated, in medium contact with the following head shields: frontonasal, loreal, first supraocular, first supraciliary and frontal. Two loreals, the posterior and dorsal areas of the largest loreal borders an enlarged pre-ocular. Frontal length the same as distance between anterior tip of frontal and tip of snout, frontal in contact with three supraoculars on either side. Frontoparietals two, in contact with each other and the frontal, third and fourth supraoculars, parietal and interparietal. Frontoparietal plus interparietal length equal to frontal length. Interparietal three times longer than wide, with visible parietal foramen, parietals about five times larger than frontoparietals and in contact at the anterior point of the interparietal. Parietals in contact. A pair of large, broad nuchals collectively bordered by a total of six dorsals. Supraciliaries five, second largest. Supralabials seven, the fifth being the subocular. Infralabials six. Postmental borders seven scales. Transparent scale present in lower eyelid, as is usual for Trachylepis. Pre-temporals two. Tympanum visible, approximately as high as the mouth is long. Rostral wider than deep. Dorsal scales have 5���7 keels. Ventral scales smooth. MSR 33, SAD 48, SAV 58. Limbs with five digits; scales on soles of hands and feet smooth. Relative length of fingers IV>III>II>V>I, relative length of toes IV>III>V>II>I. Finger-IV lamellae 16, Toe-IV lamellae 20. Tail long, thin and smoothly tapering. In preservative, background color of flanks and upper side of head, neck, dorsum, legs and tail homogenous dark-brown. Venter uniformly bluish, palmar regions of hands and feet whitish. The alcohol-preserved holotype has a uniformly dark brown dorsal colouration, without speckles. Venter uniform light-blue. The palmar region of the hands and feet are whitish. Infra- and supralabials light blue. Above the labials the head is uniformly dark brown as is the dorsum. Eyelids yellowish-white. Variation. Variation in measurements and principal scale counts is shown in Table 5. Parietals always in contact. The frontoparietals are in contact with each other in all paratypes, whereas the supranasals are in broad contact in most paratypes except CAS 219361 and 219372 where they are in very narrow contact. Contact between prefrontals varies considerably: CAS 238898, prefrontals in narrow contact; CAS 219172, 219188 and 219189, broad contact; CAS 219190, 219358 and 219361, separated. Colouration of paratypes is uniform and agrees with the holotype, with the exception of a faint lighter dorsolateral stripe comprising small white spots starting at the temporals and reaching the middle of the body in CAS 219188, 219189, 219190, 219358 and 219172. Paratypes CAS 238898 and 219361 have only a few scattered small black dots on the dorsum. Colouration. Color in life is uniform greenish-brown on the entire dorsum, with no visible spots, markings or dorsolateral stripes; scales of the venter greenish-yellow, also without any other markings. The eyelids are distinctly yellow, strongly contrasting with the darker head colouration. Comparison with other Gulf of Guinea oceanic island species. Table 2 summarises the most important distinguishing characteristics between T. principensis and all other Gulf of Guinea oceanic island Trachylepis. Comparing T. principensis with T. maculilabris from West Africa, the new species has a larger SVL, lower number of scales from the nuchals to the base of the tail, a greater distance from front of the eye to tip of snout, larger relative tail length, higher numbers of lamellae under the fourth toe and fourth finger (Table 2), and absence of lateral stripes, lightly colored lines starting at the eye and reaching the forelimbs and of dorsal speckles as is usual in T. maculilabris. In terms of colouration, T. principensis lacks a yellow or white ear (usual in T. maculilabris), has greenish-yellow venter (pale yellow in T. maculilabris), and highly contrasting, vivid yellow eyelids. Comparing T. principensis with T. thomensis, the Pr��ncipe species has a smaller SVL, greater tail length, slender and more acute tail, with a slender and shorter head, a smaller interparietal, a smaller internarial distance, a smaller distance from the front of the eye to the parietals, a smaller distance from the front of the eye to the tip of the snout, and a more acuminate head, and lower numbers of dorsal scales between the nuchals and the base of the tail (Table 2). In terms of colouration, T. principensis has a uniformly dark brown dorsum with contrasting yellow eyelids and bluishgreen venter, whereas T. thomensis typically has a brown dorsum with black and white speckles and a yellow venter, orange-brown colouration speckled with white and black dots on the back, and black and white blotches under the eye and on supralabials. Comparing T. principensis with T. adamastor, the new species has a considerably smaller SVL, higher TL/SVL ratio, lower numbers of SAV, and higher number of LUFT (Table 2), two pre-temporals (one in T. adamastor), prefrontal scales separated or in narrow contact (in contact forming a suture in T. adamastor), and the very darkbrown and white-speckled dorsum and greyish ventrum of T. adamastor contrasts with the uniformly brown dorsum and greenish ventrum of T. principensis. Trachylepis principensis is easily distinguished from the sympatric T. affinis by several morphological characters, but primarily by the absence of any dorsolateral stripes, larger size, very acuminate snout, and distinctive yellow eyelid. Trachylepis principensis has greater SVL, less bulky head, higher numbers of scales around the midbody, and greater numbers of keels on the dorsal scales (Table 2). Colouration is strikingly contrasting, whereas T. principensis has homogenous colouration (dark brown above, greenish-yellow below, no pattern) and T. affinis has a distinctive longitudinal band on the lateral sides of the body. Comparing T. principensis with T. ozorii, the newly described species has lower numbers of supraciliaries, higher numbers of keels on dorsal scales, lower numbers of scales around the midbody, and lower numbers of paravertebral scales (Table 2). The dorsal colouration is also different, with T. principensis having a uniformly dark brown dorsum, while T. ozorii has a dark brownish dorsum covered with black speckles. Distribution. Trachylepis principensis is endemic to Pr��ncipe Island, Republic of S��o Tom�� & Pr��ncipe, West Africa. Habitat and natural history notes. This species is widely distributed on Pr��ncipe Island, although very few animals were seen at high altitudes and in dense forest. Most lizards were observed basking near roads, on rocks (Fig. 5) and on slopes. One lizard was spotted on the branches of a creeper plant associated with palm trees at least 2m above the ground (Fig. 7). The species appears to be common. It was found in syntopy with T. affinis. Trachylepis principensis is apparently much more common than T. affinis (L.C. and M.M. pers. obs.). Etymology. The specific epithet ' principensis ' refers to the Island of Pr��ncipe of the Republic of S��o Tom�� & Pr��ncipe, to which it is endemic, and is applied here as a substantive. We propose the English name of " Pr��ncipe Skink" and the Portuguese name "Lagartixa do Pr��ncipe ". The status of synonyms in the Trachylepis maculilabris complex. The taxonomic and nomenclatural history of the T. maculilabris species-complex is not simple, but contrary to other complicated groups within the genus (e.g., T. affinis; Hoogmoed 1974) it has not been properly explored. Consequently, the status of several names currently under the synonymy of T. maculilabris remains uncertain. Euprepes maculilabris was described by Gray (1845) based on one specimen from ���W. Africa���, received from ���Mr. Raddon��� [presumably the London entomologist and engraver William Raddon]. Mausfeld-Lafdhiya et al. (2004) and Rocha et al. (2010) have already shown that the maculilabris complex has at least two different lineages, a western-African (which should represent the ���typical��� maculilabris) and an eastern-African (for which no names are apparently available at the moment). However, it is possible that more lineages exist in this complex, as there are clear gaps in molecular sampling across the currently known distribution range of the species-complex. Some names have been proposed to describe new varieties and sub-species, but are currently considered as synonyms of the typical form. Peters (1879) described Euprepes notabilis based on two specimens from northern Angola, from ���Pungo- Andongo��� (Malanje Province) and ���Chinchoxo��� (Cabinda Province). Euprepes notabilis has been considered valid by some authors who used it to refer to maculilabris - type specimens, as in the case of Bocage (1886 a, 1889), Greef (1884) and Vieira (1887) for S��o Tom�� material. However, it was later considered a synonym of maculilabris, and the Angolan poppulations were subsequently considered ���true��� maculilabris (e.g., Bocage 1895). Angolan maculilabris appear to represent the southwesternmost populations of the typical form (Cer��aco et al. 2014), which is distributed across West African forest patches. Bauer et al. (2003) located and identified the two syntypes of E. notabilis (ZMB 9204 and ZMB 8485), and rejected the type status of an additional specimen labeled as a type (ZMB 9706), from Rolas Islet, in S��o Tom��, from Richard Greef collections. We have examined this specimen and consider it referable to T. thomensis sp. nov. The majority of the specimens used by Greef to write his 1884 faunal assessment of S��o Tom�� and Rolas Islet were initially deposited in the Zoological Museum of the University of Marburg, but in the late 19 th century they were transferred to the ZMH, their current repository Euprepes notabilis, even if a potentially valid name for some lineage of the maculilabris complex, it is not applicable to any of Gulf of Guinea taxa described here. Sternfeld (1913) described Mabuia maculilabris major, a subspecies of the nominotypic form within which he recognised six new varieties from what are now the Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania and Sudan: M. m. major var. kwidjwiensis, M. m. major var. wauensis, M. m. major var. schubotzi, M. m. major var. rohrbecki, M. m. major var. rohrbecki and M. m. major var. graueri. Bauer et al. (2003) treated M. m. major as the only validly described name (the varieties being hierarchically inferior to subspecies), and considered the syntype series to include all the specimens noted by Sternfeld as assignable to his different varieties. All of these varieties are currently considered synonyms of T. maculilabris (Uetz & Ho��ek 2015), although the associated specimens have not been critically reexamined. Our analysis of the syntypes present in the ZMB suggest that at least two different taxa are represented (Cer��aco et al. in prep.), but none of these are conspecific with the Gulf of Guinea taxa. The Indian Ocean insular taxa Euprepes comorensis Peters, 1854 (and Mabuya maculilabris casuarinae Broadley, 1974, have subsequently been treated as full species (e.g., Broadley 2000). However, recent molecular studies suggest that T. casuarinae is nested within T. comerensis (Mausfeld-Lafdhiya et al. 2004; Rocha et al. 2010)., Published as part of Cer��aco, Luis M. P., Marques, Mariana P. & Bauer, Aaron M., 2016, A review of the genus Trachylepis (Sauria: Scincidae) from the Gulf of Guinea, with descriptions of two new species in the Trachylepis maculilabris (Gray, 1845) species complex, pp. 284-314 in Zootaxa 4109 (3) on pages 296-301, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/266320, {"references":["Henriques, J. (1917) A ilha de S. Tome sob o ponto de vista historico-natural e agricola. Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 27, 1 - 197.","Bocage, J. V. B. (1903) Contribution a la Faune des quatre iles du golfe de Guinee. Jornal das Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Serie, 7, 25 - 59.","Boulenger, G. A. (1906) Report on the reptiles collected by the late L. Fea in West Africa. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 3 (2), 196 - 216.","Manacas, S. (1958) Anfibios e Repteis das ilhas de Sao Tome e do Principe e do Ilheo das Rolas. In: Conferencia Internacional dos Africanistas Ocidentais, Vol IV, Junta Investigacao do Ultramar, Lisboa, pp. 179 - 192.","Schatti, B. & Loumont, C. (1992) Ein Beitrag zur Herpetofauna von Sao Tome (Golf von Guinea) (Amphibia et Reptilia). Zoologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 47 (1), 23 - 36.","Hofer, D. (2002) The Sao Tome and Principe Handbook. D. Hofer Verlag, Bern, 152 pp.","Hoogmoed, M. S. (1974) Ghanese lizards of the genus Mabuya (Scincidae, Sauria, Reptilia). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 138, 1 - 62.","Gray, J. E. (1845) Catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 289 pp.","Rocha, S., Carretero, M. A. & Harris, D. J. (2010) Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of Mabuya spp. (Squamata: Scincidae) from western Indian Ocean islands. Amphibia - Reptilia, 31, 375 - 385. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853810791769473","Peters, W. C. H. (1879) Neue oder weniger bekannte Eidechsenarten aus der Familie der Scinci (Eumeces Guntheri, Euprepes notabilis, Ablepharus rutilus). Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1879, 35 - 37.","Bocage, J. V. B. (1886 a) Reptis e Amphibios de S. Thome. Jornal das Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, 11 (42), 65 - 70.","Bocage, J. V. B. (1889) Breves consideracoes sobre a fauna de S. Thome. Jornal das Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes. Segunda Serie, 1 (1), 33 - 36.","Greef, R. (1884) Ueber die Fauna der Guinea-Inseln S. Thome und Rolas. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft zur Beforderung der gesammten Naturwissenschaften zu Marburg, 1884 (2), 41 - 80.","Bocage, J. V. B. (1895) Herpetologie d'Angola et du Congo. Imprimerie Nationale, Lisbonne, 203 pp., 20 pls.","Ceriaco, L. M. P., Bauer, A. M., Blackburn, D. C. & Lavres, A. C. F. C. (2014) The Herpetofauna of the Capanda Dam Region, Malanje, Angola. Herpetological Review, 45 (4), 667 - 674.","Sternfeld, R. (1913) Reptilia. In: Schubotz, H. (Ed.), Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Zentral-Afrika-Expedition 1907 - 1908 unter Fuhrung Adolf Friedrichs, Herzogs zu Mecklenberg. Band IV. Zoologie II. (1912) Klinkhardt & Biermann, Leipzig, pp. 197 - 279. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7048","Uetz, P. & Hosek, J. (2015) The Reptile Database. Available from: http: // www. reptile - database. org (accessed 14 February 2015)","Peters, W. C. H. (1854) Diagnosen neuer Batrachier, welche zusammen mit der friiher (24. Juli und 17. August) gegebenen Ubersicht der Schlangen und Eidechsen mitgetheilt werden. Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der koniglich-preussischen Akademie der Wissen- schaften zu Berlin, 1854, 614 - 628.","Broadley, D. G. (1974) A review of the Mabuya maculilabris group in South - Eastern Africa (Sauria: Scincidae). Arnoldia (Rhodesia), 6 (23), 1 - 10.","Broadley, D. G. (2000) A review of the genus Mabuya in southeastern Africa (Sauria: Scincidae). African Journal of Herpetology, 49 (2), 87 - 110. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 21564574.2000.9635437"]}

Ceríaco, Luis M. P., Marques, Mariana P., Bauer, Aaron M. (2016): A review of the genus Trachylepis (Sauria: Scincidae) from the Gulf of Guinea, with descriptions of two new species in the Trachylepis maculilabris (Gray, 1845) species complex. Zootaxa 4109 (3): 284-314, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.2

Trachylepis ozorii (Bocage, 1893) (Fig. 11) Mabuia Ozorii Bocage 1893: 47 Mabuia Osorii (Bocage 1897: 195) Mabuya blanlingii [sic] (Hallowell) (Mana��as 1958: 185) Mabuya ozorii Bocage, 1893 (Bocage 1903: 59; Boulenger 1906: 205; Jesus et al. 2003: 20; Jesus et al. 2005) Trachylepis ozorii (Bocage, 1893) is one of the world���s most poorly known species of reptiles. Described in 1893 based on a single specimen collected by Francisco Newton on Annobon Island and named after Baltazar Os��rio (1855-1926), a Portuguese ichthyologist and naturalist at the National Museum of Lisbon, the species has been reported very few times since its description (Bocage 1897; Boulenger 1906; Jesus et al. 2003). According to Jesus et al. (2005), the species is unrelated phylogenetically to all other Gulf of Guinea oceanic island Trachylepis, suggesting that the ancestors of this species colonised Annobon from the continent soon after the island's emergence and not by ���island-hopping���. We were not able to include any tissue samples of this species in our phylogenetic analysis However, given morphological characters, such as the spinose palms, size, scalation and colouration, we suggest that this species is closely related to Trachylepis polytropis (Boulenger, 1903) and Trachylepis makolowodei Chirio, Ineich, Schmitz & Lebreton, 2008. This hypothesis, however, requires confirmation by means of a thorough molecular study. Diagnosis. Trachylepis ozorii is a medium-sized skink (SVL 63.9���85.9 mm) with a tail approximately 1.8 times SVL. Large and acuminate head (HW/HL 60,7%), 21.2 % as long as SVL. Supraciliaries usually 7, sometimes 6; five labials anterior to subocular; rectangular and enlarged subocular, in direct contact with the lip and not reduced basally by the intrusion of adjacent supralabials. Prefrontals always in contact. Supranasals always separated. Midbody scales rows 34���36, paravertebral scales 58���61, with three keels on vertebral and dorsal scales. Lamellae beneath the fourth finger 15���17, beneath the fourth toe 20���23. Digital lamellae keeled and spinose. Back uniformly olive-green with many dark speckles and irregular dots and belly light green in alcoholpreserved specimens; infralabials and supralabials greenish, mental yellowish; absence of distinct longitudinal stripes or transverse dorsal bands. Colour in life olive-green on dorsum, with many dark speckles and irregular dots. Venter uniform yellowish-green. Distribution. This species occurs only on Annobon Island, Equatorial Guinea (Jesus et al. 2003). Habitat and natural history notes. Almost nothing is known about the habitat, ecology and natural history of this species. Jesus et al. (2003) noted that the species was common and widespread on Annobon Island, but was usually not found in wet and shaded places such as the dense forest that covers the upper slopes of the island. Boulenger (1906) stated that the species occurs from sea level to 500 m., Published as part of Cer��aco, Luis M. P., Marques, Mariana P. & Bauer, Aaron M., 2016, A review of the genus Trachylepis (Sauria: Scincidae) from the Gulf of Guinea, with descriptions of two new species in the Trachylepis maculilabris (Gray, 1845) species complex, pp. 284-314 in Zootaxa 4109 (3) on pages 305-306, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/266320, {"references":["Bocage, J. V. B. (1893) Diagnoses de deux reptiles nouveaux de l'ile de Anno-bom. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes. Segunda Serie, 3 (9), 47 - 48.","Bocage, J. V. B. (1897) Mammiferos, reptis e batrachios d'Africa de que existem exemplares typicos no Museu de Lisboa. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes. Segunda Serie, 4 (16), 187 - 206.","Manacas, S. (1958) Anfibios e Repteis das ilhas de Sao Tome e do Principe e do Ilheo das Rolas. In: Conferencia Internacional dos Africanistas Ocidentais, Vol IV, Junta Investigacao do Ultramar, Lisboa, pp. 179 - 192.","Bocage, J. V. B. (1903) Contribution a la Faune des quatre iles du golfe de Guinee. Jornal das Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Serie, 7, 25 - 59.","Boulenger, G. A. (1906) Report on the reptiles collected by the late L. Fea in West Africa. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 3 (2), 196 - 216.","Jesus, J., Brehm, A. & Harris, J. (2003) The herpetofauna of Annobon island, Gulf of Guinea, West Africa. Herpetological Bulletin, 86, 20 - 22.","Boulenger, G. A. (1903) Descriptions of new lizards in the collection of the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7 12, 429 - 435. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930308678877","Chirio, L., Ineich, I., Schmitz, A. & LeBreton, M. (2008) A new species of Trachylepis Fitzinger, 1843 (Squamata: Scincidae) from Central African forests. African Journal of Herpetology, 57 (1), 13 - 28. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 21564574.2008.9635565"]}

Trachylepis thomensis sp. nov. (Figs 3–4) Euprepes notabilis [non Euprepes notabilis Peters, 1879] (Greef 1884: 48; Vieira 1887: 237; Bocage 1886 a: 68, 1889: 34) Lygodactylus [sic!] maculilabris (Henriques 1917: 81) Mabuia maculilabris (Gray) (Bedriaga 1892 a: 817, 1893b: 438; Bocage 1905: 92; Boulenger 1906: 205; Henriques 1917: 143) Mabuya maculilabris, Gray (Manaças 1958: 184, 1973: 223; Schätti & Loumont 1992: 29; Hofer 2002: 82; Jesus et al. 2005: 469; Rocha et al. 2010: 375) Trachylepis cf. maculilabris - São Tomé (Ceríaco 2015: 512) Holotype. MUHNAC /MB03-000712, adult male collected in the vicinity of Água-Izé (N: 0.12750, E: 6.64067; WGS- 84), São Tomé Island, Republic of São Tomé & Príncipe, by Ruben Soares, Teresa Pité and Artur Serrano on 18 June 1984 (Fig. 4). Paratypes. All specimens from the Island of São Tomé, Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. Twelve specimens: MUHNAC /MB03-000715 adult male collected in São Tomé city (N: 0.34058, E: 6.73753; WGS- 84) by Ruben Soares, Teresa Pité and Artur Serrano on June 1984; MUHNAC /MB03-000716 (a–d) unsexed adults collected in Morro Peixe (N: 0.40536, E: 6.63876; WGS- 84) by Ruben Soares, Teresa Pité and Artur Serrano on 17 June 1984; CAS 218819 – 21 adult females collected in mouth of Água Anambo (N: 0.32572, E: 6.50839; WGS- 84) by R.C. Drewes, R.E. Stoelting and J.V. Vindum on 3 April 2001; CAS 219287 - 88 adult male and female collected in Praia Lagarto (N: 0.32970, E: 6.72904; WGS- 84) by R.E. Stoelting and D.J. Long on 1 May 2001; MHNG 2461.81 and MHNG 2461.82, adults male and female collected in the surroundings of São Tomé city (N: 0.34058, E: 6.73753; WGS- 84) by J. Haft and J. Fahr on July 1989. Diagnosis. The new species is readily distinguished from all other Trachylepis by the following combination of characters: (1) medium and robust body size, up to at least 98.2 mm SVL; (2) colour pattern olive-brown dorsally, with black-and-white speckles, venter yellowish, thin stripe comprising approximately 7–8 white speckles from the back of the eye to the top of the tympanum, no distinct longitudinal or transverse dorsal bands; (3) MSR 31–35, SAD 54–60, SAV 58-64; (4) KDS 5 or 6; (5) scales on palm of hands and soles of feet smooth; (6) Supranasals always in contact, forming a suture, or at least in contact at a single point; and (7) yellow color on the scales around the outside of the tympanum. Description of the holotype. Adult female in good condition but tail mutilated. Arrangement and relative size of head, body and tail scales typical for Trachylepis. Robust and cylindrical body with well-developed pentadactyl limbs. Fore- and hind-limbs overlap when adpressed against the body. SVL 82.3 mm, tail length 129.3 mm. Head length 16.2 mm, with relatively acuminate snout (HL 164.5 % HW). Other relevant measurements are presented in Table 3. Rostral as wide as high. Rostral visible from above, large nostrils set posteriorly so that postnasal effectively borders nostril. Supranasals in broad contact, frontonasal rounded anteriorly, wider than long, laterally in contact with loreal scale. Prefrontals hexagonal, separated by supranasals, in contact with the following head shields: frontonasal, loreal, first and second supraoculars, first supraciliary and frontal. Two loreals, the posterior and dorsal margins of the largest loreal border an enlarged preocular. Frontal length equal to distance between anterior tip of frontal and tip of snout; frontal in contact with three supraoculars. Frontoparietals two, in contact with each other, the frontal, third and fourth supraoculars, parietal and interparietal. Frontoparietal plus interparietal length is 1.3 times the length of the frontal. Interparietal with visible parietal foramen; parietals about three times larger than frontoparietals and contacting each other at the anterior point of the interparietal. Parietals in broad contact. A pair of large, broad nuchals collectively bordered by a total of nine dorsals. Supraciliaries six, second largest. Supralabials seven, the fifth being the subocular. Infralabials seven. The postmental borders seven scales. Transparent scale present in lower eyelid, as is usual for Trachylepis. Pre-temporals two. Tympanum visible, approximately the same height as eye. Dorsal scales with five to six keels. Ventral scales smooth. MSR 34, SAD 57, SAV 60. Limbs with five digits; scales on soles of hands and feet smooth. Relative length of fingers IV>III>II>V>I, relative length of toes IV>III>V>II>I. Finger-IV lamellae 15 (right side), Toe-IV lamellae 21 (right side). Tail long, robust and tapering smoothly. In preservative, background colour of flanks and upper side of head, neck, dorsum, legs and tail brown, with many distinctive dark-brown and/or white speckles starting at neck and running through entire dorsum to anterior half of tail. Stripe composed of 7–8 small, narrow white speckles starting at the posterior part of the eye, and ending above the ear. Supralabials greyish-white, superior part of labials bordered by a darker color. Venter uniformly pinkish-yellow, same as the palmar regions of hands and feet. Variation. Variation in scalation and body measurements of the paratypes of T. thomensis are reported in Table 3. The parietals are usually in broad (CAS 218819, 218821, 219287) or narrow contact (CAS 218820), with the exception of MUHNAC /MB03-000714 and CAS 219288 in which the parietals are separated. Supranasals are always in broad (MUHNAC /MB03-000714, 715, 716 a–d) or narrow (CAS 218819, 218820, 218821, 219287, 219288) contact. Prefrontal contact is variable in the type series: MUHNAC /MB03-000716a, 716 d, CAS 218819, 218820 and 218821 have the prefrontals in broad contact; in CAS 219288 prefontals are in narrow contact; in MUHNAC /MB03-000714, 715, 716 b–c and CAS 219287 the prefrontals are separated. Prefrontals of MUHNAC / MB03- 716 d in contact forming a suture. Head shields of the adult paratype MUHNAC /MB03-000715 exhibit several abnormalities: frontal longitudinally fragmented, parietals considerably diminished in length and not in contact, separated by the interparietal and nuchals. In MUHNAC /MB03-000714 and MUHNAC /MB03-000716c the frontal is large and rounded laterally and anteriorly. Parietals are separated by the anterior part of the interparietal. In MUHNAC /MB03-000716a the frontal is rounded at the sides and anteriorly. Colouration of the paratypes agrees with that of the holotype. We also investigated variation in the Rolas population (Table 4). The following specimens are not considered as paratypes given their geographical separation and unique haplotype according to Jesus et al. (2005 b). Members of the Rolas population do not differ significantly in any morphological characters from the São Tomé population. Supranasals are always in broad contact and the prefrontals are always in narrow contact, but the dorsum is not clearly speckled, as in specimens from São Tomé. Colouration. Colour in life: olive-grey background on flanks and upper side of head, neck, dorsum, legs and tail, with many distinctive dark-brown and/or white speckles starting at the neck and running along the entire dorsum to the anterior half of the tail. Stripe composed of 7–8 small and narrow white speckles starting in the superior part of the back of the eye and ending above the ear. The ear is bordered by a distinctive yellow colour. Supralabials greyish-white, superior part of labials bordered by a darker colour. Venter uniformly pinkish-yellow, same as the palmar regions of hands and feet. Comparison with other Gulf of Guinea island species. Table 2 summarises the most important distinguishing characteristics between T. thomensis sp. nov. and all other Gulf of Guinea oceanic island Trachylepis. Comparisons between the newly-described species from São Tomé and Príncipe are given under the Príncipe species description. Comparing T. thomensis with T. maculilabris from West Africa, the new species has a greater SVL, greater head length, shorter tail, and higher numbers of lamellae under the fourth toe and fourth finger (Table 2), and its colouration pattern is also considerably different, as it has black and white speckles on the dorsum, whereas T. maculilabris has only dark flecks. Trachylepis maculilabris has a very distinct white stripe starting on the labials and extending to the forelimb insertion that is completely absent in T. thomensis. In T. maculilabris the anterior four supralabials are usually brown, bearing one white spot, which is not common in T. thomensis, whose supralabials are usually greyish-white. Comparing T. thomensis with the recently-described T. adamastor, several characteristics differ considerably: T. thomensis has a smaller SVL, higher number of SAD, lower number of SAV, higher number of LUFT, the presence of two pretemporals (versus one in T. adamastor), and its colouration differs considerably from T. adamastor: dark-brown with subtle white speckles dorsum and greyish venter. Comparing T. thomensis with the Annobon Island endemic T. ozorii, the new species has a lower number of supraciliaries, higher numbers of keels on the dorsal scales, lower numbers of scales around the midbody, lower numbers of paravertebral scales, and supranasals are always in contact in T. thomensis, but separated in T. ozorii (Table 2). Colour patterns are also distinct in both species: T. thomensis has a brownish back with some dark and white speckles, and a yellowish venter; while T. ozorii has a brownish-bluish colouration on the dorsum, and is covered with small black speckles and a bluish-white venter. T. thomensis and T. affinis can be easily distinguished from one another by several morphological characters, but primarily by the presence versus absence of dorsolateral stripes, size, and acuminate snout. Trachylepis thomensis has a greater SVL, less bulky head, higher numbers of scales around the midbody, higher numbers of scales on the vent and on the dorsum, and more keels on the dorsal scales (Table 2). Colouration is bold and contrasting, whereas T. thomensis lacks distinctive longitudinal stripes on the lateral sides of the body as in T. affinis. Distribution. Endemic to São Tomé Island, Rolas Islet and Santana Islet, Republic of São Tomé & Príncipe, West Africa. Habitat and natural history notes. This species is widely distributed throughout the island, although very few animals were seen above 100m or in dense forest. Most animals were observed basking near roads, rocks and slopes, and they are often seen in human settlements on pavements and in gardens of the capital city (L.C. pers. obs.; Fig. 3). Manaças (1958) mentioned that two females collected in October showed clear signs of sexual activity, one of the specimens having four fully-developed eggs (11 x 8 mm). Later, Manaças (1973) noted that all females collected in July and August had 4– 5 eggs, the smallest measuring 13 x 7 mm and the largest 19 x 9 mm. In an analysis of stomach contents, Manaças (1958) recorded the following dietary items: Tenebrionidae, Scarabeidae, Coleoptera (adults and larvae), Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Orthoptera, Diptera and Arachnidae. Etymology. The specific epithet ' thomensis ' refers to the Island of São Tomé and is applied here as a substantive in apposition. We propose the English name of " São Tomé Skink" and the Portuguese name "Lagartixa de São Tomé ".

Trachylepis thomensis sp. nov. (Figs 3���4) Euprepes notabilis [non Euprepes notabilis Peters, 1879] (Greef 1884: 48; Vieira 1887: 237; Bocage 1886 a: 68, 1889: 34) Lygodactylus [sic!] maculilabris (Henriques 1917: 81) Mabuia maculilabris (Gray) (Bedriaga 1892 a: 817, 1893b: 438; Bocage 1905: 92; Boulenger 1906: 205; Henriques 1917: 143) Mabuya maculilabris, Gray (Mana��as 1958: 184, 1973: 223; Sch��tti & Loumont 1992: 29; Hofer 2002: 82; Jesus et al. 2005: 469; Rocha et al. 2010: 375) Trachylepis cf. maculilabris - S��o Tom�� (Cer��aco 2015: 512) Holotype. MUHNAC /MB03-000712, adult male collected in the vicinity of ��gua-Iz�� (N: 0.12750, E: 6.64067; WGS- 84), S��o Tom�� Island, Republic of S��o Tom�� & Pr��ncipe, by Ruben Soares, Teresa Pit�� and Artur Serrano on 18 June 1984 (Fig. 4). Paratypes. All specimens from the Island of S��o Tom��, Republic of S��o Tom�� and Pr��ncipe. Twelve specimens: MUHNAC /MB03-000715 adult male collected in S��o Tom�� city (N: 0.34058, E: 6.73753; WGS- 84) by Ruben Soares, Teresa Pit�� and Artur Serrano on June 1984; MUHNAC /MB03-000716 (a���d) unsexed adults collected in Morro Peixe (N: 0.40536, E: 6.63876; WGS- 84) by Ruben Soares, Teresa Pit�� and Artur Serrano on 17 June 1984; CAS 218819 ��� 21 adult females collected in mouth of ��gua Anambo (N: 0.32572, E: 6.50839; WGS- 84) by R.C. Drewes, R.E. Stoelting and J.V. Vindum on 3 April 2001; CAS 219287 - 88 adult male and female collected in Praia Lagarto (N: 0.32970, E: 6.72904; WGS- 84) by R.E. Stoelting and D.J. Long on 1 May 2001; MHNG 2461.81 and MHNG 2461.82, adults male and female collected in the surroundings of S��o Tom�� city (N: 0.34058, E: 6.73753; WGS- 84) by J. Haft and J. Fahr on July 1989. Diagnosis. The new species is readily distinguished from all other Trachylepis by the following combination of characters: (1) medium and robust body size, up to at least 98.2 mm SVL; (2) colour pattern olive-brown dorsally, with black-and-white speckles, venter yellowish, thin stripe comprising approximately 7���8 white speckles from the back of the eye to the top of the tympanum, no distinct longitudinal or transverse dorsal bands; (3) MSR 31���35, SAD 54���60, SAV 58-64; (4) KDS 5 or 6; (5) scales on palm of hands and soles of feet smooth; (6) Supranasals always in contact, forming a suture, or at least in contact at a single point; and (7) yellow color on the scales around the outside of the tympanum. Description of the holotype. Adult female in good condition but tail mutilated. Arrangement and relative size of head, body and tail scales typical for Trachylepis. Robust and cylindrical body with well-developed pentadactyl limbs. Fore- and hind-limbs overlap when adpressed against the body. SVL 82.3 mm, tail length 129.3 mm. Head length 16.2 mm, with relatively acuminate snout (HL 164.5 % HW). Other relevant measurements are presented in Table 3. Rostral as wide as high. Rostral visible from above, large nostrils set posteriorly so that postnasal effectively borders nostril. Supranasals in broad contact, frontonasal rounded anteriorly, wider than long, laterally in contact with loreal scale. Prefrontals hexagonal, separated by supranasals, in contact with the following head shields: frontonasal, loreal, first and second supraoculars, first supraciliary and frontal. Two loreals, the posterior and dorsal margins of the largest loreal border an enlarged preocular. Frontal length equal to distance between anterior tip of frontal and tip of snout; frontal in contact with three supraoculars. Frontoparietals two, in contact with each other, the frontal, third and fourth supraoculars, parietal and interparietal. Frontoparietal plus interparietal length is 1.3 times the length of the frontal. Interparietal with visible parietal foramen; parietals about three times larger than frontoparietals and contacting each other at the anterior point of the interparietal. Parietals in broad contact. A pair of large, broad nuchals collectively bordered by a total of nine dorsals. Supraciliaries six, second largest. Supralabials seven, the fifth being the subocular. Infralabials seven. The postmental borders seven scales. Transparent scale present in lower eyelid, as is usual for Trachylepis. Pre-temporals two. Tympanum visible, approximately the same height as eye. Dorsal scales with five to six keels. Ventral scales smooth. MSR 34, SAD 57, SAV 60. Limbs with five digits; scales on soles of hands and feet smooth. Relative length of fingers IV>III>II>V>I, relative length of toes IV>III>V>II>I. Finger-IV lamellae 15 (right side), Toe-IV lamellae 21 (right side). Tail long, robust and tapering smoothly. In preservative, background colour of flanks and upper side of head, neck, dorsum, legs and tail brown, with many distinctive dark-brown and/or white speckles starting at neck and running through entire dorsum to anterior half of tail. Stripe composed of 7���8 small, narrow white speckles starting at the posterior part of the eye, and ending above the ear. Supralabials greyish-white, superior part of labials bordered by a darker color. Venter uniformly pinkish-yellow, same as the palmar regions of hands and feet. Variation. Variation in scalation and body measurements of the paratypes of T. thomensis are reported in Table 3. The parietals are usually in broad (CAS 218819, 218821, 219287) or narrow contact (CAS 218820), with the exception of MUHNAC /MB03-000714 and CAS 219288 in which the parietals are separated. Supranasals are always in broad (MUHNAC /MB03-000714, 715, 716 a���d) or narrow (CAS 218819, 218820, 218821, 219287, 219288) contact. Prefrontal contact is variable in the type series: MUHNAC /MB03-000716a, 716 d, CAS 218819, 218820 and 218821 have the prefrontals in broad contact; in CAS 219288 prefontals are in narrow contact; in MUHNAC /MB03-000714, 715, 716 b���c and CAS 219287 the prefrontals are separated. Prefrontals of MUHNAC / MB03- 716 d in contact forming a suture. Head shields of the adult paratype MUHNAC /MB03-000715 exhibit several abnormalities: frontal longitudinally fragmented, parietals considerably diminished in length and not in contact, separated by the interparietal and nuchals. In MUHNAC /MB03-000714 and MUHNAC /MB03-000716c the frontal is large and rounded laterally and anteriorly. Parietals are separated by the anterior part of the interparietal. In MUHNAC /MB03-000716a the frontal is rounded at the sides and anteriorly. Colouration of the paratypes agrees with that of the holotype. We also investigated variation in the Rolas population (Table 4). The following specimens are not considered as paratypes given their geographical separation and unique haplotype according to Jesus et al. (2005 b). Members of the Rolas population do not differ significantly in any morphological characters from the S��o Tom�� population. Supranasals are always in broad contact and the prefrontals are always in narrow contact, but the dorsum is not clearly speckled, as in specimens from S��o Tom��. Colouration. Colour in life: olive-grey background on flanks and upper side of head, neck, dorsum, legs and tail, with many distinctive dark-brown and/or white speckles starting at the neck and running along the entire dorsum to the anterior half of the tail. Stripe composed of 7���8 small and narrow white speckles starting in the superior part of the back of the eye and ending above the ear. The ear is bordered by a distinctive yellow colour. Supralabials greyish-white, superior part of labials bordered by a darker colour. Venter uniformly pinkish-yellow, same as the palmar regions of hands and feet. Comparison with other Gulf of Guinea island species. Table 2 summarises the most important distinguishing characteristics between T. thomensis sp. nov. and all other Gulf of Guinea oceanic island Trachylepis. Comparisons between the newly-described species from S��o Tom�� and Pr��ncipe are given under the Pr��ncipe species description. Comparing T. thomensis with T. maculilabris from West Africa, the new species has a greater SVL, greater head length, shorter tail, and higher numbers of lamellae under the fourth toe and fourth finger (Table 2), and its colouration pattern is also considerably different, as it has black and white speckles on the dorsum, whereas T. maculilabris has only dark flecks. Trachylepis maculilabris has a very distinct white stripe starting on the labials and extending to the forelimb insertion that is completely absent in T. thomensis. In T. maculilabris the anterior four supralabials are usually brown, bearing one white spot, which is not common in T. thomensis, whose supralabials are usually greyish-white. Comparing T. thomensis with the recently-described T. adamastor, several characteristics differ considerably: T. thomensis has a smaller SVL, higher number of SAD, lower number of SAV, higher number of LUFT, the presence of two pretemporals (versus one in T. adamastor), and its colouration differs considerably from T. adamastor: dark-brown with subtle white speckles dorsum and greyish venter. Comparing T. thomensis with the Annobon Island endemic T. ozorii, the new species has a lower number of supraciliaries, higher numbers of keels on the dorsal scales, lower numbers of scales around the midbody, lower numbers of paravertebral scales, and supranasals are always in contact in T. thomensis, but separated in T. ozorii (Table 2). Colour patterns are also distinct in both species: T. thomensis has a brownish back with some dark and white speckles, and a yellowish venter; while T. ozorii has a brownish-bluish colouration on the dorsum, and is covered with small black speckles and a bluish-white venter. T. thomensis and T. affinis can be easily distinguished from one another by several morphological characters, but primarily by the presence versus absence of dorsolateral stripes, size, and acuminate snout. Trachylepis thomensis has a greater SVL, less bulky head, higher numbers of scales around the midbody, higher numbers of scales on the vent and on the dorsum, and more keels on the dorsal scales (Table 2). Colouration is bold and contrasting, whereas T. thomensis lacks distinctive longitudinal stripes on the lateral sides of the body as in T. affinis. Distribution. Endemic to S��o Tom�� Island, Rolas Islet and Santana Islet, Republic of S��o Tom�� & Pr��ncipe, West Africa. Habitat and natural history notes. This species is widely distributed throughout the island, although very few animals were seen above 100m or in dense forest. Most animals were observed basking near roads, rocks and slopes, and they are often seen in human settlements on pavements and in gardens of the capital city (L.C. pers. obs.; Fig. 3). Mana��as (1958) mentioned that two females collected in October showed clear signs of sexual activity, one of the specimens having four fully-developed eggs (11 x 8 mm). Later, Mana��as (1973) noted that all females collected in July and August had 4��� 5 eggs, the smallest measuring 13 x 7 mm and the largest 19 x 9 mm. In an analysis of stomach contents, Mana��as (1958) recorded the following dietary items: Tenebrionidae, Scarabeidae, Coleoptera (adults and larvae), Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Orthoptera, Diptera and Arachnidae. Etymology. The specific epithet ' thomensis ' refers to the Island of S��o Tom�� and is applied here as a substantive in apposition. We propose the English name of " S��o Tom�� Skink" and the Portuguese name "Lagartixa de S��o Tom�� "., Published as part of Cer��aco, Luis M. P., Marques, Mariana P. & Bauer, Aaron M., 2016, A review of the genus Trachylepis (Sauria: Scincidae) from the Gulf of Guinea, with descriptions of two new species in the Trachylepis maculilabris (Gray, 1845) species complex, pp. 284-314 in Zootaxa 4109 (3) on pages 291-296, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/266320, {"references":["Peters, W. C. H. (1879) Neue oder weniger bekannte Eidechsenarten aus der Familie der Scinci (Eumeces Guntheri, Euprepes notabilis, Ablepharus rutilus). Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1879, 35 - 37.","Greef, R. (1884) Ueber die Fauna der Guinea-Inseln S. Thome und Rolas. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft zur Beforderung der gesammten Naturwissenschaften zu Marburg, 1884 (2), 41 - 80.","Bocage, J. V. B. (1886 a) Reptis e Amphibios de S. Thome. Jornal das Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, 11 (42), 65 - 70.","Henriques, J. (1917) A ilha de S. Tome sob o ponto de vista historico-natural e agricola. Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 27, 1 - 197.","Bedriaga, J. (1892) Note sur les Amphibiens et Reptiles recueillis par M. Adolphe Moller aux iles de la Guinee. O Instituto, 39, 498 - 507; 642 - 648; 736 - 742; 814 - 820; 901 - 907.","Bocage, J. V. B. (1905) Contribution a la Faune des quatre iles du golfe de Guinee (suite). Jornal das Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, Segunda Serie, 7, 65 - 96.","Boulenger, G. A. (1906) Report on the reptiles collected by the late L. Fea in West Africa. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 3 (2), 196 - 216.","Manacas, S. (1958) Anfibios e Repteis das ilhas de Sao Tome e do Principe e do Ilheo das Rolas. In: Conferencia Internacional dos Africanistas Ocidentais, Vol IV, Junta Investigacao do Ultramar, Lisboa, pp. 179 - 192.","Schatti, B. & Loumont, C. (1992) Ein Beitrag zur Herpetofauna von Sao Tome (Golf von Guinea) (Amphibia et Reptilia). Zoologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 47 (1), 23 - 36.","Hofer, D. (2002) The Sao Tome and Principe Handbook. D. Hofer Verlag, Bern, 152 pp.","Rocha, S., Carretero, M. A. & Harris, D. J. (2010) Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of Mabuya spp. (Squamata: Scincidae) from western Indian Ocean islands. Amphibia - Reptilia, 31, 375 - 385. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853810791769473","Jesus, J., Harris, D. J. & Brehm, A. (2005 b) Phylogeography of Mabuya maculilabris (Reptilia) from Sao Tome Island (Gulf of Guinea) inferred from mtDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 37, 503 - 510. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.04.032","Manacas, S. (1973) Alguns dos anfibios e repteis da provincia de S. Tome e Principe. In: Livro de Homenagem ao Prof. Fernando Frade. Junta Investigacao do Ultramar, Lisboa, pp. 219 - 230."]}

Key to Trachylepis in the gulf of Guinea Islands and Islets We provide a key allowing identification of adults of all species of the genus Trachylepis presently known from S��o Tom�� & Pr��ncipe Islands and surrounding islets. 1 Four or fewer keels on dorsal scales....................................................................... 2 - Five or more keels on dorsal scales....................................................................... 3 2 Distinct white stripe on the lower part of the flanks, fewer than 30 scales around midbody, prefrontals always separated, digital lamellae smooth......................................................................... Trachylepis affinis - Dorsum uniformly olive-green with many dark speckles and irregular dots; 34 to 36 scales across the midbody; prefrontals always in contact, finger and toe lamellae keeled and spinose.................................... Trachylepis ozorii 3 One pre-temporal; snout-vent length more than 98 mm in adults; homogenous dark colouration on the dorsum.............................................................................................. Trachylepis adamastor - Two pre-temporals; snout-vent length less than 96 mm in adults; colouration variable............................... 4 4 Fewer than 51 scales from the nuchals to the base of the tail; body slender and tail usually twice SVL; back uniformly brownish and belly bluish to greenish........................................................ Trachylepis principensis - More than 54 scales from the nuchals to the base of the tail; body robust and tail usually 1.6 times the SVL; back brownish, with some dark and white speckles and belly light orange-yellow, a thin horizontal line composed of about 7���8 white speckles from the back of the eye to the top of the tympanum......................................... Trachylepis thomensis, Published as part of Cer��aco, Luis M. P., Marques, Mariana P. & Bauer, Aaron M., 2016, A review of the genus Trachylepis (Sauria: Scincidae) from the Gulf of Guinea, with descriptions of two new species in the Trachylepis maculilabris (Gray, 1845) species complex, pp. 284-314 in Zootaxa 4109 (3) on page 308, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/266320

Key to Trachylepis in the gulf of Guinea Islands and Islets We provide a key allowing identification of adults of all species of the genus Trachylepis presently known from São Tomé & Príncipe Islands and surrounding islets. 1 Four or fewer keels on dorsal scales....................................................................... 2 - Five or more keels on dorsal scales....................................................................... 3 2 Distinct white stripe on the lower part of the flanks, fewer than 30 scales around midbody, prefrontals always separated, digital lamellae smooth......................................................................... Trachylepis affinis - Dorsum uniformly olive-green with many dark speckles and irregular dots; 34 to 36 scales across the midbody; prefrontals always in contact, finger and toe lamellae keeled and spinose.................................... Trachylepis ozorii 3 One pre-temporal; snout-vent length more than 98 mm in adults; homogenous dark colouration on the dorsum.............................................................................................. Trachylepis adamastor - Two pre-temporals; snout-vent length less than 96 mm in adults; colouration variable............................... 4 4 Fewer than 51 scales from the nuchals to the base of the tail; body slender and tail usually twice SVL; back uniformly brownish and belly bluish to greenish........................................................ Trachylepis principensis - More than 54 scales from the nuchals to the base of the tail; body robust and tail usually 1.6 times the SVL; back brownish, with some dark and white speckles and belly light orange-yellow, a thin horizontal line composed of about 7–8 white speckles from the back of the eye to the top of the tympanum......................................... Trachylepis thomensis