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Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effects of exercise on excessive mitochondrial fission, insulin resistance, and inflammation in the muscles of diabetic rats. The role of the irisin/AMPK pathway in regulating exercise effects was also determined. Thirty-two 8-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8 per group): one control group (Con) and three experimental groups. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced in the experimental groups via a high-fat diet followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at a dosage of 30 mg/kg body weight. After T2DM induction, groups were assigned as sedentary (DM), subjected to 8 weeks of treadmill exercise training (Ex), or exercise training combined with 8-week cycloRGDyk treatment (ExRg). Upon completion of the last training session, all rats were euthanized and samples of fasting blood and soleus muscle were collected for analysis using ELISA, immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting. Statistical differences between groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and differences between two groups were assessed using t-tests. Our findings demonstrate that exercise training markedly ameliorated hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, and insulin resistance in diabetic rats (p

The BeiDou-3 system (BDS-3) broadcasts PPP-B2b signals to provide real-time PPP service. Compared with the traditional PPP technique, the PPP-B2b service broadcasts corrections through satellite links, covers a wide area, and is independent of the internet. With the PPP-B2b service, users can obtain high-precision positioning information through the real-time PPP. Many studies have been conducted to evaluate the positioning performance of PPP-B2b. In theory, high-precision timing information could also be obtained through PPP-B2b. With the development of science and technology, the need for highly accurate time measurement, even at the sub-nanosecond level, is experiencing significant growth. However, the GNSS standard timing service can hardly meet these requirements. This contribution analyzes the timing performance of the PPP-B2b service and proposes a sub-nanosecond precise timing method of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) based on the PPP-B2b service. BDS-3 and GPS observations from nine tracking stations and real-time collected PPP-B2b corrections over 516 days were used to analyze the performance of the proposed timing method. The results show that: (1) The difference between the PPP-B2b-restored UTC, which was realized by one-way timing with the UTC offsets in broadcast ephemeris, and UTC (NTSC), fluctuates within a few ns. (2) The timing uncertainty of the zero baseline based on the proposed method is better than 0.2 ns. (3) Compared with the post-processed PPP time transfer, the UTC dissemination uncertainty of the short and long baseline with the proposed method is better than 0.7 ns. The experiment results verified the feasibility of the proposed sub-nanosecond level precise UTC dissemination method based on the PPP-B2b service.

Abstract The mechanisms driving therapeutic resistance and poor outcomes of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) are incompletely understood. We characterize the cellular and molecular heterogeneity within and across patients and delineate the dynamic evolution of tumor and immune cell compartments at single cell resolution in longitudinal specimens from ibrutinib-sensitive patients and non-responders. Temporal activation of multiple cancer hallmark pathways and acquisition of 17q are observed in a refractory MCL. Multi-platform validation is performed at genomic and cellular levels in PDX models and larger patient cohorts. We demonstrate that due to 17q gain, BIRC5/survivin expression is upregulated in resistant MCL tumor cells and targeting BIRC5 results in marked tumor inhibition in preclinical models. In addition, we discover notable differences in the tumor microenvironment including progressive dampening of CD8+ T cells and aberrant cell-to-cell communication networks in refractory MCLs. This study reveals diverse and dynamic tumor and immune programs underlying therapy resistance in MCL.

Air temperature (Ta) is a common meteorological element involved in many fields, such as surface energy exchange and water circulation. Consequently, accurate Ta estimation is essential for the establishment of hydrological, climate, and environmental models. Unlike most studies concerned with the estimation of daily Ta from land surface temperature, this study focused on the estimation of instantaneous Ta from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) atmospheric profile products aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites. The applicability of various estimation methods was examined in two regions with different geomorphological and climate conditions, North and Southwest China. Specifically, the spatiotemporal trend of Ta under clear sky conditions can be reflected by the atmospheric profile extrapolation and average methods. However, the accuracy of Ta estimation was poor, with root mean square error (RMSE) ranging from 3.5 to 5.2 °C for North China and from 4.0 to 7.7 °C for Southwest China. The multiple linear regression model significantly improved the accuracy of Ta estimation by introducing auxiliary data, resulting in RMSE of 1.6 and 1.5 °C in North China and RMSE of 2.2 and 2.3 °C in Southwest China for the Terra and Aqua datasets, respectively. Since atmospheric profile products only provide information under clear sky conditions, a new multiple linear regression model was established to estimate the instantaneous Ta under cloudy sky conditions independently from atmospheric profile products, resulting in RMSE of 1.9 and 1.9 °C in North China and RMSE of 2.5 and 2.8 °C in Southwest China, for the Terra and Aqua datasets, respectively. Finally, instantaneous Ta products with high accuracy were generated for all-weather conditions in the study regions to analyze their Ta spatial patterns. The accuracy of Ta estimation varies depending on MODIS datasets, regions, elevation, and land cover types.

Agasicles hygrophila Selman and Vogt (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is the key natural enemy of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb, an invasive weed worldwide. To understand the morphology of A. hygrophila and further explore the specific host localization mechanism, scanning electron microscopy was used to observe and study the morphological characteristics of sensilla on the head appendages, tarsi, and external genital segments of A. hygrophila. Twelve types and forty-six subtypes of sensilla were observed. These contain various types of head appendices, including sensilla chaetica, sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconca, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla styloconica, Böhm bristles, sensilla campaniform, sensilla terminal, sensilla dome, sensilla digit-like, sensilla aperture, and many subtypes. A new type of sensor was reported for the first time, which may be related to host plant recognition. This sensor was located on the distal segment of the maxillary palps of A. hygrophila and was named as sensilla petal-shaped based on its morphological characteristics. Sensilla chaetica, sensilla trichodea, and sensilla basiconca are also found on the tarsi and external genital segments. In addition, sensilla basiconica 4, sensilla coeloconica 1 and 2, sensilla styloconica 2, Böhm bristles 2, and sensilla campaniform 1 were only found in females. On the contrary, sensilla styloconica 3, sensilla coeloconica 3, and sensilla dome were only found in males. Numbers and sizes of the sensilla were also different between males and females. The potential functions related to structure were discussed in comparison with previous investigations on beetles and other monophagous insects. Our results provide a microscopic morphological basis for further research on the localization and recognition mechanism of A. hygrophila and its obligate host.

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases comprise a superfamily of proteins that detoxify xenobiotics and plant secondary metabolites in insects. The CYP6 family is unique to the class Insecta, and its members participate in the metabolism of exogenous substances. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the full-length cDNAs of eight CYP6 family genes from Grapholita molesta (Busck), a global pest of pome fruits. P450 genes with the exception of CYP6AN35, which was most highly expressed in adults, consistently showed high expression in third- or fourth-instar larvae. The analysis of different tissues of adults showed that most of these genes were predominantly expressed in the midgut, Malpighian tubules, and/or fat body. The expression of these eight CYP6 genes was differentially affected by three representative insecticides: malathion (organophosphate), deltamethrin (pyrethroid), and chlorantraniliprole (carbamate). All eight CYP6 genes responded to malathion treatment. Only three CYP6 genes were highly expressed in deltamethrin-treated individuals. Chlorantraniliprole treatment exerted weak effects on gene expression. Interestingly, CYP6AN35 was a highly expression level in the adult head and its expression was induced by all three insecticides. CYP6AN35 may be a key gene in the metabolism of insecticides. This study provides a fundamental understanding of the functions of the CYP6 gene family in insecticide metabolism in G. molesta.

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) is a set of rare malignant tumor originated from mesoderm. For the prognosis of sarcoma, early diagnosis is important, however, currently no mature and non-invasive method for diagnosis exists. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs and their expression varies greatly, especially during tumor activity. The purpose of this study was to construct a predictive model for the diagnosis of sarcomas based on the relative expression level of miRNA in serum. miRNA array expression data of 677 samples including 402 malignant sarcoma samples and 275 healthy samples was used to construct the prediction model. Based on 6 gene pairs, random generalized linear model (RGLM) was constructed, with an accuracy of 100% in the internal test dataset and of 74.3% in the merged external dataset in prediction whether a serum sample was obtained from a sarcoma patient, with a specificity of 100% in the internal test dataset and 90.5% in the external dataset. In conclusion, our serum miRNA-pair classifier has the potential to be used for the screening of sarcoma with high accuracy and specificity.

China is strongly dependent on railway transportation, but the frost heaving of the subgrade in cold regions has seriously affected the safety and comfort of trains. Moisture content is an essential parameter in the subgrade frost heave. Non-destructive and efficient geophysical methods have great potential in measuring the moisture content of railway subgrade. In this paper, we use the common mid-point (CMP) measurement of ground penetrating radar (GPR) to estimate the propagation velocity of electromagnetic waves in a subgrade application. We establish a synthetic model to simulate the railway subgrade structure. The synthetic CMP gathers acquired from shallow and thin layers are seriously disturbed by multiple waves and refraction waves, which make the routine velocity analysis unable to provide accurate velocities. Through the analysis of numerical simulation results, it is found that the primary reflection waves, multiple waves, and refraction waves are dominant in different offset ranges of CMP gather. Therefore, we propose a solution of the optimal gather at a certain range of offset dominated by the primary reflection wave to calculate the velocity spectrum and extract the accurate velocities for the subgrade model. The relative dielectric constants of the corresponding layers are calculated after the stacking velocities are converted into the interval velocities. Then, the moisture content is obtained by the Topp formula, which expresses the relationship between dielectric constant and moisture content. Finally, we apply the optimal gather scheme and the above interpretation process to the GPR data acquired at the railway site, and we form a long moisture content profile of the railway subgrade. Compared with the polarizability measured by the induced polarization (IP) method, it is found that the regions with high moisture content correspond to polarizability anomalies with different strengths. The comparison shows the reliability of GPR results to some extent.

Global warming has gradually reduced the control efficacy of Agasicles hygrophila against the invasive weed Alternanthera philoxeroides. To better understand the summer collapse of A. hygrophila populations, we cloned the cDNA sequences of the high temperature-sensing TRPA1, Painless, and Pyrexia from A. hygrophila, and analyzed their temporal expressions and the impacts of high temperatures on their expression in eggs, the most vulnerable stage of A. hygrophila to hot temperatures. All the three genes obtained had the signature domains of TRPA channels and were constitutively expressed in eggs, larvae (L1, L2, L3), pupae, and adults, but AhPainless had the highest expression, followed by AhPyrexia, and AhTRPA1. The lowest and highest expression stages were adult and pupae for AhTRPA1, egg and L3 for AhPainless, and pupae/adult and L2 for AhPyrexia. The expressions of AhTRPA1, AhPainless, and AhPyrexia remained low at the preferred temperature range of 25–28 °C, elevated to their peak levels at 37.5, 30, and 30 °C, respectively, then fell to their 25–28 °C levels (AhTRPA1, AhPainless) or a lower level (AhPyrexia) at one or more temperatures >30 or 37.5 °C. These results suggest that their temperature-sensing roles and importance may be different, stage-specific, and their expression may be decoupled from their activation.

A borehole radar investigation was performed at the Sanzuodian reservoir, Chifeng, China to assess possible leakage paths located in the deep dam foundation. The key methodologies used include both single-hole reflection and cross-hole radar tomography, which make a high-resolution identification of the hydraulic connection paths between upstream and downstream sides possible. The leakage paths are characterized by direct wave loss due to high electromagnetic attenuation in the single-hole reflection profile and the nearly horizontal-banded low-velocity zone in the cross-hole velocity tomography due to possible large internal erosion. Meanwhile, some small structures inside the dam, including the core wall thickness changing point, the connecting point between asphalt and concrete walls, and the contacting interface between the dry and the water-saturated formations can be identified from the single-hole reflection profile clearly. Interpreted leakage paths are proven by the water flow measurement. Borehole radar is a useful high-resolution tool, suitable for deep leakage detection and evaluation.

In this study, we considered a single rotational degree-of-freedom experimental system, in addition to a mass-spring-damper-friction biomechanical model of the human arm, and then investigated master-slave and master-semi-master cooperative motions. For the master-slave cooperative motion, we developed a mass-spring-friction biomechanical model for the slave's arm. Within the investigated range, we found the damping factor to be zero, and the stiffness and dynamic friction to be individually constant. We also determined the torque characteristics in the master-slave and master-semi-master cooperative motions. In the master-slave cooperative motion, although the master subject had to overcome the entire impedance resistance of the slave subject's arm, the master found it easier to slow down and stop the motion. In master-semi-master cooperative motion, when the semi-master subject switched from passive arm movement to active arm movement, the stiffness characteristics disappeared and constant torque characteristics were observed. At that moment, the master subject felt it took less effort to perform active arm movement. As a result, we assume that in human-robot cooperative tasks, during accelerating motion, we can apply the characteristics of the semi-master to a robot through torque control, and during deceleration (braking) motion, we can apply the slave characteristics to a robot by means of impedance control.