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This article explores the paradox of a globalized cooperative world that appears conducive to openness, yet simultaneously witnesses the proliferation of closed borders, physical barriers, and increased border militarization. The objective is to research, analyze, and categorize the various types of border militarization, offering both theoretical and practical perspectives. We propose new definitions for border militarization to encompass its diverse expressions, ranging from overt to subtle forms. This study focuses on border militarization within Europe, specifically in peripheral countries on the outer fringes of the European Union's Schengen regime, employing a comparative case study methodology. It provides in-depth insights into two similar cases and practical militarization following the 2015-2016 European migration crisis in Croatia and Poland. While the research has limitations, including its eurocentric focus and limited generalizability, the conclusions shed light on post-migration crisis long-term effects in Europe and the growing phenomenon of subtle and covert border militarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Th e COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV–2 coronavirus, which emerged in Europe in January 2020, gave rise to restrictions by European Union Member States on freedom of movement and residence in the Schengen area. Individual actions by states mobilized the EU to take formal steps as well as to implement practical solutions to coordinate the eff orts of all Member States. Digital solutions belong to the practical measures. Th eir implementation may bring potential benefi ts but is also associated with the possibility of potential risks. Th is article presents the basic assumptions of freedom of movement and residence in the Schengen area and their limitations by Member States justifi ed by public health reasons. Th e characteristics of digital solutions for facilitating freedom of movement during the COVID-19 pandemic are then presented, taking into account their eff ectiveness. Th e paper concludes with a presentation of the benefi ts and potential risks associated with the implementation of selected digital solutions by the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reintroduction of border checks as a chain of reactions during the 2015 'migrant crisis' was interpreted as the dislocation of the Schengen area, and as a 'Schengen crisis'. Free movement, understood as a complete removal of border checks at internal borders of the Schengen area, would be at risk. However, very few studies have examined the implementation of free movement, and consequently no work has been done on the consequences of such crises on the activities of street-level border guards. This article investigates the activities of the French border police at the France-Italy border in an open border setting in 2008 and 2009, and at two moments of crisis and border closing in 2011 and 2015–2016. By adopting a bottom-up approach toward EU policy implementation, this article shows that regardless of government's attempt at spectacularising checks at the internal border, the extent to which the border is either 'closed' or 'open' relies on the member states' administrations. At the bottom of the chain of command, street-level bureaucrats are tasked with managing the inherent ambiguities of free movement as defined in the Schengen convention, concentrating the checks on third-country nationals and leaving the vast majorities of border crossings unaffected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Schengen area is a unique structure and one of the European Union's greatest achievements allowing people to move freely within its borders. However, the factors such as the refugee crisis and the influx of asylum seekers into Europe have led several Member States to reintroduce border controls at their internal borders. The aim of the research is to explore the Schengen area, the challenges of its existence and the need for reform. In order to implement the aim of the research, the authors have determined the following tasks of the research: 1) to explore and analyse the Schengen area and the reforms taking place in it; 2) to explore the challenges of the existence of the Schengen area; 3) based on the results obtained in the research, to draw conclusions and develop proposals. The study summarizes the reforms implemented and planned in the Schengen area, evaluates the existing challenges and relevance of the reforms to overcome them. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that it is necessary to ensure the Member States adopt measures to restore the proper functioning of the Schengen area and do not request extension of the reintroduction of the border control at the internal borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a reflection on borders that considers its operability as a governance space. This reading means transcending the territorial aspect of a border - and its sense of sovereign affirmation - and looking at its functionality in terms of circulation being a matter for government, in what should be called the border's biopolitical decline. In this sense, government practices that define the border may be read in terms of the striation of space rather than the containment of a territory. The governance problem the border poses is one of reconciling porousness and selectivity. This encourages the construction of "smart borders" via innovations of a technological nature that essentially focus on the filtering capabilities of actuarial and biometric techniques. The paper addresses the transformations of this kind noted in the Schengen Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freedom of movement was founded in Europe over 30 years ago, signing the Schengen Agreement 1985. The convention implementing the Schengen Agreement (CISA) took effect in 1995. It was incorporated into EU law and considered a major achievement of European integration. The Schengen evaluation mechanism has been developed as guarding system for establishing and maintain effective cooperation and mutual trust among member states. There have been major changes within the mechanism, the initial intergovernmental peer review process is now a community method led by the European Commission. This study analyses the development of the Schengen area and the evaluation process, exploring the views of the evaluation experts assessing police cooperation. The research found that although the new evaluation system was considered appropriate for the monitoring the arrangements, there are key areas that could be improved within the process of conducting evaluations, maintaining expertise and sharing best practise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Europejski is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article contextualizes contemporary institutional responses of the European Union (EU) to the refugee crisis within the historical setting in which EU migration and asylum policies emerged – namely during the implementation of the border-free Schengen Area (1984–1995). Using the analytical framework of ‘policy narratives’, it argues that EU institutions have used the creation of the ‘area without internal frontiers’ to build coherent narratives about the nature and scope of EU action and of their own role in it. Such narratives became locked into the institutional discourse and influenced the subsequent evolution of EU politics on the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article reflects on European borders and their everyday dynamics from a cross-border perspective. The article begins with a discussion of recent events that question current border policies in the European Union, reviews the literature on borders and border territories, and finally moves on to a discussion of the everyday effects of cross-border practices on the inhabitants of border spaces. Occasional reference is made to borders in the Americas to complete the picture of this topic. Although the issue of security is indeed relevant, we focus on the economic and social dimensions of cooperation. Three aspects are essential for border residents who attempt to use the advantages of the territories for their global nature: work, shopping, and place of residence. In conclusion, there has been a tendency toward the softening of borders and greater integration of border zones in the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to the discussion about border security in the Schengen Area, particularly regarding the dramatic increase of illegal immigration since 2013. It first outlines the competency of the European Union regarding protection of Schengen's external borders and identifies the objectives of EU policies. The article goes on to critically analyse the concept of 'EU Integrated Border Management,' showing that it is hardly applicable to strategic policy making. There is no official, comprehensive and up-to-date definition of the concept; moreover, it is used inconsistently across EU political and legal documents. Therefore, the article argues that the concept of a border security system should be adopted as both a framework for analysis and a conceptual structure for EU policymaking. The final section of the article defines the functions of a border security system as follows. In the area of prevention there are functions of (1) deterrence of the potential flow and (2) prevention of the attempted flow; in the area of interdiction there is the located function of (3) interdiction of the immediate attempted flow at the borders, either at border crossing points or in between them; lastly, in the area of removal, there are functions of (4) apprehension of the illegal flow and (5) apprehension of the illegal population for the purpose of (6) removal of these unauthorised immigrants or residents from the protected territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT TOPICS NOWDAYS ON THE EUROPEAN AGENDA IS THE MIGRATION. WITH THE NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION, THE ADDITION OF ITS 28th MEMBER AND THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE SINGLE MARKET, THIS TOPIC IS NOW PRESENT NOT ONLY IN THE NEW DIRECTIVES, BUT ALSO IN THE PUBLIC OPINION DEBATES. LOBBYING FOR MIGRATION HAS BECOME A COMMON PRACTICE IN BRUSSELS AND IN THE MEMBER STATES AND THUS THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES THIS PRACTICE EMPHASIZING ITS IMPORTANCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is intended to serve as a study of the present and most recent issues regarding the viability, applicability and consequences of enforceability of the principle of Supremacy of European Law. While the doctrine is not novel, certain measures taken by European and National authorities have shaped and altered this doctrine and have generated interesting legal issues. In this respect, the paper will focus on: (i) firstly, identifying and describing the basis, general concept and effects of embracing this doctrine; and (ii) secondly, bringing forward specific national and international issues of this doctrine in respect of Romania's accession to the Schengen Area. In relation to this subject, with the aim of enhancing the overall knowledge of this topic, the authors analysed the issue in light of the judicial remedies available to Romania in the context of the manifested opposition of some European states that lead to the failure of the accession process of Romania to the Schengen Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poland and Romania are two largest and most populated countries in Central Europe. In 2008 their presidents Lech Kaczyński and Traian Basescu signed a declaration on strategic partnership. As members of the European Union they seem to have many convergent interests. Anyway, the presence of Romania in Polish mass-media is not high. At first sight, Bucarest does not play any role as a political actor. The aim of the text is to analyze what has been written in the Polish press about Romania as one of the EUmembers. Two daily newspapers („Rzeczpospolita" and „Gazeta Wyborcza") and two weeklies („Wprost" and „Newsweek") have been taken into consideration. 60 articles from the period 2000-2011 have been analyzed. Another goal of the text has been an examination of potential differences among those titles in perception of Romania. A question has come out if the images of the country that they used to create differed among each other due to political backgrounds of the newspapers. "Rzeczpospolita" and "Wprost" may be considered as central-right whereas the other two titles as central-left, although that has been not always a rule. "Rzeczpospolita" and "Gazeta Wyborcza" have belonged to the five best sold daily newspapers in Poland. Other titles are either tabloids ("Super Ekspres" and "Fakt") or they used to appear only for a short time ("Nowy Dzień" and "Dziennik"). Therefore "Rzeczpospolita" and "GW" have been chosen as the source of analysis. Among weekly newspapers "Wprost" and "Newsweek" have been considered after an initial analysis of others ("Angora", "Gość Niedzielny" and "Polityka") that had led to the conclusion that they pay hardly any attention to matters concerning Romania. Potential differences among them in the perception of Romania have also been examined. The analysis includes key concepts related to the Romanian membership, among them negotiations and the process of ratification of the accession treaty, the role of the country in the community, their striving to the Schengen area and the role of the EU in stabilizing financial situation in Romania in 2009. Also Polish-Romanian aspects have been considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Forensic Science is the property of Romanian Forensic Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)