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Copyright of Ginecologia.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecologia.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecologia.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fetal goitre secondary to hypothyroidism is the leading cause of intellectual disability. Despite its rarity, many cases of fetal goitre are diagnosed and require prenatal management. We present a comprehensive review about the prenatal diagnosis and treatment of fetal hypothyroid goitre. Fetal thyroid size can be measured by transvaginal ultrasonography from 14 weeks, and by transabdominal ultrasonography from 18 weeks of gestation. The size of the fetal thyroid depends on gestational age. Because fetal goitre can lead to intrauterine, perinatal and obstetrical complications, the optimal treatment is required. Fetal complications are: fetal growth restriction, polyhydramnios, pleural effusion, preterm delivery, craniosynostosis, neurodevelopmental disorders and neonatal asphyxia or fetal death. The optimal intraamniotic L-thiroxine treatment did not normalize the thyroid hormonal levels, but these infants have normal neuromotor and psychoemotional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecologia.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Obstetrică şi Ginecologie is the property of Societatea de Obstetrica si Ginecologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecologia.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecologia.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecologia.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecologia.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecologia.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii. When primary acute infection is acquired during pregnancy, the mother can be asymptomatic but the fetus may be congenitally infected, the results being severe neurological and ocular sequelae. The prevalence of congenital toxoplasmosis is 1-2 cases in 10.000 newborns. The present paper aims at presenting a complete diagnosis and treatment protocol of acute toxoplasmosis infection during pregnancy. International scientific papers and protocols of recent date have been reviewed. The main conclusion is that screening should be offered in every pregnancy, and primary diagnosis should comprise a serologic profile (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE). In case of a positive serological screening, the testing must be repeated, and treatment (spiramycin) is begun until the second results. In pregnancies over 18 weeks an amniocentesis is indicated to confirm fetal congenital infection. The treatment for acute fetal infection is a combination of pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and folinic acid. Studies conducted on fetal sequelae in case of acute toxoplasmosis infection in first trimester pregnancies concluded that therapeutic abortion is not indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecologia.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecologia.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The management of hepatitis B virus (HBV) during pregnancy remains a challenge and involves various aspects of maternal-fetal care. Our objective is to provide a comprehensive review of the current knowledge regarding pregnancy and HBV infection, as well as recent efforts to reduce the rate of motherto- child transmission (MTCT). We also present the 2016 clinical experience with HBV positive patients. We analysed data from 43 HBV positive pregnancies, resulting in 44 live childbirths, in “Panait Sîrbu” Hospital during 2016. A literature review was also conducted examining recent studies devoted to the clinical, therapeutic, and prognostic aspects of HBV infection during pregnancy in order to extrapolate and interpret data that can help physicians in the management of HBV infection in this setting. In our study group, the mean maternal age was 30 (± 7) and the majority were primiparous. Caesarean section was the birth method in 39 (93%) of the cases, with 36 (83.7%) being born at term. In 7 cases (16.2%) spontaneous membrane rupture occurred. All the newborns received active immunoprophylaxis (HBV vaccine) and 38 (88.3%) also received passive immunoprophylaxis consisting in the administration of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG). Testing for HBV is recommended in every pregnancy, regardless of previous testing or vaccination. The identification of HBV-positive pregnant women remains the most effective way to prevent HBV transmission to new-borns, combined with passive and active prophylaxis at birth. Breastfeeding is not contraindicated for HBV patients, but it is not recommended for women taking antiviral drugs. Finally, there is no clear evidence that elective caesarean section reduces the risk of mother-tochild transmission compared to vaginal delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been said that the number of pregnant teenagers is rising to an epidemic scale. But one cannot really determine the amplitude of this phenomenon unless the impact of pregnancy upon the teenager is taken into consideration. The best case scenario is, that her life will undertake major changes, which are going to leave their mark upon her as well as upon her loved ones. The young people go through a period mentioned in the Bible as “prime of life”, when lust is usually extremely intense (1 Corinthians 7:36). A strictly contraception-oriented view upon the teenagers' pregnancy issue would be a superficial approach. Facts show that such situations involve a series of social and emotional elements of great complexity. The reality which the teenager mother encounters is completely different from that of the youth fantasy. The moment the girls find out they are pregnant, the spiritual struggle begins. Many of them admit that they have received the news as a strike. “Fury, guilt, and denial in accepting the reality are among the usual reactions”, it is said in the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Reality denial has in some cases deep consequences, because it can influence the teenager not to visit the physician and consequently to miss the medical care. Another factor is ignoring the effects of the sexual relationships. From Karen Rowlingson and Stephen McKay's point of view, some young people in Great Britain “don't really know what they want... from a relationship and what a pregnancy implies. It seems that many youngsters simply don't see any connection between sex and pregnancy. Following a questionnaire it has been noticed that most of the teenage mothers were shocked or taken by surprise upon finding out that they were pregnant, although no contraceptive method had been used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of becoming and perfecting the self, the couple and the family are the ones that define as the fundamental matrix of life. In and through the family, man enters and then incorporates, assimilates and participates in spiritual, religious, cultural and material values. The marital couple expresses structurally and functionally the way in which two opposite sexes intertwine creatively, mutually developing and complementing, interacting and fusing, biologically, psychologically and socially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Often, pregnant women don't realise the effects of alcohol use on the fetus. If the future mother drinks alcohol in the nine months of pregnancy, consequences on the fetal development can be extremely bad, leading to alcoholic fetal syndrome. Nowadays, as there doesn't exist a method to determine the safe quantity of alcohol comsumption, doctors recommend that women should not drink any alcohol during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although pregnancy can be detected shortly after conception, one may not suspect the state of pregnancy and questions could arise only subsequently, due to menstruation absence. The pregnancy test identifies the chorionic gonadotropin in the blood or urine, which is a synthesized hormone during pregnancy. A first pregnancy test can be undertaken about one week after the menstruation delay and a second test can follow a week later. Double testing ensures a higher degree of accuracy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV infection is a critical public health problem of modern life, so contraception in HIV infected women becomes a challenge. Preventing unplanned or mistimed pregnancy allows a woman with HIV to maintaine her health and has the potential to decrease maternal-to -child transmission of HIV. Dual protection, which means using both condoms plus birth control pills, represents current optimal contraceptive strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]