Search

Stunting is a global burden affecting nearly 160 million children younger than five years of age. Whilst the linkages between nutrition and stunting are well recognized, there is a need to explore environmental factors such as water and sanitation, which may influence feeding practices and result in potential infection pathways. This paper explores the linkages between stunting and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) factors in Ethiopia, which is a relatively understudied context. The research draws upon baseline data for children under the age of five from 3200 households across four regions in Ethiopia as part of a wider study and integrated program led by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Using World Health Organization (WHO) z-scoring, the average stunting rate in the sample is 47.5%. This paper also takes into account demographic and social behavioural factors such as the age, gender of children, and gender of the primary caregiver, in addition to handwashing behaviour and drinking water facilities. The evidence recommends efforts to improve handwashing behaviour for mothers and children with a focus on access to clean water. Higher stunting rates with an increase in the age of children highlight the need for continued interventions, as efforts to improve nutrition and WASH behaviours are most effective early on in promoting long-term health outcomes for children.

Dye hurts the threat of human health problems and environmental pollution. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) based membrane is a good material to be used as an dye separation membrane for having the high hydrophilicity of the membrane. It has been successfully isolated from kapok (ceiba pentandra) with characteristic X-ray diffraction patterns and FTIR absorption peaks, which corresponded to the typical peaks of cellulose. The ultrafiltration membrane was made up of a cellulose acetate matrix created using the phase inversion method. Characterization results indicated that the inclusion of MCC derived from kapok led to a reduction in the contact angle from 65 to 52o, and an increase in membrane porosity from 82 to 85%. In the separation of dye, the composite membrane incorporating MCC filler demonstrated superior performance compared to the membrane lacking MCC, manifesting in an elevated water flux from 43 to 84 L/m².h and methylene blue (MB) rejection from 64 to 99%. The use of MCC as a filler in cellulose acetate membranes can enhance the characteristics and performance of the membrane in MB separation.

Karst groundwater is raw water used by Spamdus Genjahan to fulfill domestic water needs. Considering the vulnerability of karst groundwater to pollution and its distribution process, the research aimed to describe the suitability of water in the network as well as the spatial distribution of E.coli and the relationship between distance and it's concentration. The concentration of E.coli was tested from water samples taken from 20 outlets as representatives of the close, medium and farthest distances from the source. The feasibility of water is carried out by comparing the results of laboratory tests with the water quality threshold value for clean water and domestic purposes. Spatial distribution was analyzed through spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems, while the relationship between distance and E.coli concentration was carried out using the scatterplot method in GIS. The results showed that the concentration of E.coli in most of the samples was above the allowable threshold for sanitation hygiene purposes. Meanwhile, the distance from the outlet to the source did not show a strong correlation with the level of E.coli concentration. However, there are weak indications that lead to an increase in concentration with the E.coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the objectives of sustainable development is water, sanitation, and hygiene, or WASH. Developing countries, however, continue to face the difficulty of sophisticated WASH. There are disparities regarding how the WASH project for sustainable development is being implemented among different administrative units. In the three central districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan -- Charsadda, Mardan, and Nowshera -- the current study sought to evaluate the relative WASH conditions. Using a structured questionnaire and simple random sample, data in the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) domains about WASH was gathered. Composite indices for each domain (knowledge, attitude and practices) and an overall composite WASH index were calculated. Based on the WASH index values, the results showed that Nowshera had a relatively better WASH status than Mardan and Charsadda. The study's findings suggested that while a sizable section of the study region may have access to enough water and toilets, attention should also be paid to the water's quality and the toilets' outlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Southeast Asia is vulnerable to climate change with over half of its population already being impacted by drought, flooding, and rise in sea levels recently. This work reviews the current water resource challenges in Indonesia, prone to the rising impacts of climate change. A baseline assessment of Indonesia's water and drinking water resources related to its original sources is presented. In response to a growing concern over chronic challenges that undermine water supply nationwide, this study analyses drinking water safety supervision. To accomplish this, a literature survey (100 studies published during the 2000–2023 period) was performed to identify regional groundwater resources sustainability and water security issues. Among the main findings of this study, only 10% of rainfall infiltrates to the groundwater, while 70% of its rivers are heavily polluted by domestic waste. During the study period, water availability decreased to 1,200 m3/year in 2020, with only 35% of the resources being economically feasible for reuse. The water supply deficit in Indonesia was estimated to be 5.5 hm3/year with roughly 67% of the population's water demand satisfied in 2021. Although this deficit might be fulfilled with private vendors, water supply/demand forecasts in 2030 suggest that the gap could not be closed by increasing water supply. HIGHLIGHTS About 70% of rivers in Indonesia were heavily polluted by domestic waste.; Water availability decreased to 1,200 m3/year in 2020.; Only 35% of the water is economically feasible to be reused.; Only 67% of the water demand was supplied in 2021.; Only 10% of rainfall infiltrates the underlying groundwater.;

Introduction: According to Pekanbaru City Health Department in 2019, there were 17.,67% of toddlers in Pekanbaru with poor nutritional status. Poor sanitation can trigger the emergence of infectious diseases that can reduce nutritional absorption in toddlers throughout the digestive process, resulting in stunting. The aim of this study was to analyze environmental sanitation influences on stunting. Methods: This research used case control study design. The case and control groups each received 30 samples. Independent variables include water source for sanitation, condition of latrines, condition of hand washing facilities with soap, condition of waste water drainage channels, management of household waste, type and condition of floors, presence of vectors and disease carrier animals, drinking water quality from biological conditions. The dependent variable was stunting. All data were collected using questionnaires that were asked directly to participants. Data analysis was performed by using the chi-square and multiple logistic regression tests. Results and Discussion: Water sources for sanitation, availability and condition of latrines, drinking water quality from biological terms influences on stunting (p-value <0.,05). Multivariate tests show that, the drinking water quality from biological terms and water sources for sanitation had a probability value of 21% to cause stunting. Conclusion: The dominant factor influences on stunting is the drinking water quality in biological terms and water sources for sanitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds: Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem in Indonesia. The increase in the incidence of stunting in Indonesia is influenced by various factors such as maternal, nutritional, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. Personal hygiene of mothers and children, access to basic sanitation, and clean water are associated with high stunting rates in the Singgorojo 1 Public Health Center. Objectives: Determined the relationship between personal hygiene, water availability, and environmental sanitation with the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 6--59 months. Methods: Observational analysis used a case-control design. Data were collected through interviews using questionnaires and observation of children. The affordable population of this study was toddlers aged 6-59 months in the working area of the Singgorojo Health Center 1. The sample used was 50 toddlers aged 6-59 months. The sampling technique was carried out by consecutive sampling. Data analysis used Chi- Square, Fisher Exact, and Logistic Regression tests. Results: The relationship between personal hygiene (OR=5.762; p=0.012; 95% CI=1.363-- 24.362), water availability (OR=4.571; p=0.349; 95% CI=0.473--44.170), and environmental sanitation with stunting incidence ( OR=9.333; p=0.001; 95% CI=2.431-- 35.839). The results of the multivariate analysis of the relationship between personal hygiene (OR=3.867; p=0.111; =1.353; 95% CI=0.732--20.423), water availability (OR=10.305; p=0.066; =2.333; 95 % CI =0.858--123.732), and environmental sanitation with stunting incidence (OR=10.535; p=0.002; =2.355; 95% CI=2.419--45.887). Conclusions: Personal hygiene and environmental sanitation are associated with stunting in toddlers aged 6--59 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life Expectancy (UHH) is one indicator of the health status assessment of the population for government programs successful. Life Expectancy at birth is defined as the average estimated length of life of a person that can live from birth. Life Expectancy is affected by the environment, food availability, education, government policy, community’s economy, and so on. In this study, the factors model will be conducted, affects the community’s life expectancy for all Indonesia’s provinces that involve the percentage of household variable which has decent drinking water (AML), percentage of household variable that has decent housing (HL), percentage of household variable that has access to proper sanitation (ASL), percentage of poor residents (PM) variable, and years of schooling average (RLS) variable. The modeling results, three independent variables significantly affected towards life expectancy variable or clean water and sanitation (ASL) variable, poor people (PM) variable, and years of schooling average (RLS) variable. The model result showed that the coefficient determination score is 0,859 which is the independent variable able to explain the dependent variable which is 85,90%, meanwhile the rest is 14,10% which is explained by other variables, outside the model

The United Nations acknowledges that action in one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will impact outcomes in others and that development should interact the social, economic, and environmental sustainability. Many countries have prioritized goals and targets based on their current progress and the prosperity of their people. This article focused on SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation, especially the first two (6.1 and 6.2) out of eight targets. The author has considered SDG 6, a critical goal to focus on and achieve in Tirunelveli city municipal corporation. The study area is situated in the Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu, India's southernmost state. Citizen science (CS), also known as community science, has emerged as an effective method of collecting data and supporting a wide range of indicators from the SDG targets. The objective of this article is to utilize the benefit of the CS approach for monitoring the targets 6.1 and 6.2 pertained to drinking water and sanitation facilities respectively in the study area. The activities suggested for this SDG 6 CS project were framing the core question, identification of citizen scientists, data analysis, and action plan. College students, ward councilors, and community volunteers, referred to as three categories of citizen scientists, will collect household data for all 55 wards in the study area. The value of the collected data to various government agencies and monitoring organizations is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to clean water and adequate sanitation at home are basic needs that have a significant impact on many dimensions of well-being. But such access is still scarce and starkly unequal for a great share of the global population, especially for those at greater disadvantage. In this study, we examine (using survey data) whether there are differences in access to clean water and a bathroom at home in Peru by ethno-racial self-identification, skin color, and indigenous first language. We find that individuals with darker skin, individuals who self-identify as indigenous as opposed to white, and individuals whose first language is an indigenous language have lesser access to these basic needs. These differences are useful to problematize the inefficient neoliberal management of water and sanitation in Peru, and the indifference of the state and the public sphere to discrimination against indigenous populations and Afro-descendants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research discusses the role of an international organization called Junior Chamber International (JCI) in Indonesia which helps the provision and management of clean water and sanitation as one of the realizations of the global sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative approach with case study research methods. Data was collected by interviewing several relevant sources and observing various JCI activities. Other data were obtained from secondary data in the form of literature studies and various supporting documentation such as books and journals, data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and the DKI Provincial Government, as well as the results of periodic reports and various photo documentation of JCI's activities. Liberalism theory was chosen as an approach that is considered capable of providing answers to the positive changes formed and carried out by JCI in international relations cooperation to realize sustainable development. The results of the study show that JCI as an international organization is a platform for young professionals in their fields and can directly contribute in depth. JCI is also able to navigate the interests of stakeholders both towards the government, NGOs, other international organizations, and the community as targets in terms of efforts to realize the six sustainable development goals, namely the management and provision of access to clean water and sustainable sanitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world has changed dramatically in the last two decades due to human intervention at regional and global levels. The fates of humanity and our planet are in our hands. Governments, international agencies, the corporate sector, and individuals must work together to shift away from unsustainable practices. The U.N. General Assembly endorsed the 2030 agenda for Sustainable Development, which comprises 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Several published research supports SDG strategies in the last 5 years. Despite initial efforts, the U.N. declared that the world is not really on pace to achieve most SDG targets. Geographic information system (GIS) has been identified as an effective tool in accessing, monitoring, and achieving goals that have 15 years lifespan. This paper presents a systematic review of published articles that combined GIS and SDG in their research. Because these 17 goals include 169 targets, the assessment may be more difficult if all the goals were addressed. This study focused only on "SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation" literature. Google scholar was used to find the most relevant 25 studies. The variable attributes like SDG target addressed, study area, monitoring and improving strategies dealt, the particularity of GIS were analyzed in the literature review through content analysis. The systematic review has found that target 6.1 received enormous attention, and the inverse distance weightage (IDW) interpolation tool from the geostatistical analysis toolset was widely employed in the monitoring stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SDGs or Sustainable Development Goals are the 2030 Global Development Agenda which has become a commitment from all countries in the world, including Indonesia. Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation aims to ensure the need for clean water is adequate for all levels of society. Achieving these goals is highly dependent on community participation to help accelerate the SDG's program in the clean water and sanitation sector. The need for clean water can be met by utilizing the existing clean water supply while taking into account the impact on the environment. Rainwater has the potential to become a clean water resource by utilizing a simple rainwater harvesting system consisting of gutters, piping systems, and water tanks. By utilizing rainwater resources, it can help reduce the use of groundwater due to overexploitation of groundwater. Service activities are carried out online and offline together with partners SMPN 06 Pekanbaru by build Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) construction; so that later the RWH building can become a pilot activity/ best practice for other schools and the surrounding community.

During the storage and distribution of water in buildings, the excessive growth of pathogens can deteriorate the quality of drinking water. This study aims to investigate the factors influencing this growth and propose technical measures for prevention. The analysis is based on an empirical data set comprising 1361 samples from 204 domestic premise plumbing systems. In 14 systems, ultrafiltration plants were installed as microbiological barriers. Legionella cultivation and flow cytometry were used to determine microbiological properties. The study identified elevated total cell counts in tapping valves and pipe end lines in numerous premise plumbing systems, indicating prolonged water stagnation prior to sampling, which facilitates microbiological growth. Higher contamination rates were observed in these systems, with peripheral taps often being contaminated in lieu of the entire system. These systems were classified as microbiologically unstable due to the relevantly higher total cell numbers at hot water taps compared to the hot water tank (>25%). Furthermore, these systems exhibited a Legionella contamination rate that was 22.3% higher than in microbiologically stable systems. In some cases, peripheral contaminations may not accurately represent the entire premise plumbing system. Increasing the discard volume during sampling from 1 L to 3–5 L could provide more precise results during standard testing. Legionella species were primarily detected in the first 1 L of water after tap activation. Additionally, statistically significant relationships were observed between direct temperature and total cell number, as well as between the presence of ultrafiltration and total cell numbers at cold water taps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has enough access to freshwater resources of the planet. However, uneven distribution together with mediocre water management and a lack of water infrastructures make a significant number of households in this country have inadequate access to safe water. This becomes big issues, because the provision of safe water, sanitation and hygienic conditions are essential to protect human health and save humanity during the Covid-19 pandemic. When this article was written, COVID-19 patients who were confirmed to be infected were in all Indonesian provinces, with the largest numbers of patients located in Java. The purpose of this study is to determine the efforts of the Indonesian government to fulfill its responsibilities in fulfilling clean water during a pandemic. The study collects all regulations and policies concerning clean water and an analyses them using doctrinal method. The result of the study shows that although there are enough regulations governing the use of clean water, they have not resolved the problem of clean water fulfillment. In overcoming water needs during the pandemic, the Indonesian government did not make additional efforts other than those previously planned in the Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing. The disruption of the economy has an impact on state finance, causing the government to refocus budgeting. As a result, many programs related to clean water are postponed. This minimum effort by government is neglecting its responsibility in fulfilling the right to water. The government must emulate how to fulfill the needs for water during the pandemic from other countries and using this situation to fix the problem of clean water in Indonesia [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) provide a serious threat to human health and the environment in soil and water ecosystems. This thorough analysis explores creative remediation techniques meant to address POP pollution. Persistent organic pollutants are harmful substances that may withstand natural degradation processes and remain in the environment for long periods of time. Examples of these pollutants include dioxins, insecticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Because of their extensive existence, cutting-edge and environmentally friendly eradication strategies must be investigated. The most recent advancements in POP clean-up technology for soil and water are evaluated critically in this article. It encompasses a wide range of techniques, such as nanotechnology, phytoremediation, enhanced oxidation processes, and bioremediation. The effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability of each method are assessed. Case studies from different parts of the world show the difficulties and effective uses of these novel techniques. The study also addresses new developments in POP regulation and monitoring, highlighting the need of all-encompassing approaches that include risk assessment and management. In order to combat POP pollution, the integration of diverse remediation strategies, hybrid approaches, and the function of natural attenuation are also examined. Researchers, legislators, and environmental professionals tackling the urgent problem of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in soil and water should benefit greatly from this study, which offers a complete overview of the many approaches available for remediating POPs in soil and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Summarized the advancement of core–shell material as adsorbent and photocatalyst for wastewater treatment. • Discussed the development of core–shell-based membranes. • Evaluated the core–shell-based membrane performance for wastewater treatment. • Figured out the challenges and outlook of core–shell-based material and membranes for wastewater treatment. The increasing demand for clean water urges many attempts to treat wastewater. The excessive presence of organic waste and many pollutants threatens human health, potentially resulting in various forms of discomfort and negative consequences. Many materials used have been modified vividly to solve the problem mentioned. Core-shell-based material as a catalyst and adsorbent is one of the modifications that increase nowadays, and the material used is believed to be the foremost point in the characteristic and application of the material. On the other hand, when used in the form of powder or solid, there are various challenges associated with its application, including the complications of separation, susceptibility to saturation, and the issue of leaching. Hence, one of the solutions is to develop core–shell-based materials in the form of membranes or incorporate them into a membrane matrix. Due to its low cost and practicality, membrane technology emerges as an efficient method. Various membrane modifications and configurations, such as core–shell-based membrane matrix, as membrane filler, or as coating layer, have been carried out to achieve excellent filtration performance. Nanofiber membrane which adopts a core–shell configuration in its matrix has shown better performance. Furthermore, fouling is a prevalent problem for membranes that can be addressed by using fillers made from core-shell structured materials. The enhanced filler dispersion and matrix stability lead to the high permeation flux and selectivity. Nevertheless, the particular synthesis and preparation conditions of the material remain a limitation, particularly when it comes to scaling up its application. This review focuses on core–shell-based material as a catalyst and adsorbent, encompassing variations in their core materials, synthesis methods, and their application in membranes which involves the core–shell configuration of membranes, the synthesis process, and the performance of the membrane with the presence of the structured material as a matrix, filler, and others. In addition, comprehensive applications of the core–shell-based membrane as a photocatalytic and adsorptive membrane in wastewater treatments are discussed. Furthermore, the review outlines a forward-looking perspective on the potential evolution of core-shell-based membranes, underscoring their continued significance in advancing wastewater treatment methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several dominant theoretical perspectives attempt to account for health disparities in developing countries, including political economy, the capability approach, and fundamental cause. This study combines the perspectives in a multi-level analysis of child malnutrition and diarrhea in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of who faces increased health risks and who is shielded from them. Using the Demographic and Health Surveys and World Bank data, I estimate a series of models that predict the likelihood of child malnutrition and diarrhea, based on a set of country- and individual-level explanatory variables. Results suggest that at the individual-level, household wealth and maternal education are the most robust predictors of child health. These social factors are even more important than more proximate factors like clean water or sanitation. At the country-level, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita reduces malnutrition, but does not significantly affect incidence of diarrhea. Contrary to the predominant economic development paradigm, health care and education are more important in accounting for the prevalence of diarrhea than GDP. Finally, trade in and of itself is not harmful to well-being in developing countries. It is when countries become too dependent on one or a few commodities that trade starts to have detrimental costs. Thus, a synthesis of theoretical frameworks best illustrates the complex web of social structural factors that manifest as unequal life chances for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, over 11 million Colombians live in the countryside. However, one third of the population has no access to safe water or adequate sanitation solutions básico.El balance of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) leaves the sector badly rural water and sanitation in Colombia: as figures from the Joint Monitoring Program, the country failed to meet the targets agreed for 2015, and to continue this trend in investment and institutional support for rural areas, it is not expected that the new targets agreed for 2030 are met in Sustainable Development Goals (ODS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]