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High soil salinity often results in poor stand establishment, reduced plant growth, and reduced yield of many horticultural crops such as peppers (Capsicum annuum). We investigated the effects of soil salinity and soil type on seedling emergence and growth of four commercial peppers ('NuMex Joe E. Parker', 'NuMex Nematador', 'NuMex Primavera', and 'Jupiter') in greenhouse experiments. Seeds were sown in either a loamy sand or a silt loam soil in pots and irrigated with saline solutions at electrical conductivity of 0.9 (tap water), 3.0, or 6.0 dS.m&#sup1; (Expt. 1) or at 0.0 [reverse osmosis (RO) water], 0.9, or 1.5 dS.m&#sup1; (Expt. 2). No seedling emergence was observed in treatments irrigated with 3.0 or 6.0 dS.m&#sup1; solutions. The salinity at the top soil layer increased linearly with time when subirrigated with tap and saline solutions in both soil types, whereas no substantial increase in soil salinity was found when subirrigated with RO water or overhead irrigation with tap water. Salt accumulation at the top soil layer was greater in loamy sand than in silt loam. Seedling emergence percent subirrigated with RO water ranged from 70% to 80% in loamy sand and 45% to 70% in silt loam, depending on pepper cultivars. When subirrigated with tap water and saline solutions, the emergence percent ranged from 0% to 60%, depending on pepper and soil types. In Expt. 3, seedlings were germinated in commercial potting mix and grown in 1.8-L pots containing commercial potting mix. Saline solution treatments of 1.4 (control, nutrient solution), 2. 1, 2.9, 3.5, or 4.2 dSm&#sup1; were initiated when seedlings had 11 to 13 leaves. Five weeks after initiating saline water irrigation, the reduction in shoot dry weight was greater in 'Jupiter' and 'NuMex Primavera' as compared with 'NuMex Joe E. Parker' and 'NuMex Nematador', but the differences were small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of recycled water to irrigate urban landscapes and nursery plants may be inevitable as fresh water supplies diminish and populations continue to grow in the arid and semiarid southwestern United States. Lupinus havardii Wars. (Big Bend bluebonnet) has potential as a cut flower and Lupinus texensis Hook. (Texas bluebonnet) as a bedding plant, but little information is available on salt tolerance of these species. A greenhouse study was conducted to characterize the growth in response to various salinity levels. Plants were grown in 10-L containers and drip-irrigated with synthesized saline solutions at electrical conductivity levels of 1.6, 3.7, 5.7, 7.6, or 9.4 dS⋅m-1. Although shoot growth of L. texensis was reduced as salinity levels increased, it was visually acceptable (without any visual injury) when irrigated with salinity levels of less than 7.6 dS⋅m-1. All plants survived at 7.6 dS⋅m-1, whereas only 15% did at 9.4 dS⋅m-1. In contrast, L. havardii had leaf injury at 5.7 dS⋅m-1. No plants survived at 9.4 dS⋅m-1, and only 7% plants survived at 7.6 dS⋅m-1. In addition, growth of L. havardii was significantly reduced and plants were shorter at elevated salinity levels. Cut raceme yield of L. havardii decreased at salinity levels greater than 3.7 dS⋅m-1. However, no difference in cut raceme yield was observed between the control and 3.7 dS⋅m-1, although shoot growth was reduced. Overall, L. texensis was more salt-tolerant than L. havardii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impacts of wastewater land application on desert vegetation are not adequately known. In a 4-yr field study, we evaluated the effects of treated, saline−sodic industrial effluent application on the aboveground vegetation biomass and mineral accumulation of a Chihuahuan Desert shrubland. The vegetation included two shrubs, Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville and Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. glandulosa, and seven herbaceous species in the intershrub spaces. Early summer fruit dry weights on terminal branches of the irrigated shrubs were 3 to 14 times higher than those on the non-irrigated shrubs. The combined irrigated vegetation produced 2 Mg of additional dried biomass per ha above that of the non-irrigated plot, and contained excesses of total Kjeldahl-N (TKN) and Ca2+ equivalent to 18% of effluent N deposition and 12% of effluent Ca2+ deposition. Under irrigated and highly sodic conditions (soil sodium adsorption ratio up to 35), the herbaceous Lepidium alyssoides A. Gray var. alyssoides produced the highest biomass of all plant species. However, there was a decline in plant species diversity as L. alyssoides became dominant in the irrigated intershrub spaces. While the findings demonstrate the natural attenuation of effluent minerals by native Chihuahuan Desert vegetation, highly sodic conditions may alter the composition of the vegetation community. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Land application of wastewater conserves fresh water and recycles nutrients, but little is known of its impacts on arid and semiarid landscapes. Lagoon treated saline−sodic industrial effluent was applied from 2002–2005 to a 0.4-ha Chihuahuan Desert shrubland to assess the deposition and recovery of effluent components and changes in soil quality vis-à-vis a non-irrigated area. Effluent irrigation supplied 26% of the average annual nonstressed evapotranspiration (ET) of the native shrubs [Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville and Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. glandulosa], and increased both soil stress factors (sodicity, salinity, and pH) and soil fertility (N, P, and K). After 3 yr, the soil saturation extract electrical conductivity (ECe) reached as high as 6.1 dS m−1 and Cl− 76 molc m−3 at 105 cm depth under irrigated L. tridentata. After 4 yr, saturation extract sodium adsorption ratio (SARe) reached 25–35 at 7.5 cm under the irrigated shrubs and intershrub spaces. There were 27 Mg ha−1 of cumulative ionic deposits to the site comprised mostly of Na+, Cl−, and CaCO3 equivalent alkalinity, with soil analysis recovering most of the deposits (>57%) except for K+ and Na+ (8% to 13%). Subsurface leaching of and P was detected within the upper 1 m soil depth after 4 yr, and a high downward mobility of Cl− revealed the potential for deeper leaching at higher N loading rates. While long-term effects on the natural vegetation are unknown, results contribute to a limited scientific database for sustainable wastewater land application in semiarid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]