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Introdução: A amamentação e o acesso à alimentação complementar saudável devem ser valorizados enquanto direito humano à alimentação adequada. Objetivo: Apresentar a convergência entre a promoção e o apoio à amamentação e à alimentação complementar saudável desenvolvidos pelo grupo Mulheres Apoiando Mulheres na Amamentação (MAMA) com os princípios do Marco de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional (EAN) para Políticas Públicas. Desenvolvimento: O presente ensaio surge da reflexão sobre as práticas de cuidado e educação em saúde, a partir da experiência do Grupo MAMA. Nesse sentido, foram descritos o contexto em que se originou o grupo e as características desse programa de extensão universitária interinstitucional; buscou-se estabelecer a relação de cada um dos nove princípios do Marco de EAN com o alinhamento das premissas e organização do grupo, seu modus operandi voluntário nas redes sociais virtuais e a produção de materiais autorais que são baseados no aconselhamento; apresentaram-se os principais aprendizados e desafios dessa iniciativa inovadora de promoção e apoio à amamentação e alimentação complementar saudável. Conclusão: A colaboração para o Sistema Único de Saúde, por meio de atendimentos de mães e famílias com dúvidas e preocupações nas temáticas referidas, da formação de profissionais e do desenvolvimento de pesquisas correlatas, bem como a oportunidade do estabelecimento de parceria com demais países membros da Comunidade de Países de Língua Portuguesa, vem orientando as atividades do Grupo Mulheres Apoiando Mulheres na Amamentação, que contribuem para a formação de hábitos alimentares saudáveis e, consequentemente, para a melhoria da qualidade de vida.

Tropical soils are highly weathered, acidic, and low in silicon (Si) availability for plants. Si has been considered an essential nutrient for many grasses. Urochloa Convert HD364 is classified as a forage plant that accumulates Si, but the accumulation of this nutrient in the leaf can influence qualitative characteristics, fiber quality, plant architecture, and development of forage. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the production and nutritive value of Urochloa hybrid cultivar Convert HD364 (CIAT 36087) grown from soils collected in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using 8-L plastic pots and three types of soil. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in a 3 × 5 factorial: three soils [Rhodic Acrudox (Ox1), Rhodic Hapludox (Ox2) and Arenic Hapludult (Ult)] and five silicate rates (0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 Mg ha-1 of calcium/magnesium silicate), with four replications. Application of CaSiO3 to the soil increases the concentration of Si in the leaves of Urochloa Convert HD364. The dry matter, crude protein and mineral matter, fiber quality, and digestibility of Urochloa were not influenced by the increase in Si levels in the leaves until 45 days after seeding. Forty-five days after planting, CaSiO3 did not interfere with the growth characteristics and production of Urochloa Convert HD364. There is no evidence that the increased Si levels in the leaf affected the production and nutritive value, especially fiber quality of Urochloa Convert HD364 until 45 days after sedding.

Wheat is a plant that accumulates silicon (Si). The application of silicon to the soil may influence the absorption of nutrients by the plant and, therefore, its nutritional balance. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of calcium and magnesium silicate (CaSiO3/MgSiO3) on the ability of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to utilize silicon and absorb nutrients from soils collected in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using 8-L plastic pots and three types of soil. Treatments were arranged in randomized blocks (3 × 5 factorial design): three soils [Rhodic Acrudox (Ox1), Rhodic Hapludox (Ox2), and Arenic Hapludult (Ult)], five silicate rates (0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 t ha–1 of calcium/magnesium silicate), and four replications were performed. The effects of calcium and magnesium silicate on the concentrations of Si, N, P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, S, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, and Mn2+ within leaves were evaluated. Silicon concentrations in wheat leaves and stems increased with increasing rates of calcium and magnesium silicate applied to the soil. Wheat shoots accumulated averages of 28.2% (Ox1), 60.61% (Ult), and 74.14% (Ox2) of the Si from the silicate applied to the soil. Silicate fertilization increased the amount of Ca+2 and Mg+2 within leaves and reduced the amount of Zn2+ and Mn2+ within leaves. Calcium and magnesium silicate prevented excessive amounts of Mn2+ from being absorbed by wheat, improving the balance in the absorption of this nutrient.

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) is commonly grown in arid lands, because of its high drought-tolerance. However, soil compaction may be a limiting factor to its growth. This study aimed to evaluate the guar growth, according to the soil penetration resistance (0.20 MPa, 0.33 MPa, 0.50 MPa, 0.93 MPa and 1.77 MPa, in a layer with depth between 0.15 m and 0.20 m), in a Rhodic Acrudox soil. The shoot and root dry mass, root length by the Q1/2 index (mechanical soil penetration resistance in which the root growth is reduced by 50 %) and root diameter were evaluated. The impairment of the guar shoot growth begins when the penetration resistance is greater than around 1 MPa. The soil compaction alters the distribution of guar roots in the soil profile, concentrating them in the 0.15 m layer, but it does not prevent roots from penetrating this layer and developing in depth. The root diameter increases in the compacted layer. A soil penetration resistance of up to 1.77 MPa does not influence the root length density below the compacted layer, as well as the total root length density of guar. Although the guar Q1/2 index is greater than 1.58, the shoot and root dry mass are impaired.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of biodigester treatment on the microbiological characteristics of swine wastewater (SW) at the production and storage sites, and to characterize and compare the microbiological composition of the soil, organic matter, and plants in the area of hay and haylage production. The area has been planted with Tifton 85 grass for eight years; and is exclusively intended for hay and haylage production, SW was used as the only fertilizer source. The experimental design was completely randomized with subdivided plotsin timeand five replications; the plots were the main areas of the SW in natura (affluent), the biodigester outlet (effluent), the storage pond, and the area of Tifton 85 production, which included the soil, plant residue on the soil surface (organic matter), and the aerial parts of the grasseswith subplots in the rainy and dry seasons. The microbial count in the SW was reduced during the treatment process, with higher counts in the affluent, and lower countsin the effluent and storage pond. The SW treatment was efficient in reducing the microbial population. The populations of Bacillus and Clostridiumwere influenced by the season of the year, with larger populations during the rainy season (summer) than during the dry season (winter). The mold genera identified in the SW area were Penicillium, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, and Phoma. The genera Penicillium, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Helminthosporium, Bipolaris, Phoma, Aspergillus, and Trichoderma were found in the area of Tifton 85 production.

Depression is a disabling mental disorder, predicted to become the world's number 2 disability by 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2018). Chronic stress is one of the triggers for depression, causing an imbalance in brain chemicals and antioxidants levels. Although antidepressant is a common treatment, discomforting side effects has compromised its efficacy, prompting the search for alternative medicines. Chlorella vulgaris is a microalgae famous for its excellent protein and antioxidant content. In this study, C. vulgaris (360 mg/kg p.o.) potency of antidepressant in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model of depression in female rats was evaluated compared to amitriptyline (2,25 mg/kg p.o.) for 14 days. Two types of C. vulgaris namely cultivation sourced and commercially-sold, were used. Sucrose preference test, forced swim test (FST) and open field test (OFT) were used as depression-like behaviour test to validate C. vulgaris effect. Adrenal glands were observed to further understand its effect on the stress organ. The CUMS method produced rats with depressive-like behaviour evidently by reduced body weight, sucrose preference, exploring behaviour in OFT, and increased immobility duration in FST. Furthermore, an increase in adrenal weight, fasciculata zone, and reticularis zone was observed. Both C. vulgaris significantly (p

Wheat is a plant that accumulates silicon (Si). The application of silicon to the soil may influence the absorption of nutrients by the plant and, therefore, its nutritional balance. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of calcium and magnesium silicate (CaSiO3/MgSiO3) on the ability of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to utilize silicon and absorb nutrients from soils collected in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using 8-L plastic pots and three types of soil. Treatments were arranged in randomized blocks (3 × 5 factorial design): three soils [Rhodic Acrudox (Ox1), Rhodic Hapludox (Ox2), and Arenic Hapludult (Ult)], five silicate rates (0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 t ha–1 of calcium/magnesium silicate), and four replications were performed. The effects of calcium and magnesium silicate on the concentrations of Si, N, P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, S, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, and Mn2+ within leaves were evaluated. Silicon concentrations in wheat leaves and stems increased with increasing rates of calcium and magnesium silicate applied to the soil. Wheat shoots accumulated averages of 28.2% (Ox1), 60.61% (Ult), and 74.14% (Ox2) of the Si from the silicate applied to the soil. Silicate fertilization increased the amount of Ca+2 and Mg+2 within leaves and reduced the amount of Zn2+ and Mn2+ within leaves. Calcium and magnesium silicate prevented excessive amounts of Mn2+ from being absorbed by wheat, improving the balance in the absorption of this nutrient.

Agroforestry systems integrating tree and forage growth are important for maintaining soil health but may change the soil’s physical-hydric properties. Our goal was to investigate the impact of introducing Eucalyptus trees into a pasture on the soil water content throughout the soil profile. The study was conducted in a 6-year-old agroforestry system where two species of Eucalyptus were introduced into a palisade grass pasture. Soil moisture was sampled at 0.0 (planting row), 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 m (midpoint between tree rows) from the Eucalyptus tree rows. A monoculture palisade grass pasture was used as a control. The soil water content down to a depth of 50 cm was lowest in the tree row and increased with distance from the trees. In the Eucalyptus row, the soil water content in the 0–50 cm layer was lower than in the monoculture pasture. Agroforestry systems decreased the water content in the superficial layers of the soil in the rainy months; in the dry season, the soil water contents in all layers were similar between the Eucalyptus inter-rows. In most seasons, the agroforest systems reduced the forage production close to the Eucalyptus tree rows, up to 2 m from the trees, likely due to the soil water content decrease. Overall, this study showed that in tropical regions with sandy soils, the grass and trees’ competition must be considered when establishing integrated agroforestry systems in order to maximize the advantages and benefits of the diversified agroecosystem.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of biodigester treatment on the microbiological characteristics of swine wastewater (SW) at the production and storage sites, and to characterize and compare the microbiological composition of the soil, organic matter, and plants in the area of hay and haylage production. The area has been planted with Tifton 85 grass for eight years; and is exclusively intended for hay and haylage production, SW was used as the only fertilizer source. The experimental design was completely randomized with subdivided plotsin timeand five replications; the plots were the main areas of the SW in natura (affluent), the biodigester outlet (effluent), the storage pond, and the area of Tifton 85 production, which included the soil, plant residue on the soil surface (organic matter), and the aerial parts of the grasseswith subplots in the rainy and dry seasons. The microbial count in the SW was reduced during the treatment process, with higher counts in the affluent, and lower countsin the effluent and storage pond. The SW treatment was efficient in reducing the microbial population. The populations of Bacillus and Clostridiumwere influenced by the season of the year, with larger populations during the rainy season (summer) than during the dry season (winter). The mold genera identified in the SW area were Penicillium, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, and Phoma. The genera Penicillium, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Helminthosporium, Bipolaris, Phoma, Aspergillus, and Trichoderma were found in the area of Tifton 85 production.

The goal of this study was to assess the dehydration curve and nutritional value of Tifton 85 bermudagrass at two cutting heights from ground level (4 and 8 cm) during 120 days of storage in a closed shed. The dehydration curve was determined using samples from the entire plant at eight different times. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with plots subdivided per times and five replicates. The second step consisted of assessing the nutritional value of the stored Tifton 85 bermudagrass in randomized blocks with plots subdivided per times and two treatments per plot: cutting height of four and eight centimeters from the ground, and five different times for the subplots, with five replicates. Dehydration of Tifton 85 bermudagrass at the two heights occurred in 48 hours, considered an ideal time for hay drying. The dry matter content responded quadratically to the time of storage of the two heights, only differing during baling and after 120 days of storage. Crude protein content had a quadratic behavior in the two cutting heights, with the smallest value after 30 days of storage (107.0 g kg-1) and the largest after 90 days (147.8 g kg-1) in the cutting height of eight centimeters. The ether extract exhibited a quadratic behavior in the two cutting heights, only differing after 90 days of storage. The neutral detergent fiber content had linear positive response according to the time of storage, with no difference between the cutting heights. For the neutral detergent fiber content in the two cutting heights, the quadratic regression model was the best fit to the data, differing between the heights after 30 and 60 days of storage. In vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro cell wall digestibility values of the stored hay were lower than the values obtained at the time of cutting. Cutting performed at four centimeters from the ground was the most suitable for hay production due to higher dry matter production and nutritional value without difference between bailing treatments. Hay storage caused undesirable changes in the nutritional value, especially in fiber content and in vitro digestibility.

In conservation management systems, such as no-till (NT), it is important to analyze the pattern of changes in soil quality as a function of the time since adoption of the system. This study evaluated the physical fractions of organic matter and soil aggregation in management systems in areas cultivated with different times since implementation of NT: 6, 14, and 22 successive years of soybean and maize/wheat crops (NT6, NT14, and NT22, respectively); 12 years of no-till with successive years of soybean and maize/wheat crops, and the last 4 years with integration of maize and ruzi grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis) - (NT+B); pasture; and forest. Physical fractionation of organic matter determined the total carbon (TC), particulate organic matter (POM), and mineral organic matter (MOM) by calculating the carbon management index (CMI) and variables related to soil structural stability. Forest and pasture areas showed the highest contents of TC, POM, and MOM, as well as higher stocks of POM and MOM. Among the cultivated areas, higher TC and particulate fractions of organic matter and the best CMI values were observed in the area of NT22. There were changes in aggregation indices, depending on the time since implementation of NT. Areas of NT22, pasture, and forest showed the greatest evolution in C-CO2, indicating increased biological activity, with positive effects on soil structural stability.

This paper has in its objective to identify of what the National Policy of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension provides to the family farmer the access to Information and Communication Technologies. It is bibliography and documentary research, where were analyzed laws, papers and other studies related to themes. The result, ascertain that the National Policy of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension does not include the adoption of Information and Communication Technologies as a tool of support or strengthening of Family Farming. Therefore, concludes that exists the need in to adjust these policies to present reality, reiterating that new actions owe be effectuated, therewith, enable that the families and associations comprised by these policies can obtain more efficiency in your activities.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade do solo a partir das frações químicas e oxidáveis da matéria orgânica (MOS) em áreas com diferentes sistemas de manejo. O trabalho foi realizado no Município de Guaíra, no Oeste do Paraná, em áreas com diferentes tempos de adoção do sistema plantio direto (SPD, 6, 14 e 22 anos), com sucessão das culturas soja (verão) e milho/trigo (inverno), além de áreas com 12 anos de SPD - no mesmo arranjo de sucessão - mais quatro anos de cultivo de braquiária (Urochloa ruziziensis) consorciada com milho (M+B) e com pastagem e mata nativa. As frações químicas de ácido fúlvico (AF), ácido húmico (AH) e humina (HUM) foram avaliadas, bem como as frações oxidáveis da MOS (F1, F2, F3 e F4), o carbono total (CT) e o estoque de carbono (C) nas frações húmicas. Os teores de CT aumentaram com o tempo de adoção do SPD, principalmente entre SPD6 e SPD22. Verificou-se predomínio da fração HUM e movimentação de AH e AF na camada de 0,0-0,4 m de profundidade. As frações oxidáveis apresentaram equilíbrio na distribuição do conteúdo de C, com maiores teores nas frações mais lábeis, em superfície. O cultivo com sucessão de culturas contribui para o aumento das frações mais lábeis, mas não para o aumento das frações mais recalcitrantes do C.

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient for growth of forage grasses, especially in conditions of low water availability. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effect of N fertilization and irrigation on the accumulation of carbon (C) and carbon dioxide (CO2) by marandu grass in the Cerrado Paulista, in the rainy and dry seasons. Experiments were conducted to evaluate N fertilization in each season, with and without irrigation. Five N rates were used (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 per cutting), using urea as N source, totaling 0, 300, 600, 900 and 1200 kg ha-1 in the rainy season and 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha-1 in the dry season. The experiments were arranged in a split-plot randomized block design. There was no significant interaction (p > 0.05) between N and time of fertilization in the irrigated experiment. However, N promoted a quadratic effect in organic matter production (OMP), accumulation of C and CO2 by marandu grass, while there was no influence of the seasons. In the non-irrigated experiment, the interaction between N rates and seasons was significant (p < 0.05) only for the rainy season. Organic matter production and C and CO2 accumulation was greater in the rainy season than in the dry season. Irrigation provided increases of approximately 20% in C and CO2 accumulation. The use of N and irrigation increases the accumulation of C and CO2 by marandu grass, and this increase is higher during the rainy season.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi quantificar e identificar a ocorrência dos principais gêneros de fungos, no solo, material vegetal morto, raiz e parte aérea no capim Tifton 85, adubado com biofertilizante suíno, 7 dias após o início da rebrota. As avaliações foram realizadas, durante seu desenvolvimento (15; 22; 29 e 36 dias após o início da rebrota), no momento do enfardamento e no feno, com 30 dias de armazenamento. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com quatro locais de coleta no campo de produção de feno (solo, parte aérea da planta, raiz e material vegetal morto), e 6 tempos de avaliação para parte aérea da planta (15; 22; 29; e 36 dias início da rebrota, no momento do enfardamento e com 30 dias de armazenamento) e quatro tempos de avaliação para solo, raiz e material vegetal morto (15; 22; 29; e 36 dias após início da rebrota). Na contagem e identificação dos gêneros dos fungos referentes a cada parte da planta e solo, foram calculadas as médias e essas submetidas à análise descritiva. Uma maior população fúngica foi observada no material vegetal morto e solo, predominando o gênero Penicillium em todas as partes da planta estudadas.

Calcium silicate when applied to the soil may cause changes in the chemical soil since it is a source of silicon, calcium and magnesium. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of calcium silicate on the chemical properties of an Oxisol. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with a randomized complete block design, with five doses of calcium silicate (0, 1.2, 2.4, 4.8 and 9.6 t ha-1) and four replicates. We evaluated the soil chemical properties. Silicon fertilization increases the content of Si, Ca and Mg, pH values, and SB and V%, and reduces the potential acidity (H + Al) of the soil.

Os solos de Cerrado apresentam baixo teor de boro (B) no solo, sendo comum a suplementação deste elemento através da adubação via solo e/ou foliar. Portanto, é importante definir qual o melhor modo de aplicação e fonte de B para o bom desenvolvimento do eucalipto. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o efeito de fontes de B com alta e baixa solubilidade na cultura do eucalipto, bem como a aplicação foliar do micronutriente. O experimento foi conduzido em uma área com latitude 20o 34’ S e longitude 51o 50’ O e altitude de 305 m, no período de 01/2012 a 02/2014. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos e cinco repetições, dispostos em um esquema fatorial de 3 x 2, sendo: 0 kg ha-1 de B, 1 kg ha-1 de B utilizando como fonte o ácido bórico (alta solubilidade, 17% B) ou1 kg ha-1 de B utilizando como fonte o borogran (baixa solubilidade, 10% B), aplicados no sulco de plantio, com ou sem aplicações de ácido bórico via foliar na dose de 0,5% de ácido bórico na calda com volume de 250 L ha-1. Com a omissão de B via foliar houve incremento em altura de plantas nos tratamentos que receberam a aplicação do micronutriente no plantio, diferindo significativamente da testemunha. Porém, ambas as fontes, independente da solubilidade, apresentaram resultados semelhantes. As duas aplicações de B via foliar foram suficientes para que houvesse incremento em altura de plantas, quando comparadas aos tratamentos que não receberam aplicação de B no plantio, aos 21 meses. Aos 24 meses após o plantio foi constatado aumento no teor foliar de B nos tratamentos que receberam aplicação foliar. No entanto, esta não incrementou o crescimento, DAP e volume de madeira do clone de eucalipto. A aplicação de B no plantio, independente da fonte utilizada, assim como aplicação foliar do elemento, foram suficientes para reduzir os sintomas de deficiência de B. Com relação às fontes utilizadas no plantio, na dose de 1 kg ha-1 de B, ambas apresentaram resultados semelhantes para altura de planta, DAP e volume de madeira.

An improvement in soil chemical properties and crop development with silicate application has been confirmed in several plant species. The effects of silicate application on soil chemical properties and wheat growth were investigated in the present study. The experiment was carried out in 8-L plastic pots in a greenhouse. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in a 3 × 5 factorial: three soils [Rhodic Acrudox (Ox1), Rhodic Hapludox (Ox2) and Arenic Hapludult (Ult)] and five silicate rates (0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 Mg ha–1 of calcium/magnesium silicate), with four replications. The plant length, number of spikes per pot, shoot dry matter and grain yield, were measured after 115 days of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth. Changes in the soil chemical properties (pH, H+ + Al3+, Al3+, P, K, Ca, Mg, Si, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) were analyzed after wheat harvest. Application of calcium/magnesium silicate reduces the potential acidity (H+ + Al3+) and Al3+ phytotoxic; and increases the soil pH, available Ca, Mg and Si, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and soil base saturation. Silicate application did not affect the available P, exchangeable K and availability of micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) in the three soils. The application of calcium/magnesium silicate in an acid clayey Rhodic Hapludox improves the development and yield of wheat; however, the silicate application in soil with pH higher to 5.3 and high Si availability does not affect the agronomic characteristics and grain yield of wheat.

O estudo objetivou avaliar a curva de desidratação e valor nutricional do feno de capim Tifton 85 sob duas alturas de corte em relação ao nível do solo (4 e 8 cm), durante 120 dias de armazenamento em galpão fechado. A curva de desidratação foi determinada utilizando amostras da planta inteira em oito tempos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com cinco repetições. Na segunda etapa avaliou-se o valor nutricional do feno de Tifton 85 armazenado, para isto adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com 2 tratamentos alocados nas parcelas: altura de corte de 4 e 8 cm do solo e cinco tempos nas subparcelas, com cinco repetições. A desidratação do capim Tifton 85 ocorreu em 48 horas para as duas alturas de corte, sendo considerado um tempo ideal para secagem de feno. O teor de matéria seca respondeu de forma quadrática ao tempo de armazenamento do feno, nas duas alturas de corte, diferindo entre as alturas apenas no enfardamento e após 120 dias de armazenamento. O teor de proteína bruta apresentou comportamento quadrático, tanto para o corte a 4 cm, como para o corte à 8 cm do solo, apresentando aos 30 dias de armazenamento o menor valor (107,0 g kg-1) e o maior valor aos 90 dias de armazenamento (147,8 g kg-1), para corte à 8 cm do solo. O extrato etéreo apresentou comportamento quadrático, tanto para o corte à 4 cm, como para o corte à 8 cm do solo, diferindo entre as alturas apenas aos 90 dias de armazenamento. O teor de FDN apresentou resposta linear positiva em função do tempo de armazenamento, não diferindo entre as alturas de corte. Para o teor de FDA, em ambas as alturas de corte do capim Tifton 85, o modelo de regressão quadrático foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados, diferindo entre as alturas aos 30 e 60 dias de armazenamento. Os valores de DIVMS e DIVPC do feno armazenado foram inferiores aos valores obtidos no momento do corte. O corte do capim realizado a 4 cm do solo é o mais indicado para produção de feno, visto maior produção de matéria seca e valor nutricional sem diferença entre os tratamentos no enfardamento. O armazenamento do feno causa alterações indesejáveis em seu valor nutricional, principalmente nos teores de fibra e digestibilidade in vitro.

The objective of this study was evaluate the organic carbon stock and chemical and physical properties of soils in management systems with different deployment times under clayey Red Latosol in western region of Paraná, Brazil. Five managed areas and a reference area (native forest) without anthropic action were analyzed in completely randomized design with five repetitions. Management systems include three areas with different time of first adoption of no-till: 6 years – NT6 (transition phase), 14 years – NT14 (consolidation phase) and 22 years – NT22 (maintenance phase); 16 years of no-till, and in the last four years with integration of maize and ruzigrass (Brachiaria ruziziensis) – (NT+B) and an area of permanent and continuous extensive cattle pasture of coast-cross (Cynodon dactylon) – (P). Physical and chemical properties, total soil organic carbon (TOC) stock and carbon stratification index (SI) of soils were evaluated in depths of 0-0.05; 0.05-0.10; 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m. The macroporosity (MA) was higher in the area of native forest, ranging from 0.23 to 0.30 m3 m-3 and the microporosity (MI) was higher in cultivated areas. The areas of NT+B and P presented lower ratio macroporosity/total pore volume (MA/TPV). For soil bulk density (BD) and soil penetration resistance (SPR), the managed areas show higher values, suggesting the occurrence of compacted subsurface layers. Native forest area showed the highest TOC levels in the depths of 0-0.05 and 0.05-0.10 m, reaching 30.5 g kg-1 in the 0–0.05 m soil layer. There was negative change on TOC stocks in the managed areas in relation to forest area, being more evident in the more superficial soil layers. The SI was greater than one, however there is a reduction in function of adoption time of no-till. There was higher soil compaction in the managed areas, and the NT in soybean/maize succession system does not contribute effectively to the increase of TOC stocks.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence and influence of stalk rot and ear in cultivation of hybrid corn second crop in west region Paraná. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with six transgenic corn hybrids (DKB 330PRO, P4285HX, P3646HX, 30F53HX, P3340HX and P3161HX) with four replications at spacing of 0.90 m between rows and 0.20 m between plants. The characteristics evaluated were: number of healthy and symptomatic plants, number of ears healthy and symptomatic and total number of spikes. After harvest, we assessed the length of ears healthy and symptomatic, bulk grain ears healthy and symptomatic, thousand grain weight of ears healthy and symptomatic, and grain mass per spike weighted, thousand grain weight and weighted productivity. The hybrid P3646HX showed 100% of plants with stem base rot (Colletotrichum graminicola) and soft rot cob (Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. Zeae) and 100% of ears with symptoms of soft rot, followed by hybrid 30F53HX, DKB 330PRO with 34.9 and 29.1% of ears with symptoms of soft rot respectively. The hybrid DKB330PRO showed healthy spikes and patients with superior size, resulting in less interference in the grain yield. The hybrid P3340 productivity was higher, with 7952 kg ha-1 , followed by hybrid 30F53HX and DKB330PRO. A positive correlation between agronomic characteristics and grain yield.

The use of previous crops which have the capacity of supplying nitrogen to maize by symbiotic fixation or nutrient recycling is important to yield maintenance. This study aimed at evaluating the yield of maize grown in succession to green fertilization. A completely randomized blocks design was used with four replications and the following treatments: maize grown on black oat, black oat + oilseed radish, black oat + white lupin, white lupin, crambe, spontaneous vegetation (fallow ground) and spontaneous vegetation (fallow ground) + topdressing nitrogen fertilization. Concerning grain yield, significant differences were observed among treatments. The maize grown on black oat + white lupin straw reached the highest yield (10,817 kg ha-1), resulting in a higher income and differing from the one grown on black oat and crambe straw and spontaneous vegetation. The use of white lupin, black oat + white lupin and black oat + oilseed radish showed to be a viable alternative for a higher grain yield, making the topdressing nitrogen fertilization unnecessary.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence and influence of stalk rot and ear in cultivation of hybrid corn second crop in west region Paraná. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with six transgenic corn hybrids (DKB 330PRO, P4285HX, P3646HX, 30F53HX, P3340HX and P3161HX) with four replications at spacing of 0.90 m between rows and 0.20 m between plants. The characteristics evaluated were: number of healthy and symptomatic plants, number of ears healthy and symptomatic and total number of spikes. After harvest, we assessed the length of ears healthy and symptomatic, bulk grain ears healthy and symptomatic, thousand grain weight of ears healthy and symptomatic, and grain mass per spike weighted, thousand grain weight and weighted productivity. The hybrid P3646HX showed 100% of plants with stem base rot (Colletotrichum graminicola) and soft rot cob (Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. Zeae) and 100% of ears with symptoms of soft rot, followed by hybrid 30F53HX, DKB 330PRO with 34.9 and 29.1% of ears with symptoms of soft rot respectively. The hybrid DKB330PRO showed healthy spikes and patients with superior size, resulting in less interference in the grain yield. The hybrid P3340 productivity was higher, with 7952 kg ha-1, followed by hybrid 30F53HX and DKB330PRO. A positive correlation between agronomic characteristics and grain yield

In Brazil, plant-available micronutrients in the soil can be determined by several chemical extractants, the most common of which are dilute acid and chelating solutions. The purpose of this study was to assess the extractants 0.1 mol L-1 HCl, Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 and DTPA for analysis of the micronutrients Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn in soils from the state of Paraná. In samples from 12 soils (0-20 cm layer), wheat was planted (Triticum aestivum), grown for 42 days after emergence, and then bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) for 38 days. At the end of each planting period, the soil was sampled again. All extractants tested to assess the availability of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn correlated with each other. The efficiency of the extractants HCl, Mehlich-3 and DTPA in assessing plant-available Cu was similar, unlike Mehlich-1, which proved less efficient. The extractants HCl, Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3 were less efficient in estimating plant-available Zn and Fe, and the most indicated extractant is DTPA. The efficiency of the extractants HCl, Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 and DTPA in assessing plant-available Mn in soils from Paraná was similar.

An improvement in soil chemical properties and crop development with silicate application has been confirmed in several plant species. The effects of silicate application on soil chemical properties and wheat growth were investigated in the present study. The experiment was carried out in 8-L plastic pots in a greenhouse. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in a 3 × 5 factorial: three soils [Rhodic Acrudox (Ox1), Rhodic Hapludox (Ox2) and Arenic Hapludult (Ult)] and five silicate rates (0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 Mg ha–1 of calcium/magnesium silicate), with four replications. The plant length, number of spikes per pot, shoot dry matter and grain yield, were measured after 115 days of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth. Changes in the soil chemical properties (pH, H+ + Al3+, Al3+, P, K, Ca, Mg, Si, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) were analyzed after wheat harvest. Application of calcium/magnesium silicate reduces the potential acidity (H+ + Al3+) and Al3+ phytotoxic; and increases the soil pH, available Ca, Mg and Si, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and soil base saturation. Silicate application did not affect the available P, exchangeable K and availability of micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) in the three soils. The application of calcium/magnesium silicate in an acid clayey Rhodic Hapludox improves the development and yield of wheat; however, the silicate application in soil with pH higher to 5.3 and high Si availability does not affect the agronomic characteristics and grain yield of wheat.

The limitation of natural resources coupledwith growing demand for fertilizers to sustain increased crop productivity allyto meet world demand for food intensifies the search for greater efficiency infertilizer use. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response ofphosphorus fertilization on wheat plants, noting its influence on the agronomicand nutritional characteristics of wheat and chemical attributes soil. Theexperiment was conducted in a greenhouse with two sources of singlesuperphosphate (P - 18% P2O5 and top-phos - 22/28% P2O5)and P2O5 five doses (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha- 1),2 dm3 vessel. For dryweight of shoot gave maximum point buildup doseof 151.25 kg ha-1 P2O5 and dryweight of roots point was the maximum dose of165 kg ha-1 P2O5 independent of fertilizerused. Theapplication of P2O5 levels with superphosphate fertilizerand top-phos increased levels of pH and available soil P and P content, K and Sin the leaf tissue. It is recommended both simplesuperphosphate with 18% P2O5 as the top-phos, considered with 28% P2O5,for phosphate fertilizer in wheat crop by selecting the fertilizer that providebest relation cost-benefit, in this case the superphosphate.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a incidência e a influência de podridões de colmo e de espigas no cultivo de híbridos de milho de segunda safra na Região Oeste do Paraná. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento de blocos casualizados com seis híbridos de milho transgênicos (DKB 330PRO, P4285HX, P3646HX, 30F53HX, P3340HX e P3161HX) com quatro repetições em espaçamento de 0,90 m entre linhas e 0,20 m entre plantas. As características agronômicas avaliadas foram: número de plantas sintomatológicas e saudáveis, número de espigas saudáveis e sintomatológicas e número de espigas totais. Após a colheita, foram avaliados o comprimento de espigas saudáveis e sintomatológicas, massa de grãos de espigas saudáveis e sintomatológicas, massa de mil grãos de espigas saudáveis e sintomatológicas, além da massa de grãos por espiga ponderada, massa de mil grãos ponderada e a produtividade. O híbrido P3646HX apresentou 100% das plantas com sintomas de podridão da base do colmo (Colletotrichum graminicola) e podridão mole da espiga (Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae) e 100% das espigas com sintomas de podridão mole, seguido dos híbridos 30F53HX, DKB 330PRO com 34,9 e 29,1% das espigas com sintomas de podridão mole respectivamente. O híbrido DKB330PRO apresentou espigas sadias e doentes com tamanho superior, repercutindo em menor interferência no rendimento final de grãos. O híbrido P3340 apresentou produtividade superior, com 7.952 kg ha-1 , seguido dos híbridos 30F53HX e DKB330PRO. Houve correlação positiva entre características agronômicas e a produtividade de grãos.