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UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) have become increasingly popular in the agricultural sector, promoting and enabling the application of aerial image monitoring in both the scientific and business contexts. Images captured by UAVs are fundamental for precision farming practices. They enable us do a better crop planning, input estimates, early identification and correction of sowing failures, more efficient irrigation systems, among other tasks. Since all these activities deal with low or medium altitude images, automated identification of crop lines plays a crucial role improving these tasks. We address the problem of detecting and segmenting crop lines. We use a Convolutional Neural Network to segment the images, labeling their regions in crop lines or unplanted soil. We also evaluated three traditional semantic networks: U-Net, LinkNet, and PSPNet. We compared each network in four segmentation datasets provided by an expert. We also assessed whether the network’s output requires a post-processing step to improve the segmentation. Results demonstrate the efficiency and feasibility of these networks in the proposed task.

Staphylococcus aureus is the main etiological agent of bovine mastitis worldwide and knowledge about its diversity and virulence factors is vital in controlling infections caused by this pathogen. The present study aimed to perform molecular characterization of a population of S. aureus (n=153 strains isolated from 1994 to 2014 in seven Brazilian states) by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and evaluate their virulence profiles via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PFGE identified 93 pulsotypes, with the isolates organized into 26 clusters and 20 unique pulsotypes. Predominant pulsotypes were observed, with variations according to the years of isolation and geographic origin of the isolates. Based on the PCR results for the genes encoding agglutination factors (ClfA and ClfB), binding proteins (fibronectin binding protein - FnBPA, elastin binding protein - Ebps, collagen binding protein - Cna), and toxins (Hla, Hlb and Luk-ED), 40 virulence profiles were detected. The frequency of virulence genes ranged from 58 to 98% (clfA:84.3%; clfB and hlb both 81%; hla:71.2%; fnBA:82.3%; Can:94.7%; ebps:58%; and lukED:98%). The existence of prevalent genotypes in some of the Brazilian states and the time period studied suggests that these genotypes are better adapted, with favorable characteristics in host/pathogen relationships. Genes of proven importance for S. aureus pathogenesis in bovine mastitis were widely distributed in genetically divergent populations, suggesting that most of these genes may be interesting candidates in the development of vaccines to control bovine mastitis in Brazil.

ABSTRACT Shade-tolerant soybean genotypes will allow their greater adoption for use in agroforestry or intercropped systems in tropical and subtropical regions. These genotypes can be obtained from the selection of existing superior genotypes or through breeding programs. This study, was verified such genetic variability and select those genotypes with cultivation potential at reduced levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Morphophysiological and yield characteristics of 16 soybean genotypes were evaluated in two experiments conducted in a controlled environment and laid in a randomized block design with three replications. Genetic parameters, correlations and genetic diversity were estimated and path analysis was performed. The soybean cultivars used showed genetic variability with a high variation index and heritability, which is advantageous for the selection of superior cultivars. Leaf area showed genotypic correlation and had a direct effect on seed weight per plant, regardless of shading. Additionally, the number of pods, hypocotyl diameter, and leaf area, all indirectly contributed to seed weight per plant regardless of shading. Seven genotypes (NS7780, NS8338, NS7667, NS7901, RK8115, CZ37B43 and 8579RSF) were selected based on genetic gain obtained by the Mulamba and Mock index at the two levels of PAR reduction tested. Furthermore, five of these genotypes (CZ37B43, RK8115, NS7901, NS8338 and 8579RSF) were identified by the Unweighted Pair-Group method Arithmetic Mean, as suitable either as a shaded crop or, as parental materials in breeding programs.

Sample size fluctuation and the restriction of measurements that demonstrate kinetics (typical of physiological processes) are two of the largest inferential constraints in studies on embryonic development in vitro. Thus, we hypothesize that a practical and robust way of aggregating knowledge on aspects of embryonic development in vitro is to use measurements based on the binary counting component. These are typically used to measure the germination process (intraeminal embryonal development). Our biological model was Dragon’s blood (Croton lechleri Müll Arg.), a species native to the Amazon with great socioeconomic impact. Matrices originating from two populations (one native and another cultivated) were the source of biological material. From this material, we studied five sampling densities (5, 25, 50, and 100 embryos), forming a 2 × 4 factorial ANOVA. Among the measurements studied, the coefficient of variation of time, uncertainty, and the synchronization index were the most sensitive to sample-size fluctuation. The synchronization index, however, also proved to be an interesting measurement to detect the parental effect related to the place of occurrence of the matrices. The embryonic development ability, mean development time, and mean development rate were not affected by fluctuations in the sample size or the origin of the material, demonstrating highly conserved traits of the species. Finally, in general, the measurements based on binary counting demonstrated robustness for modeling embryonic growth.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated if the milk ring test (MRT) used to the brucellosis diagnostic at dairy herd level can be done in milk samples with conservative (Bronopol®) collected to the somatic cell count (SCC) that is used to mastitis monitoring. It were analyzed 38 bulk tank milk samples (BTMS) from 19 dairy herds artisanal cheese producers and 36 BTMS from a brucellosis free dairy herd, used as negative control (NC) and positive control (PC), when was added serum from vaccinated animals. The milk samples were collected in two different bottles (with or without Bronopol®). All the 38 BTMS from artisanal cheese producers (samples with and without Bronopol®) were non-reagent to MRT, as all NC. All PC were reagent to MRT, without interference of Bronopol®. Results showed that the milk sample used to SCC presented the proportion of agreement of results in all milk samples (100%), that is, false positive and false negative results were not observed. Results indicated that Bronopol® did not interfere with the color in the time of MRT reading suggesting that the same milk samples could be used to monitoring mastitis and brucellosis.

ABSTRACT: Lychee is one of the most popular exotic fruits in Brazil, and has both in natura and industrial potential. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the number of leaflets on lychee herbaceous cuttings treated with the indolebutyric acid (1000mg L-1). The experimental design was completely randomized, with 4 replications and 10 cuttings per experimental plot. Treatments consisted of cuttings with zero (0), one (1), two (2), three (3), and four (4) leaflets. After 180 days, the rooting and survival percentages and the number and length of roots were evaluated. The data were subjected to polynomial regression analysis. The increase in the number of leaflets was advantageus for all studied variables, with an increase in the survival, rooting of cuttings, and number and length of roots. The herbaceous cuttings of lychee tree are viable, provided that at least four leaflets remain in the herbaceous cutting.

There are researchers who do not recommend data transformation arguing it causes problems in inferences and mischaracterises data sets, which can hinder interpretation. There are other researchers who consider data transformation necessary to meet the assumptions of parametric models. Perhaps the largest group of researchers who make use of data transformation are concerned with experimental accuracy, which provokes the misuse of this tool. Considering this, our paper offer a study about the most frequent situations related to data transformation and how this tool can impact ANOVA assumptions and experimental accuracy. Our database was obtained from measurements of seed physiology and seed technology. The coefficient of variation cannot be used as an indicator of data transformation. Data transformation might violate the assumptions of analysis of variance, invalidating the idea that its use will provoke fail the inferences, even if it does not improve the quality of the analysis. The decision about when to use data transformation is dichotomous, but the criteria for this decision are many. The unit (percentage, day or seedlings per day), the experimental design and the possible robustness of F-statistics to ‘small deviations’ to Normal are among the main indicators for the choice of the type of transformation.

Financial investment projects are characterized by uncertainties. When quantified, these will determine the probability of their occurrence and the condition of risk. This information might be analyzed via simulation of Monte Carlo Method, which will establish the level of associated risk. To understand the financial risks of broiler production in integration system, cash flow models for aviaries were formulated with different technological levels. Using deterministic techniques, the value of the main economic viability indicators were calculated, which were incorporated to the risk through a probabilistic model of pseudo-random numbers, generated with Monte Carlo Method. The uncertainties associated to financial projects show that broiler production in different integration systems is economically viable. However, the best financial return and smallest risk are obtained with an aviary which contains low technological level and the least financial investment.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar genótipos, superiores em produtividade, adaptabilidade e estabilidade, na produção de grãos de feijoeiro, por meio da análise Lin & Binns (1988), modificada por Carneiro (1998). Foram avaliados vinte e dois genótipos pertencentes aos principais programas de melhoramento do país. Essas avaliações constaram de dados dos ensaios de VCU 2007/2008/2009 para o Estado de São Paulo, que seguiram as normas estabelecidas pelo MAPA/SNPC, para ensaios de campo. Estes ensaios foram instalados em vinte e quatro ambientes, nas épocas das águas de 2007 e 2008, seca de 2008 e 2009 e inverno de 2008 e 2009. Os resultados obtidos no conjunto dos anos e ambientes de 2007/2008/2009 demonstraram que os genótipos 'Gen C2-1-3', 'CNFC 10408', 'Juriti Claro' e 'LP 04-72' comportaram-se como os mais estáveis e adaptados. O método Lin & Binns (1988), modificado por Carneiro (1998), mostrou-se adequado para análise dos dados, identificando os genótipos mais estáveis, produtivos e adaptados aos ambientes de cultivo.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar genótipos, superiores em produtividade, adaptabilidade e estabilidade, na produção de grãos de feijoeiro, por meio da análise Lin & Binns (1988), modificada por Carneiro (1998). Foram avaliados vinte e dois genótipos pertencentes aos principais programas de melhoramento do país. Essas avaliações constaram de dados dos ensaios de VCU 2007/2008/2009 para o Estado de São Paulo, que seguiram as normas estabelecidas pelo MAPA/SNPC, para ensaios de campo. Estes ensaios foram instalados em vinte e quatro ambientes, nas épocas das águas de 2007 e 2008, seca de 2008 e 2009 e inverno de 2008 e 2009. Os resultados obtidos no conjunto dos anos e ambientes de 2007/2008/2009 demonstraram que os genótipos 'Gen C2-1-3', 'CNFC 10408', 'Juriti Claro' e 'LP 04-72' comportaram-se como os mais estáveis e adaptados. O método Lin & Binns (1988), modificado por Carneiro (1998), mostrou-se adequado para análise dos dados, identificando os genótipos mais estáveis, produtivos e adaptados aos ambientes de cultivo.The objective of the present study was to identify superior genotypes for yield, adaptability and stability in common bean yield using the Lin & Binns (1988) analysis modified by Carneiro (1998). Twenty-two genotypes were analyzed from the main Brazilian plant breeding programs. The assessments consisted of data from the VCU 2007/2008/2009 experiments for São Paulo State that followed the norms established by the MAPA/SNPC for field trials. The experiments were set up in twenty-four environments, in the 2007 and 2008 wet growing seasons, the 2008 and 2009 dry growing seasons, and 2008 and 2009 winter growing seasons. The results obtained in the set of years and environments of 2007/2008/2009 showed that the genotypes 'Gen C2-1-3', 'CNFC 10408', 'Juriti Claro' and 'LP 04-72' performed with the greatest stability. The Lin & Binns (1988) analysis modified by Carneiro (1998) was shown to be suitable to analyze the data, identifying the most stable and productive genotypes adapted to the cropping environments.

As produções de feijão-caupi, atualmente, no Brasil, são baixas em função, especialmente, do uso de materiais de baixa capacidade produtiva, associado à utilização de sementes de baixa qualidade. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as características agronômicas e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de diferentes cultivares de caupi nas condições edafoclimáticas do cerrado goiano. Empregou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por oito cultivares de caupi (BRS Guariba, BRS 17 Gurguéia, BRS Rouxinol, BRS Marataoã, Patativa, BRS Tracuateua, BRS Milênio e CE 315), recomendados para as regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. O efeito dos tratamentos foram significativos para todos os caracteres avaliados. As cultivares BRS Guariba, BRS 17 Gurguéia e BRS Marataoã apresentaram menores problemas com oídio. Os genótipos de caupi mais produtivos foram BRS Guariba e BRS Gurguéia, com 2.211 e 2.196 kg ha-1 de grãos, respectivamente. A qualidade fisiológica de sementes de caupi foi influenciada pelas cultivares testadas. As cultivares de tegumento colorido caupi CE 315, BRS Gurguéia, BRS Rouxinol, BRS Marataoã e Patativa produziram sementes de melhor qualidade fisiológica, comparativamente, com as cultivares de tegumento branco BRS Tracuateua, BRS Milênio e BRS Guariba.The productivities of cowpea are low, depending on the use of low productivity capacity cultivar planted, associated with the use of low-quality seeds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics and physiological quality in seed lots of different cultivar of cowpea in the "Cerrado", Goiás State, Brazil. The experimental design was a complete block with four replicates. The treatments were eight cultivar of cowpea (BRS Guariba, BRS 17 Gurguéia, BRS Rouxinol, BRS Marataoã, Patativa, BRS Tracuateua, BRS Milênio e CE 315), recommended for the North and Northeast regions of Brazil. The effects of the treatments were considerable for all the characteristics assessed. The cultivar BRS Guariba, BRS 17 Gurguéia and BRS Marataoã, presented less intense powdery mildew symptoms. The cultivar presenting higher yield were BRS Guariba and BRS Gurguéia, with 2,211 and 2,196 kg ha-1 of grain, respectively. The results showed that physiological seed quality influenced productivity of the cultivar. The cultivar BRS CE 315, BRS Gurguéia, BRS Rouxinol, BRS Marataoã and Patativa, with colored hull, produced seeds of better physiological quality compared, to the cultivar of white hull BRS Tracuateua, BRS Milênio and BRS Guariba.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the selectivity of the most used insecticides for controlling Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877, on natural enemies occurring on the cotton crop soil, under field conditions. The study was conducted in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, as randomized blocks, with seven treatments and four replications. The treatments were: Acetamiprid 200 PS, Carbosulfan 400 CE, Diafentiurom 500 PM, Tiametoxam 250 WG, Imidacloprid 200 SC, Paration Metil 600 CE, and control. The samplings of cotton pests natural enemies occurring in the area were made with ";modified pittfall"; traps. During the evaluation period, it was verified the presence of natural enemies, mainly Araneae (31%), Formicidae (29%), and Tachinidae (16%). The insecticide Acetamiprid 200 PS was not selective to the family Formicidae, but it was selective to Araneida and Tachinidae. The insecticide Tiametoxam 250 WG represented a larger effect in the first day (DAA) to the families Formicidae and Tachinidae, when mortality rates of 100% and 56%, respectively, were observed, but it was selective to Arachnida. The insecticide Imidacloprid 200 SC was not selective to ants and Tachinidae, but it was selective to the occurring spiders. Carbosulfan 400 CE was selective to spiders. Paration Metil 600 CE only preserved populations of Araneida. KEY-WORDS: Predator; parasitoid; Gossypium hirsutum. Objetivou-se avaliar a seletividade dos principais inseticidas utilizados no controle do pulgão Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877, nos inimigos naturais ocorrentes sobre o solo de uma cultura de algodão, em condições de campo. O estudo foi realizado em Dourados, MS, através de um experimento em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos testados foram: Acetamiprid 200 PS, Carbosulfan 400 CE, Diafentiurom 500 PM, Tiametoxam 250 WG, Imidacloprid 200 SC, Paration Metil 600 CE e Testemunha. As amostragens dos inimigos naturais de pragas do algodoeiro ocorrentes foram feitas em armadilhas tipo "pittfall modificadas". Foi constatada a presença de inimigos naturais, principalmente Araneae (31%), Formicidae (29%) e Tachinidae (16%), ao longo do trabalho. O inseticida Acetamiprid 200 PS não foi seletivo à família Formicidae, mas foi seletivo para Araneida e Tachinidae. O inseticida Tiametoxam 250 WG representou um efeito maior no primeiro dia (DAA), para as famílias Formicidae e Tachinidae, onde obteve-se taxa de mortalidade de 100% e 56%, mas foi seletivo para a classe taxonômica Arachnida. O inseticida Imidacloprid 200 SC não foi seletivo para formigas e Tachinidae, mas foi seletivo para as aranhas ocorrentes. Carbosulfan 400 CE foi seletivo a aranhas. Paration Metil 600 CE somente preservou populações de Araneida.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Predador; parasitóide; Gossypium hirsutum.

ABSTRACT:The main of this research was to report an atypical foraging behavior in a colony of Trachymyrmex fuscus, situated in "Cerrado" (savanna ecoregion of Goiás, Brazil). The colony foraging activity was performed only by sexual caste. Comparison of the foraging rhythm of this colony with another of the same specie where foraging was performed only by worker caste, showed that working time hours were very similar. After observations on the foraging behavior, both colonies were excavated in order to characterize them (nest size, population composition and estimating of the symbiotic fungus volume). Besides the foraging activity performed only by sexual females, other important observations were highlighted in that colony: low number of workers, presence of worker larvae and pupae (45 and 43 respectively) and apparently normal growth of the symbiotic fungus. Our hypothesis is that sexual females were in charge of the entire colony maintenance. This could be a strategy of colony survival when the worker caste is reduced.

ABSTRACT Water deficit can alter the morphological, agronomic, physiological, and technological traits of the common bean plant, affecting bean grain yield. In addition to yield aspects, the grain post-harvest quality is a decisive factor for the adoption of a new cultivar. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of water deficit on the physiological, morphoagronomic, and technological traits of common bean. The experiment was carried out at in a greenhouse in a randomized block design with a 30 × 2 factorial arrangement, consisting of 30 carioca common bean genotypes and two water regimes (with and without water stress), with three replications. The water deficit affected most morphological, agronomic, and physiological traits; however, it was not significant on the darkening of the seed coat. Cultivars IAC 1849 Polaco, ANFc 5, ANFc 9, BRSMG Madrepérola, IAC Carioca Aruã, TAA Dama, and Branquinho exhibited high yield potential under water stress treatment as well as slow seed coat darkening during nine months of storage. The selection of bean genotypes with slow seed coat darkening could be performed at 30 days of storage.

ABSTRACT: Common bean is a worldwide important crop. The development of varieties with durable resistance to diseases is a major challenge in common bean breeding. The present study aimed at evaluating the phenotypic and molecular selection of anthracnose resistance in a population obtained by assisted backcrossing from IAC Formoso (resistant, donor parent) × BRS Pérola (susceptible, recurrent parent). Nine microsatellites (SSRs) and one Sequence Tagged Sites (STS) markers previously linked to ANT resistance were used to genotype this progeny, and the results showed that the selection of the genotypes closest to the donor parent in the BC1F1 population decreased the number of backcrossing cycles necessary to obtain advanced isogenic lines, potentiating the use of this tool for early selection of resistant cultivars. A total of 31 % of the BC1F1 progeny was selected and backcrossed again. The progeny derived from the second backcross (BC2F3) was selected for the Carioca grain ideotype, and 42 % of the genotypes showed high resistance to anthracnose under controlled conditions of infection for races 65 and 81. Superior resistant plants were selected and evaluated under natural conditions of infection to fusarium wilt and angular leaf spot, allowing the selection of two inbred lines with higher resistance to anthracnose, fusarium wilt, angular leaf spot and postharvest quality traits such as yield, 100 seed weight, L value at seed harvest grain darkening and cooking time. The approach outlined in this paper proved to be effective to simultaneously select for disease resistance without losing technological quality aspects of the bean.

ABSTRACT: Equine infectious anaemia (EIA) is a globally distributed disease caused by a lentivirus. EIA is a notifiable disease that should be reported to the Official Veterinary Service (SVO). Outbreaks are controlled by sacrificing the EIA-positive animals. The study analysed the prevalence of EIA in 165 Equidae seized on public roads in the municipality of Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2015 to 2018. After the seizure and identification of the Equidae, blood was collected to diagnose EIA. A prevalence of 11.8% was observed among the Equidae seized, and the main risk factor was the region of seizure. A kernel-smoothed map showed areas with the highest density of EIA-positive Equidae in the centre and to the east of the study area. In this region, the chance of seizing an equine positive for EIA was greater (OR=3.6) relative to the remaining region. The implementation and maintenance of Equidae seizures and subsequent diagnostic testing for EIA in the municipality of Petrópolis were shown to have great importance for the control and prevention of the disease. Indicating the place of seizure on the identification cards of the animals enabled delineation of the locations in the municipality of Petrópolis, that had a higher risk of EIA-positive animals.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate how salt concentrations in media used for in vitro cultures affect the early development of “barueiro” (Dipteryx alata) seedlings obtained from the shoot apex. Two different in vitro culture media - Murashige & Skoog (MS) and wood plant medium (WPM) - in different salt concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100%) were used. At 120 days, the D. alata seedlings in the MS medium, in its original concentration (100%), developed better than in other concentrations or in the WPM. Therefore, the MS medium was considered the most suitable for ensuring in vitro establishment because it provided greater root length (27.65 cm) and number of leaves per plant (26 leaves) than the other medium.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o efeito da aplicação de silício em hidroponia na conservação pós-colheita de alface americana 'Lucy Brown' minimamente processada. As alfaces foram cultivadas hidroponicamente e a fonte de silício utilizada foi o silicato de potássio nas concentrações de 0; 28; 56; e 84mg L-1. Após a colheita, as folhas selecionadas foram lavadas em água corrente, semiprocessadas mediante o corte de 20mm de largura e sanitizadas por imersão em Sumaveg(r). Estas foram centrifugadas manualmente e acondicionadas em sacos de polipropileno, que, posteriormente, foram selados e armazenados a 3ºC e 85±3% de umidade relativa (UR). Durante 16 dias de armazenamento, foram avaliadas a cada quatro dias e em triplicata, a composição gasosa, a firmeza, o teor de clorofila e de acidez titulável, as atividades das enzimas polifenoloxidase e peroxidase e as análises microbiológicas. Até o 4odia de armazenamento, observaram-se reduções nos níveis de O2para todos os tratamentos, no entanto, para os níveis de CO2, houve aumentos percentuais de 5% no tratamento com 28mg L-1de silício. As maiores concentrações de silício mantiveram maior firmeza das folhas. Os teores de clorofila total se mantiveram estáveis durante o período de armazenamento. A atividade da enzima polifenoloxidase reduziu até o 8° dia. A atividade da peroxidase apresentou aumento durante o período avaliado, na concentração de 84mg L-1de silício. A contagem microbiana de coliformes termotolerantes e totais manteve-se baixa durante o armazenamento. A concentração de 84mg L-1de silício propiciou maior firmeza das folhas das alfaces minimamente processadas, deixando-as mais túrgidas e conservando sua vida útil por 16 dias

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is frequently grown in weathered soils with low phosphorus (P) availability, and this is one of the main limitations on its production. This study aimed to assess 20 common bean genotypes in a hydroponic system to select the best P concentration for inducing nutritional deficiency and to classify the genotypes in terms of nutrient utilization efficiency. The concentrations of P applied were 8.00, 4.00, 2.00 and 0.05 mg L¹. At 21 days, in the plot subjected to an application of the most severe stress, the 0.05 mg L¹ dose of P, had smaller plant size and early leaf abscission was observed. The 4.00 mg L¹ dose of P was the most efficient in inducing stress for discrimination of cultivars in terms of efficiency of use of P. The following genotypes: IAPAR 81, Carioca Comum, IAC Carioca Tybatã, IAC Imperador and G 2333 stood out as being efficient and responsive to P, while the two cultivars DOR 364 and Jalo Precoce were the most inefficient and unresponsive.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is frequently grown in weathered soils with low phosphorus (P) availability, and this is one of the main limitations on its production. This study aimed to assess 20 common bean genotypes in a hydroponic system to select the best P concentration for inducing nutritional deficiency and to classify the genotypes in terms of nutrient utilization efficiency. The concentrations of P applied were 8.00, 4.00, 2.00 and 0.05 mg L¹. At 21 days, in the plot subjected to an application of the most severe stress, the 0.05 mg L¹ dose of P, had smaller plant size and early leaf abscission was observed. The 4.00 mg L¹ dose of P was the most efficient in inducing stress for discrimination of cultivars in terms of efficiency of use of P. The following genotypes: IAPAR 81, Carioca Comum, IAC Carioca Tybatã, IAC Imperador and G 2333 stood out as being efficient and responsive to P, while the two cultivars DOR 364 and Jalo Precoce were the most inefficient and unresponsive.

Anthracnose caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is one of the main diseases affecting the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and the pathogen is characterized by wide variability, with more than 50 physiological races identified in Brazil. Greater occurrences of races 65, 73, and 81 have been observed in Brazil along with the occurrence of pathogenic variability among isolates of a single race, destabilizing the resistance of commercial cultivars. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify physiological races of C. lindemuthianum isolates collected in the states of São Paulo and Santa Catarina, Brazil and to test for variability among the isolates of race 65. The classification of 51 isolates resulted in the identification of 10 different physiological races: 4, 38, 55, 65, 73, 81, 83, 85, 321, and 351. Races 65 and 81 predominated, with frequencies of 37.25 and 35.29%, respectively. Regarding the isolates of race 65, wide physiological variability was evident, suggesting that a new differential set should be applied to detect the levels of variation among isolates of a single race of the pathogen.

Os objetivos do trabalho foram avaliar e indicar parâmetros de seleção para classificação de grãos de feijão que atendam as exigências do mercado consumidor. Foram instalados experimentos contendo 19 genótipos de feijoeiro em nove ambientes, no Estado de São Paulo. A produção de grãos foi estratificada em peneiras de classificação 10 (10/64" pol.) a 15 (15/64" pol.) e avaliada a produção relativa de grãos em peneiras 13 e 14, rendimento de peneira, massa de 1.000 grãos, tamanho de grãos e para os índices J=perfil e H=forma do grão. A produção relativa de grãos, rendimento de peneira, forma e perfil foram as características que apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significativas, indicando presença de variabilidade genética. Por meio da comparação dos resultados com testemunhas de feijoeiro já recomendadas para o setor produtivo, conclui-se que uma cultivar de feijoeiro deve apresentar alta massa de 1.000 grãos (251 a 300g), produção relativa de grãos em peneiras 13 e 14 com valores acima de sete, rendimento de peneira acima de 70,0% e também sementes elípticas e perfil semiachatado.The aim of this research was to evaluate and to direct the genetic parameters to classify the grain size of common bean, according to the market demand. Experiments with 19 common bean genotypes were assembled in nine sites in the São Paulo State. The grain yield was stratified following sieve classification 10 (10/64" inch) to 15 (15/64" inch). The following parameters were evaluated: relative yield with 13 and 14 sieves, sieve yield, thousand grain weight, grain size, J and H indexes (J=grain profile; H=grain shape). The relative grain yield, sieve yield, shapes and grain profiles presented significant statistical differences, indicating the presence of genetic variability among the genotypes. Compared to the market recommended and productive checks, the results showed that a common bean cultivar should present high thousand grain weight (251 to 300g); relative grain yield with 13 and 14 sieves should present values above seven; the sieve yield should be above 70.0% and it should exhibit elliptic seeds and semi-flat grain.

Obejtivou-se no presente trabalho avaliar os parâmetros de adaptabilidade e de estabilidade de linhagens e cultivares de feijoeiro, com grãos especiais, por meio do uso do genótipo suplementar (GS) em análise AMMI (Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction). Foram utilizados dados de produtividade de grãos de 14 genótipos de feijoeiro pertencentes ao ensaio de Valor de Cultivo e Uso (VCU), para o estado de São Paulo, referente às safras de 2005/2006/2007, semeados em 24 ambientes no delineamento de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Pôde-se observar diferenças no comportamento dos genótipos em função do estímulo do ambiente, uma vez que a interação genótipo x ambiente foi significativa. Para tanto os genótipos Gen 99 TGR 34-16 (época das águas), Jalo Precoce e IAC - Centauro (época da seca), Gen 99 TG 28-68 e IAC-Centauro (época de inverno) e IAC-Boreal (conjunto das três épocas) apresentaram-se estáveis, pois seus valores de escores foram próximos de zero. Em relação ao conjunto das três épocas de semeadura não foi detectado nenhum genótipo próximo ao GS, no entanto os genótipos IAPAR-31 e IAC-Centauro (época da seca), Gen 99 TG 28-68 e IAC-Centauro (época de inverno) aproximaram-se desse ponto tendo como característica o fato de interagirem com os ambientes de maneira mais favorável possível. Sendo assim, o método AMMI combinado com o uso do GS auxilia na identificação de genótipos superiores.The objective of the present study is to evaluate adaptability and stability parameters of lines and cultivars of common bean plants with special grains through the use of supplementary genotypes (GS) and AMMI (Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction) analysis. Productivity data of 14 lines and cultivars of common beans belonging to the Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU assay) of the State of São Paulo, referent to the harvests of 2005/2006/2007, seeded in twenty-four environments following a randomized blocks design with three repetitions, were used. It is possible to observe performance differences of the genotypes in function of environmental stimulus, since the genotype x environment integration was significant. Genotypes Gen 99 TGR 34-16 (raining period), Jalo Precoce and IAC -Centauro (dry period), Gen 99 TG 28-68 and IAC-Centauro (winter period) and IAC - Boreal (set of all the three periods) were stable, presenting score values close to zero. Regarding the set of the three seeding periods, we did not detect any genotype close to GS; nevertheless, the genotypes IAPAR-31 and IAC-Centauro (dry period), Gen99 TG 2868 and IAC-Centauro (winter period) were close to this point, interacting with environments in the most favorable way as possible. Therefore, the AMMI method combined with GS use helps to identify superior genotypes.

Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a estabilidade e a adaptabilidade de genótipos de feijoeiro, cultivados em diferentes ambientes, por meio da análise multivariada da performance genotípica, empregando-se os teores de água, o valor protéico e os parâmetros de qualidade tecnológica dos grãos (porcentagem de absorção de água antes e após o cozimento, tempo de cozimento, porcentagem de grãos inteiros, expansão volumétrica e sólidos solúveis totais no caldo), em conjunto com a produtividade média dos genótipos cultivados em diversos ambientes, visando a identificar as linhagens e/ou cultivares mais estáveis e adaptadas para o conjunto de caracteres de importância para a cadeia produtiva do feijoeiro. Para tanto, foram avaliados 19 genótipos de feijoeiro pertencentes aos ensaios de VCU (Valor de Cultivo e Uso) 2005/2006/2007 de grãos dos grupos comerciais carioca e preto para o estado de São Paulo. Os resultados obtidos pela análise multivarida para a o conjunto das três épocas de semeadura reportaram o genótipo Gen 96A98-15-3-52-1 e a cultivar IAC-Alvorada como estáveis, responsivas à melhoria dos ambientes e tolerantes nos ambientes desfavoráveis. Por meio dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a análise de estabilidade e adaptabilidade multivariada proposta por Carneiro (1998), baseadas em Lin & Binns (1988), mostra-se eficiente e simples para a avaliação do desempenho genotípico das cultivares, além de apresentarem unicidade do parâmetro para estimar a adaptabilidade à ambientes favoráveis e desfavoráveis, e simplicidade na interpretação dos resultados.The purpose of this research was to evaluate the stability and adaptability of the genotypes of common beans, cultivated in different environments through multivariate analysis of genotype performance employing up water contents, protein value and technological parameters of quality (percentage of absorption of water before and after cooking, time of cooking, percentage of complete grains, volumetric expansion and soluble solid totals in the broth), together with average productivity of the genotypes. To that end, 19 genotypes of common bean of the carioca and black commercial groups, belonging the testing of VCU (Value of Cultivation and Use) of São Paulo state have been evaluated in the crops of 2005/2006/2007. According to the results obtained by multivariate analysis for the set of the three seasons of culture the genotype Gen 96A98-15-3-52-1 and IAC- Alvorada were classified as stable, responsive to improvement of the environment, and tolerant in unfavorable environments. It can be concluded from these results that the univariate and multivariate adaptability and stability analyses proposed by Carneiro (1998) based on Lin & Binns (1988) is an efficient and simple way to assess the genotype performance of the cultivars, besides presenting parameter uniqueness to estimate adaptability to favorable and unfavorable environments, with a simple interpretation of the results.

ABSTRACT Cut flowers deteriorate quickly and require postharvest technologies to increase their durability, which is usually around 8 days. Due to the scarce information related to postharvest physiology of Alstroemeria cut flowers, this study aimed to verify the best dose of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to the postharvest conservation of inflorescences of Alstroemeria cv. Ajax, considering the factors associated with floral senescence and loss of the decorative life. The stems were submitted to four doses of 1-MCP (0; 100; 250; 500 ppb), then placed in containers with distilled water and stored at room temperature (22 ºC). The treatments were performed in triplicate containing three stems per replicate. The evaluations were performed every three days for a total of 12 days of storage. An F test was conducted, and the means were compared by the Tukey test (p≤0.05). Among the applied treatments the dose of 500 ppb of 1-MCP reduces the loss of water of the stems of alstroemerias during the storage period, keeping the petals turgids and the levels of carotenoids and anthocyanins high, however, this was not enough to keep the decorative quality of the flowers, once the 1-MCP did not solve the problems of yellowing of the leaves and floral openning, which are important characteristics for its commercialization.

RESUMO A aplicação inadequada de agrotóxicos pode causar sérios problemas ao ambiente e o emprego de gotas com pequeno diâmetro pode favorecer a cobertura dos alvos, porém desde que ela aconteça em condições especiais para minimizar a deriva. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, analisar os fatores que influenciam a relação carga/massa (Q/M) gerada por um sistema de eletrificação de gotas em um pulverizador pneumático costal com kit eletrostático por meio de uma gaiola de Faraday. Montaram-se dois experimentos, o primeiro em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, a fim de verificar a influência da distância entre o pulverizador e o alvo, a vazão de aplicação e a calda de pulverização, no funcionamento do sistema de eletrificação de gotas. Neste experimento, avaliaram-se quatro distâncias (0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 m) entre o pulverizador e a gaiola. No segundo experimento, em esquema fatorial, analisaram-se cinco composições de caldas e cinco vazões (0,25; 0,76; 1,00; 1,45; e 1,58 L min-1). A relação Q/M foi determinada por meio da medição da corrente elétrica a partir do volume de calda pulverizado em gaiola de Faraday com um multímetro, dividida pela respectiva massa de líquido. Analisou-se, também, o espectro de gotas produzidas pelo pulverizador, em analisador de partículas por difração de raio laser. Verificou-se que, com o aumento da vazão de pulverização na gaiola de Faraday, menor foi a relação Q/M, o que também ocorreu com a distância do bocal do pulverizador eletrostático da entrada da gaiola. Em relação à calda de pulverização, a relação Q/M aumentou com a adição do óleo mineral, do óleo vegetal e do inseticida. Concluiu-se que a distância entre o bocal do pulverizador e o alvo, a vazão e a calda de aplicação influenciam na eficiência da pulverização eletrostática.

ABSTRACT Given the impact of climate issues and their direct influence on agricultural production, the aim of this study was to identify superior genotypes of dry edible common bean under water deficit. Thus, 30 common bean genotypes were evaluated under controlled greenhouse conditions in a randomized block experimental design with split plots and four replications; the plots consisted of the water treatments (irrigated and water deficit) and the split plots consisted of the genotypes. The results showed genetic variability among the accessions evaluated, and in spite of significant reduction in grain yield and stomatal conductance under water deficit, these two traits showed significant, positive correlation and are able to be applied in early selection of genotypes under this stress condition. Another important response was in relation to the genotypes SER-16, SEN 92, FT Paulistinha, Carioca Precoce, IAC Imperador, and SXB 410, which showed the best yield performances in the two water treatments applied. They can be widely used in breeding programs for development of new cultivars, especially aiming at drought tolerance.