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Does the Presuppositional Imperfective Exist in Russian (and Slavic)? This paper discusses data which are problematic for the hypothesis that the presupposition that an action has taken place directly motivates the use of the imperfective aspect in statements of fact in Russian, and by extension in other Slavic languages. It argues that while imperfective statements of fact occur in presuppositional contexts, such usage is instead motivated by particular semantic elements/discourse effects, such as the construal of a situation as an aterminative process or as repeatable, construals which also motivate non-presuppositional imperfective statements of fact. Similarly, it discusses cases of presuppositional perfective usage, which are likewise triggered by semantic elements that have been independently motivated for non-presuppositional perfective usage. It is further suggested that presuppositional imperfectives can be explained as cases in which the speaker ignores the original causal chain of an action and mentions the event with some orthogonal purposes in mind. In contrast, the perfective tracks the event in its originally intended causal chain. Lastly, it presents data indicating that presuppositional imperfectives in Czech and Croatian reflect the construal of an action as a process. Czy w języku rosyjskim (i słowiańszczyźnie) istnieje imperfektyw presupozycyjny? W artykule omówiono dane, które są problematyczne z punktu widzenia hipotezy, że presupozycja, iż działanie miało miejsce, bezpośrednio motywuje użycie aspektu niedokonanego w stwierdzeniach faktu w języku rosyjskim, a tym samym w innych językach słowiańskich. Autor argumentuje, że imperfektywne stwierdzenia faktu występują w kontekstach presupozycyjnych, a takie użycie jest motywowane przez określone elementy semantyczne / efekty dyskursu, takie jak interpretacja sytuacji jako procesu aterminatywnego lub powtarzalnego, co również motywuje niepresupozycyjne imperfektywne stwierdzenia faktu. Omówione zostały ponadto przypadki presupozycyjnego użycia perfektywnego, które także są wywoływane przez elementy semantyczne, które zostały niezależnie umotywowane dla użycia niepresupozycyjnego perfektywnego. Zasugerowano, że presupozycyjne imperfektywa można wyjaśnić jako przypadki, w których nadawca komunikatu ignoruje pierwotny łańcuch przyczynowy czynności i wspomina o zdarzeniu, mając na uwadze pewne niezależne cele. W przeciwieństwie do tego, perfektyw sytuuje akcję w jej pierwotnie zamierzonym łańcuchu przyczynowym. W zakończeniu przedstawiono dane wskazujące na fakt, iż imperfektywa presupozycyjne w języku czeskim i chorwackim odzwierciedlają rozumienie akcji jako procesu.

This paper discusses data which are problematic for the hypothesis that the presupposition that an action has taken place directly motivates the use of the imperfective aspect in statements of fact in Russian, and by extension in other Slavic languages. It argues that while imperfective statements of fact occur in presuppositional contexts, such usage is instead motivated by particular semantic elements/discourse effects, such as the construal of a situation as an aterminative process or as repeatable, construals which also motivate non-presuppositional imperfective statements of fact. Similarly, it discusses cases of presuppositional perfective usage, which are likewise triggered by semantic elements that have been independently motivated for non-presuppositional perfective usage. It is further suggested that presuppositional imperfectives can be explained as cases in which the speaker ignores the original causal chain of an action and mentions the event with some orthogonal purposes in mind. In contrast, the perfective tracks the event in its originally intended causal chain. Lastly, it presents data indicating that presuppositional imperfectives in Czech and Croatian reflect the construal of an action as a process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper deals with prepositions with causal meaning in Russian and Czech. In Slavic languages prepositions are closely connected to cases. Russian and Czech prepositions have many common features. Prepositions show a relation in space or time or a special relationship between two or more people, places, things or situations. In the current paper we are dealing with causal relations. There are different ways to express them. Among these means, the most common are prepositional-case forms and complex sentences with a subordinate causal part. We analyze the repertoire of causal prepositions in both languages and describe their statistical representation in corpora. Another task is to reveal translation equivalents between two languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of the paper are twofold. First, it provides a systematic qualitative corpus study into differences between Russian and Czech in the use of aspect in chains of single, episodic events, as well as in habitual contexts, which takes into account the role of verb class, aspectual affixes, discourse relations, and other factors contributing to the overall aspectual interpretation in a given sentence. The findings suggest that while Russian makes narrative progression and habituality visible already on the verb forms, by employing exclusively perfective and imperfective verb forms, respectively, Czech relies more heavily on the context itself and uses (im)perfective verb forms mostly to signal duration vs. change of state. The second part of the paper addresses differences in aspect use between the two languages in so-called general-factual contexts (presuppositional and existential). Against the background of the empirical findings of the corpus study, I argue against the received view that Czech makes use of imperfective verb forms to mark existential readings. The presuppositional reading of imperfective forms, which I assume to be related to the process/durative reading of imperfectives, is argued to exist in both languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to account for the variation in aspect choices in factual imperfective contexts in Polish, Czech, and Russian. A series of online questionnaires were conducted wherein the native speakers of the tested languages were asked to fill in the missing verbs for two types of existential contexts (neutral and resultative) and four types of presuppositional factual contexts (weakly and strongly resultative with a focus on the initiator or the result state of the past event). We show that neutral existential factual contexts generally elicited significantly more imperfective choices than resultative existential factual contexts. Additionally, there was a trend towards a higher usage of imperfective in weakly resultative presuppositional contexts as compared to strongly resultative presuppositional contexts, suggesting that the less emphasis is placed on the result state the more likely the choice of imperfective aspect is for the expression of the temporal indefiniteness of factual contexts. Russian showed a significantly higher proportion of imperfective uses than Polish and Czech, with Czech being intermediate. We argue that these observations result from the fact that in all types of factual contexts (both existential and presuppositional) there is an interaction between two types of TEMPORAL (IN)DEFINITENESS of the past event: (i) temporal (in)definiteness at the micro-level (first phase syntax-vP) (depending on the position of the time variable within the temporal event of the past complex event) and (ii) (in)definiteness of the past event at the macro-level (second phase syntax–AspP and TP) (related to the position of the past event relative to the utterance time). We show that both discourse-level information and verb-level information interact in determining these two types of (in)definiteness, and they do it differently in Polish, Czech, and Russian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the translation of Vsevolod Nekrasov’s poetry into Czech. However, it also considers the more general question of whether it is possible to transpose poetry full of delicate humour, hidden allusions, codes and ciphers into another language in such a way that the reader would not be deprived of the aesthetic impression of the original. Nekrasov’s creative and playful poetry poses, at the same time, serious questions and contains hidden messages that should not be ignored by the translator either. The study also points out and demonstrates, using particular examples, that in the process of translation the translator must take the responsibility for the interpretation of the text and must “determine” it to certain extent. This subjective prism then becomes an indispensable part of the reception of translation in the target language area. Specifically, in case of Nekrasov’s poetry, the translator must, besides usual difficulties, face also other challenges, such as the translation of neologisms or uncommon realia, which form the basic elements of his verses.

The article deals with the issue of a new translation of V. V. Mayakovsky’s poems into Czech. It summarizes some basic facts about the author, his poems and poetics, it assesses the previous Czech translations made by Jiří Taufer, and above all it discusses various problems connnected with a new translation of Mayakovsky’s poetry into Czech. It reflects on what the translator needs to do (1) to meet the horizon of expectation of the translation’s readers (in case of Czech translation of Mayakovsky there are two kinds of potential readers: those acquainted with Taufer’s Czech translations, and new readers, unacquainted with V. V Mayakovsky’s poetry and its Czech version in general), and (2) how the translator needs to proceed especially in the aesthetic plan when creating a translation that would have the same qualities as the original text.

This study focuses on the translation of Vsevolod Nekrasov's poetry into Czech. However, it also considers the more general question of whether it is possible to transpose poetry full of delicate humour, hidden allusions, codes and ciphers into another language in such a way that the reader would not be deprived of the aesthetic impression of the original. Nekrasov's creative and playful poetry poses, at the same time, serious questions and contains hidden messages that should not be ignored by the translator either. The study also points out and demonstrates, using particular examples, that in the process of translation the translator must take the responsibility for the interpretation of the text and must "determine" it to certain extent. This subjective prism then becomes an indispensable part of the reception of translation in the target language area. Specifically, in case of Nekrasov's poetry, the translator must, besides usual difficulties, face also other challenges, such as the translation of neologisms or uncommon realia, which form the basic elements of his verses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this article is to highlight the strong pragmalinguistic potential of language as a means of communication in social work and the potential problems of Czech-Russian translation of terminology in this field. Using the material of Russian-Czech terminological equivalents covering the semantic field of “social work”, the author attempts, on the one hand, to illustrate some functions of language in the field under study, on the other hand, to point out a certain interlingual asymmetry in the terminological apparatus of Russian and Czech languages. Last but not least, the author focuses on the growing tendency towards the observance of the ethical principles and correctness of expression in the studied area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The reviewed book examines Polish, Czech, Slovak (partially), and Russian proper names of various onomastic classes related to the sphere of railway: namely, anthroponyms (especially nicknames), names of animals, names of railway terminals, stations and other place names, names of trains, locomotives, cars, railway lines, and other chrematonyms. All onomastic units are classified as formal or informal, each group characterized by its own specificity of usage, linguistic and cultural semantics. The book consists of an introduction, three chapters, and a conclusion. The first chapter discusses the works by Czech, Slovak, Polish, and Russian onomatologists focused on the functioning of names in communication practices related to the railway sphere. The second chapter analyses the official names of objects on the railway. The third chapter deals with informal names related to rail transport. A thorough analysis of the origins of railway onyms and their variations in folk speech is based on a profound knowledge of the functions of these onomastic units in the social space of the four peoples, which constitutes a valuable contribution to Slavic ethnolinguistics. The book may serve as an example for describing peculiar traits of railway onomastics intrinsic to other Slavic peoples and undertaking a further study of proper names used on the railway in Russia.

The article deals with the issue of a new translation of V. V. Mayakovsky's poems into Czech. It summarizes some basic facts about the author, his poems and poetics, it assesses the previous Czech translations made by Jiří Taufer, and above all it discusses various problems connnected with a new translation of Mayakovsky's poetry into Czech. It reflects on what the translator needs to do (1) to meet the horizon of expectation of the translation's readers (in case of Czech translation of Mayakovsky there are two kinds of potential readers: those acquainted with Taufer's Czech translations, and new readers, unacquainted with V. V Mayakovsky's poetry and its Czech version in general), and (2) how the translator needs to proceed especially in the aesthetic plan when creating a translation that would have the same qualities as the original text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on a selected range of paroemiological units of biblical origin. The source connection with the Bible is discussed not only on the basis of a concretizing comparison of individual paroemias with the relevant biblical texts, but also in terms of the current perception of these units as biblical units by native users of Slovak, Czech and Russian languages, and that based on the results of international sociolinguistic research. The demonstration of the current differentiated vitality (knowledge and application in speech) of these units by the representatives of the three Slavic cultural and linguistic communities also draws from its results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Democratization of the Russian society in the last three decades, many social and psychological factors are indirectly reflected in language and speech. It is the Russian language that is ahead of other Slavic languages in terms of pace and scope of dynamics. Although syntax is highly resistant to extralinguistic factors, it is greatly responsive to them. The consequence of this is a mass entry of syntactic constructions that violate the traditional syntactic norm into speech usage, as well as the emergence of new phenomena in syntax that require analysis and evaluation. The aim of the paper is to identify the most active changes in the syntax of modern Russian speech against the background of Czech syntax, to define their nature, to discover the manifestation of the main trends of development. The objects of the research are new syntactic phenomena in the structure of word combinations and simple sentences, which are often revealed in Russian speech in the first decades of the XXI century. The material for the study involved texts published in modern Russian periodicals, as well as facts recorded by the author in radio and television broadcasts of the last decade; Czech periodicals were partially involved. The most active changes are analyzed: transposition, expansion of prepositions in subordinate phrases, simplification of the structure of a simple sentence, segmentation, compression, topicalization of the necessary part of the statement, parcelling, innovative changes in the functioning of nonagentive constructions. The revealed changes prove the manifestation of the main tendencies: "democratization" of the Russian syntax, the tendency to develop a new syncretism, the tendency to strengthen analytism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the Internet influence on the thinking of today’s students and the formation of verbal-semantic level of the language personality structure. In comparative retrospective, linguistic elements of the zero model of language personality are presented. The linguistic personality is interpreted by the authors as a layer model consisting of three levels, each of which changes the effects of the overall content of the given language person. The students are expected to start the 21st century by being inevitably influenced by various electronic technologies, especially the Internet. The research was conducted on particular groups of international students.

The article deals with the issue of analytical adjectives in the Russian and Czech languages, in particular with the issue of source languages of analytical adjectives of narrow concept. Through a thorough analysis the attention is drawn to the affiliation of Russian and Czech analytical adjectives of narrow concept to individual source languages. The English language dominates among source languages of Russian and Czech analytical adjectives of narrow concept. In both languages, analytical adjectives are also represented by loan words from Ancient languages (Latin and Greek), or from Roman languages (French, Italian, Spanish).

The article focuses on the problems of analytical adjectives. These lexical units act, as a rule, in relation to the control word in the definition function. Theoretical information about analytical adjectives (A. A. Reformatsky, M. V. Panov) is the starting point for further research on such lexical units. The presence of analytical adjectives in modern Slavic languages, including Russian and Czech, is closely related to reinforcing trends in analytism and agglutination. The main attention is paid to the formal and structural characteristics of the studied lexical units in the comparative Russian-Czech aspect. Analytical adjectives have a rather diverse and rich formal and structural expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we consider the method of contrastive analysis of oawnx (tower in Russian) lexeme, where the Russian language will be the source language, and the Czech and English languages will be the languages of comparison. In the study we will describe the comparison of the data of etymological dictionaries in three languages. The aim of this comparative analysis is discovering similarities and differences in the sub-systems of three languages. The central concept of contrastive linguistics is the notion of interlingual correspondences - units of different languages having similarities in composition of semes. Formally, there are three types of correspondences: linear correspondences, vector correspondences, lacunae. In this article we will consider one of them - fragmentary lacunarity'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Opera Slavica is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Caracteres: Estudios Culturales y Criticos de la Esfera Digital is the property of Editorial Delirio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The verbs of basic meaning быть – být, иметь - mít and the verbs generally related with them, such as давать/дать - dávat/dát (see the list of literature in this article), are often dealt with in linguistic research. That made us look into other similar verbs, брать/взять - brát/vzít. The verbs давать/дать basically differ from the verbs брать/взять by the relation of the agent of the verbal action to the direction of this action: with дать/давать (give) the action is oriented from the agent (dát odměnu), with брать (take) to the agent (brát odměnu). This fact is valid both in Czech and in Russian, but not always the verbs used are matching, identical. For example the Czech phrase brát léky, brát si zimník is expressed in Russian by принимать лекарство, надевать зимнее пальто. On the other hand the Russian phrase брать власть, брать барьер is expressed by the Czech ujímat se moci, překonávat překážku. The article tries to capture such discrepancies, quite abundant in both languages.

This paper presents the key points concerning Slavic relative constructions with a group of kindred invariable lexemes: Russian что, BCS što, Czech, Polish co, Slovak čo, and their cognates. These constructions are classified into two main types, depending on whether the third-person pronoun is used for marking the relative target. Across Slavic languages, the parameters governing the distribution between the two types are closely connected. The interpretation of these parameters (as well as their microvariation) is presented within the functional-typological approach. Syntactic category (part of speech) of the lexemes is discussed in diachronic perspective: in the more innovative construction with third-person pronoun, čto functions more as a complementizer; in the more conservative construction without the pronoun, čto retains some pronoun traits.

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This article analyses the approach Leoš Janáček undertook in translating the original Russian text of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky's The House of the Dead to the Czech language. Confusing to some, Janáček's work uses a surprising amount of either words directly transliterated from Russian or peculiar expressions with a meaning often unclear to Czech audiences. Thus, from a linguistic perspective, certain passages of the libretto lack internal logic. Since the composer's death, there have been numerous adjustments made in the sung text, however, the article focuses primarily on the original version which, even though less graspable by meaning, tends to maintain authenticity intended by Dostoyevsky. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This contribution is organized as follows: in section 1, I propose a formulation of the Mirror Principle (MP) based on syntactic features; the examples will be taken from Causatives and Anti-Causatives that are derived by affixes (in Russian, Czech, Polish, German, English as compared to Japanese and Chichewa) by head-to-head movement. In section 2, I review some basic facts in support of a syntactic approach to Merge of Causatives and Anti-Causatives, proposing that theta roles are also syntactic Features that merge functional affixes with their stems in a well-defined way. I first try to give some external evidence in showing that Causatives and Anti-Causatives obey a principle of thematic hierarchy early postulated in generative literature by Jackendoff (1972; 43), and later reformulated in terms of argument-structure-ordering principle by Grimshaw (1990:chapter 2). Crucial for my paper is the working hypothesis that every syntactic theory which tries to capture the data not only descriptively but also explanatively should descend from three levels of syntactic representation: a-structure where the relation between predicate and its arguments (and adjuncts) takes place, thematic structure where the theta-roles are assigned to their arguments, and event structure, which decides about the aspectual distribution and division of events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the concept of proverbial equivalent, and such equivalents for the Czech proverbs of active paremiological fund are found in Russian and English languages.

A lot of new words and idioms are the landmarks of contemporary European languages. This process is caused by extralinguistic factors, primarily the globalization of the modern world. But each European language has its own specific features in this process. The comparison of related Slavic languages in this respect shows a lot of differences in terms of their reaction to foreign words, which requires more detailed comments. But we can see some general trends: Russian is more open to borrowings, while Czech tries to adapt new words to its own lexical and grammatical system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides arguments based on Czech, Polish, Russian, and Serbo-Croatian that distributive universal subjects of negated sentences allow the surface scope interpretation on the order SUBJECT > NEGATION, contrary to Zeijlstra 2004. This observation agrees with theories of negative concord that take negative concord items as universal quantifiers taking scope above sentential negation. The arguments are based on available scope interpretations and correlations between word order and scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main issues from the point of wiev of the translation from Russian into Czech linked with the topic of "Railway Transport" is the vocabulary connected with the classification of railway carriages. The problems are caused first of all by that circumstance that the railway fleets on Russian and Czech railways are very dissimilar. Various possibilities of adequate translation of the names of different types of carriages for personal transport are presented in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author deals with the semantics of the Czech word "pohoda". The semantics of the word, the development of a new connotation brings up the question of finding appropriate equivalents in other languages. The reality of this word can be described by means of foreign languages and specifically also the Russian language. Finding equivalents to the word "pohoda" is not only associated with its frequent use during the last twenty years, but also with abstract concepts that are hidden in the semantics of the word. The word reflects the attitude to the contemporary world, the atmosphere of certain events as well as life mood and subjective evaluation. As a part of constant expressions that word realizes its potential enriched with expressive connotation being manifested in different languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the possibility of transferring Russian anthroponyms and toponyms in the graphic system of the Czech language (transliteration, transcription, transplantation, translation), special attention is paid to their practical transcription and its related problems (variability and lack of standards for the transcription of certain letters, the unresolved question of the use of the letter „ë“ Russification of non-Russian anthroponyms and toponyms, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An article comparing the linguistics of Czech to those of Russian is presented in which the author discusses an allegedly unique use of the imperfect aspect case of Czech in the description of events called the Contextually-Conditioned Imperfective Past (CCIP). Information is offered on the author's research in the Czech National Corpus for verb constructions using this particular construction and figures on the frequency of such constructions in literary, technical, and journalistic texts written in Czech.

This article argues that Czech retained a semantic distinction between the expression of current relevance/emphasis and a neutral preterit in third-person compound preterit forms until the late sixteenth century. The distinction was expressed by the presence (expressing current relevance/emphasis) vs. absence (neutral preterit) of third-person auxiliaries. The hypothesis is based on data from two late fourteenth-century narratives (Asenath and The Life of Adam and Eve) and from letters written by or to Czech women from 1365 to 1615. The results of statistical analyses are presented as support for the hypothesis, and it is suggested that the continued distinction between current relevance/emphasis and a neutral preterit in the third person is in part responsible for the fact that the two-way use of imperfective verbs never became a major usage pattern in Czech, in contrast with Russian, where the tense system was reduced relatively early. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A foundational goal of cognitive linguistics is to explain linguistic phenomena in terms of general cognitive strategies rather than postulating an autonomous language module (Langacker 1987: 12--13). Metonymy is identified among the imaginative capacities of cognition (Langacker 1993: 30, 2009: 46--47). Whereas the majority of scholarship on metonymy has focused on lexical metonymy, this study explores the systematic presence of metonymy in word-formation. I argue that in many cases, the semantic relationships between stems, affixes, and the words they form can be analyzed in terms of metonymy, and that this analysis yields a better, more insightful classification than traditional descriptions of word-formation. I present a metonymic classification of suffixal word-formation in three languages: Russian, Czech, and Norwegian. The system of classification is designed to maximize comparison between lexical and word-formational metonymy. This comparison supports another central claim of cognitive linguistics, namely that grammar (in this case word-formation) and lexicon form a continuum (Langacker 1987: 18--19), since I show that metonymic relationships in the two domains can be described in nearly identical terms. While many metonymic relationships are shared across the lexical and grammatical domains, some are specific to only one domain, and the two domains show different preferences for source and target concepts. Furthermore, I find that the range of metonymic relationships expressed in word-formation is more diverse than what has been found in lexical metonymy. There is remarkable similarity in word-formational metonymy across the three languages, despite their typological differences, though they all show some degree of language-specific behavior as well. Although this study is limited to three Indo-European languages, the goal is to create a classification system that could be implemented (perhaps with modifications) across a wider spectrum of languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the ironic usage of apologies and excuses with examples derived from Russian and Czech literature. The author maintains that when an excuse is expressed ironically it ceases to function as an excuse, but in that case what is the speaker expressing? The author attempts an answer to that question by comparing non-ironic excuses to their ironic counterparts. It is claimed using cited examples from Russian and Czech literature that an ironic excuse expresses reproach or strengthens an insult.

The article provides an overview of the Czech, Russian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Catalan languages as well as various types of corpora and tagsets that were used in a natural language processing (NLP) experiment. It outlines the properties and provides comparison of the aforementioned languages in terms of inflection, morphology, and lexicons. It cites various corpora for the NLP of Czech, Russian, Catalan, and Portuguese such as Stat and Raw. It notes several types of NLP tagsets.

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Copyright of Russian Linguistics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses styles of discourse. The author defines the evaluative speech acts, and what it means to evaluate someone, especially in the positive sense. The worth of an evaluative judgement, whether or not it is true or false, can create a significant effect on the person who is receiving it. The author also discusses evaluative argumentations, the sensitivity surrounding discourse during an evaluation, and provides definitions in politics, economics and religion, and providing examples from Russian and Czech texts.

Provides a detailed analysis of Russian and Soviet cultural, socio-political and historical referents in the Czech lexicon. Representation of Russian and Soviet society in standard Czech reference dictionaries; Attempt to analyze the influence of Russian lexis on Czech; Impact of Soviet political change on the development of the language.