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Climate change and human activities exert significant influence on the water–sediment relationship in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, comprehending the underlying mechanisms is crucial for the effective management of water and soil resources, as well as integrated watershed management. This research focuses on the Kuye River watershed (KYH_W) in the middle reaches of the Yellow River in China, along with its sub-watersheds Wangdaohengtazi (WDHT_SW) and Xinmiaosi (XM_SW). This paper utilizes the Mann–Kendall non-parametric test and the double cumulative curve method to examine the interannual trends of runoff, sediment transport, precipitation, temperature, and NDVI factors. Furthermore, the method of the slope change ratio of cumulative quantity (SCRCQ) is utilized to quantitatively evaluate the impacts and contribution rates of climate change and human activities on water–sediment changes within each watershed. The results are as follows: (1) From 1969 to 2019, the entire watershed experienced a significant decrease in both runoff and sediment transport, with 1997 marking the year of abrupt change. However, following 2012, the KYH_W and WDHT_SW exhibited a noticeable rebound in runoff. (2) Human activities predominantly contribute to the reduction in water and sediment in the watershed. (3) After the abrupt change, between 1998 and 2011, the contribution rates of climate change and human activities to the annual runoff reduction in the entire KYH_W reached 33% and 64%, respectively. Moreover, these rates for sediment transport reduction reached 26% and 74%, respectively. Subsequently, after 2012, the contribution rates of both factors to the increase in watershed runoff reached 29% and 71%, respectively. Factors other than the NDVI, within human activities, played a dominant role in augmenting the watershed's runoff. (4) Prior to 2011, changes in vegetation cover resulting from the Grain for Green Program, as measured by the NDVI, emerged as the primary factor responsible for reduced runoff in the watershed. Conversely, factors other than the NDVI assumed dominance in reducing sediment transport. The SCRCQ method offers a quantitative approach to assessing water–sediment changes. Based on this method, the study further underscores the substantial impacts of climate change and human activities on variations in runoff and sediment transport within the KYH_W in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Notably, the water–sediment changes in the KYH_W exhibit distinct stage-wise and spatial discrepancies, which warrant increased attention in future research endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The runoff-sediment relationship is one of the most important aspects to reflect the variation of runoff and sediment. There is a significant impact of the rainstorm on the runoff collection and sediment transport in the watershed. It is a high demand to explore the runoff-sediment relationship under the condition of a single rainstorm in the control of soil and water loss. Heretofore, most research was focused mainly on the northern region of China. It is still lacking in the southern region with frequent rainstorm and flood. Taking the Lianshui watershed located in southern Jiangxi Province as the research area, this study aims to launch the project of forest rehabilitation from slope agriculture, large-scale orchard development, and urbanization construction over the past 30 years. The underlying surface was changed significantly. The characteristics of runoff and sediment were analyzed to determine the relationship between them under different flood types and periods using a cluster, discriminant, and Spearman correlation analysis, according to the hydro-meteorological and land use data from 1965 to 2020 under the condition of a single rainstorm. The hysteretic relationship was then established between the runoff and sediment. The results showed that: 1) The 120 rainstorm floods in the watershed were divided into three types, with the occurrence frequency from the high to the low as Type III, Type I, and Type II, where the proportion were 63.3%, 32.5%, and 4.2%, respectively. The smallest eigenvalue was found in the runoff and sediment transport of Type III flood. The longest flood duration was in the Type I flood. The other eigenvalues were in the middle level. The Type II flood presented the largest eigenvalue, except for the middle-level flood duration. There was a highly correlated runoff depth and sediment transport in the three flood types. The Spearman correlation coefficients were 0.515, 0.800, and 0.481, respectively. 2) Five periods (1965-1975, 1976-1985, 1986-1995, 1996-2005, and 2006-2020) were divided by the whole study period. There was the highest average value of runoff depth and flood duration in 1986-1995, whereas, the average value of peak flow reached the highest in 1976-1985. The eigenvalue of sediment transport in 1996-2005 and 2006-2020 increased significantly, compared with the previous three periods, while the sediment transport capacity of unit runoff raised significantly. 3) The proportion of runoff-sediment loop curves in the type of the clockwise, counterclockwise, positive figure-eight, reverse figure-eight, and compound type were 18.3%, 17.5%, 26.7%, 15.8%, and 21.7%, respectively, among the 120 rainstorm floods. Meanwhile, there was a great variation in the proportion of runoff-sediment loop curves under different flood types. The highest proportion in Type I, Type II and Type III flood were the compound (33.3%), clockwise (40.0%), and positive figure-eight type (30.3%), respectively. However, the highest proportion of counterclockwise and figure-eight type curves was found in the period of 1996-2005 and 2006-2020, respectively, which was closely related to the changes in the location and quantity of sediment sources caused by the large-scale development of orchards in the watershed. The proportion of compound type curve reached the maximum in 1986-1995, due mainly to the high average value of runoff depth and flood duration. The finding can provide the scientific basis for the management and regulation of runoff and sediment in the watershed, in order to implement soil and water conservation measures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of river deltas has considerable economic and ecological benefits; however, owing to sediment interception by dams, river deltas face the risk of shrinking, which is a major environmental challenge of the twenty-first century. The Yellow River contains the highest amount of sediment globally, and accretion and erosion are extremely active in its river delta. The water–sediment regulation scheme (WSRS) of the Yellow River have increased the frequency and unpredictability of the alternation of accretion and erosion areas in the river delta. We studied 25 satellite remote sensing images taken from 1999 to 2019. We used the mean high tide line to calculate the accretion and erosion of the Yellow River delta under different runoff and sediment transport scenarios. WSRS have effectively reversed the erosion of the Yellow River delta that had operated from 2002 to 2019. Runoff and sediment transport during the WSRS period are positively correlated, and both are negatively correlated with erosion area; correlations between variables during the non-WSRS period are not significant. During the WSRS, a sediment and runoff transport ratio greater than 10 kg/m3 results in overall accretion, and a value lower than this results in erosion. In general, during the WSRS period, runoff, sediment transport, and the sediment–runoff ratio jointly control the changes in the accretion area of the river delta. Our research provides a scientific basis for the sustainable development of the Yellow River delta and WSRS scheduling for the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainstorm has been one of the key factors causing runoff and soil erosion in the Yellow River Basin of China. The check dam can serve as one of the most important engineering measures for soil and water conservation during soil erosion control in the Loess Plateau. However, the check damn has posed a great impact on the formation, evolution, and development of the rainstorm runoff process via the changing runoff, erosion dynamics, and energy distribution in the watershed. Therefore, it is crucial to reveal the various elements nexus in the erosion system of the watershed, in order to explore the disaster mechanism of rainstorm runoff under the action of soil and water conservation measures. This study aims to quantitatively reveal the influence of the check dam configuration on the formation and rainstorm runoff evolution in small watersheds of loess hilly regions. An indoor experiment of artificial simulated rainfall was carried out to analyze the hydrodynamics and erosion dynamic characteristics of runoff at different sections in small watersheds with the different measures (no dam, single, and double dam) and the rainfall intensity as 60 mm/h, according to scale relationship. The results showed that: 1) The sediment concentration of runoff increased significantly, as the time and erosion increased the most in the case of a no-check dam. The maximum increase of erosion (runoff) was more than 114.60 cm³/s (only 70.11 cm³/s) in the case of no (double) dam. The sediment concentration values under the No. 1 single dam, No. 2 single and double dam were reduced by 0.14, 0.14, and 0.19 g/cm³, respectively, compared with that without the dam. 2) The check dams posed a significant impact on the evolution process of rainstorms and runoff in small watersheds. The double dam was the most effective to restrain the increase of velocity, while the limited control effect, compared with the single dam. The check dam had also a great influence on the runoff flow state, where the increasing resistance coefficient determined the runoff flow and sediment transport capacity. There was a time-delayed runoff from the laminar to a turbulent state, which increased the stability of flow state change. The runoff state started to change in 10-15 min without the dam, but without change in the check dam until 50 min later. 3) The check dam reduced the runoff power and runoff erosion power, further delaying the growth trend of runoff erosion power. The runoff power under the no-dam scenario was 1.42-2.45 (1.59-2.64) times that under the No.1 (double) dam scenario. More importantly, the flow pattern changed from the turbulent to laminar slow flow, where the Reynolds number decreased 12.04%-85.85% after the construction of the check dam. 4) The runoff process depended mainly on the runoff power, Reynolds number, runoff erosion power, and average velocity in small watersheds. The dominant parameters were ranked in the descending order of the runoff power, Reynolds number, runoff erosion power, and average velocity. The erosion dynamic parameters also posed a much greater impact on the evolution of runoff than the hydrodynamic force parameters. Consequently, the runoff power and Reynolds number can be expected to serve as the dynamic factors for the erosion sediment yield under different siltation dam configurations. The findings can offer practical implications for the pregnant environment and the disaster mechanism of rainstorms and runoff in the basin. A theoretical basis can also be used to evaluate the effect of soil and water conservation engineering measures on the regulation of the runoff process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of runoff and erosion to soil crusts has been extensively investigated in recent decades. However, there have been few attempts to look at the effects of spatial configuration of different soil crusts on erosion processes. Here we investigated the effects of different spatial distributions of physical soil crusts on runoff and erosion in the semi-arid Loess Plateau region. Soil boxes (1.5 m long × 0.2 m wide) were set to a slope of 17.6% (10°) and simulated rainfall of 120 mm h−1 (60 minutes). The runoff generation and erosion rates were determined for three crust area ratios (depositional crust for 20%, 33%, and 50% of the total slope) and five spatial distribution patterns (depositional crust on the lower, lower-middle, middle, mid-upper, and upper slope) of soil crusts. The reduction in sediment loss ('sediment reduction') was calculated to evaluate the effects of different spatial distributions of soil crusts on erosion. Sediment yield was influenced by the area ratio and spatial position of different soil crusts. The runoff rate reached a steady state after an initial trend of unsteadily increasing with increasing rainfall duration. Sediment yield was controlled by detachment limitation and then transport limitation under rainfall. The shifting time of erosion from a transport to detachment-limiting regime decreased with increasing area of depositional crust. No significant differences were observed in the total runoff among treatments, while the total sediment yield varied under different spatial distributions. At the same area ratio, total sediment yield was the largest when the depositional crust was on the upper slope, and it was smallest when the crust was deposited on the lower slope. The sediment reduction of structural crust (42.5-66.5%) was greater than that of depositional crust (16.7-34.3%). These results provide a mechanistic understanding of how different spatial distributions of soil crusts affect runoff and sediment production. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Factors contribution to runoff, sediment in different seasons and spatial scales. • Contribution of precipitation and underlying surface to runoff and sediment. • Assess the group relationships between different types of influencing factors. The changes in runoff and sediment are the most active parts of river systems. Identifying the effect of precipitation, vegetation coverage (VC), landscape metrics, land-use and land-cover changes (LUCC) on runoff and sediment variations is essential for understanding hydrological processes and the environmental evolution mechanisms of watersheds. This study selected four watersheds located in the Qinling Mountains in China to quantify the effects of different driving forces on runoff and sediment variations at different scales. The results showed that VC increased significantly in the study watersheds (p < 0.05) by more than 16 % since 1990. Obvious increases in forest area were the main features of land use change after 2000. The annual sediment transport and sediment concentration in the wet season showed downward trends. The change of underlying surface contributed more than 58 % to reductions in runoff and sediment concentration in controlled watersheds in Xiangjiaping and Jingziguan. The factors influencing runoff and sediment variations displayed obvious spatial and temporal differences. The 2000 m buffer scale could better explain the runoff and sediment variations than other spatial scales. Rainfall and VC were the main factors affecting runoff and sediment variations at different spatial scales during the wet season, while the aggregation index at the watershed-scale and VC were the main influencing factors in the dry season. Moreover, the intersections between precipitation and landscape pattern, between precipitation and LUCC & VC, and between landscape pattern and LUCC & VC in the dry season and wet season were −31.9 %, −27.6 %, −29.0 % and −18.7 %, −11.1 % and −2.3 %, respectively. Therefore, multi-scale differences in the impact of driving factors and the group relationships between measures should be considered for effective runoff and sediment regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of climate change on hydrological cycles and water resource distribution is particularly concerned with environmentally vulnerable areas, such as the Loess Plateau, where precipitation scarcity leads to or intensifies serious water related problems including water resource shortages, land degradation, and serious soil erosion. Based on a geographical information system (GIS), and using gauged hydrological data from 2001 to 2010, digital land-use and soil maps from 2005, a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was applied to the Xichuan Watershed, a typical hilly-gullied area in the Loess Plateau, China. The relative error, coefficient of determination, and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient were used to analyze the accuracy of runoffs and sediment yields simulated by the model. Runoff and sediment yield variations were analyzed under different precipitation scenarios. The increases in runoff and sediment with increased precipitation were greater than their decreases with reduced precipitation, and runoff was more sensitive to the variations of precipitation than was sediment yield. The coefficients of variation (CVs) of the runoff and sediment yield increased with increasing precipitation, and the CV of the sediment yield was more sensitive to small rainfall. The annual runoff and sediment yield fluctuated greatly, and their variation ranges and CVs were large when precipitation increased by 20%. The results provide local decision makers with scientific references for water resource utilization and soil and water conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Under the action of concentrated flow, the change of surface runoff of karst gently sloping farmland is mainly controlled by the magnitude of concentrated flow. • Under the action of concentrated flow, the underground runoff of karst gentle slope farmland is significantly negatively correlated with the slope. • Concentrated flow can lead to severe soil erosion in karst gently sloping farmland. Exposed bedrock in karst areas considerably alters runoff paths causing partial runoff to converge into a concentrated flow, which is a potential source of soil erosion risk. However, research is lacking on how concentrated flow affects regional soil erosion. In this study, the surface and underground dual structure in karst areas was simulated in a steel tank. Combined with runoff plot monitoring, the runoff conversion process and erosion characteristics of gently sloping farmland in karst areas under different water discharge rates were examined through indoor concentrated flow discharge scouring tests, and the influence of concentrated flow changes on the runoff spatial distribution and sediment yield in gently sloping farmland was clarified. The results demonstrated the following: (i) there existed a significant positive correlation between surface runoff and the water discharge rate (p < 0.01); the partial correlation coefficient value reached 0.87. The higher the water discharge rate, the more surface runoff formation was facilitated. (ii) When the slope remained the same, the underground runoff was relatively high at 3 L/min. Given the same discharge, a significant negative correlation between underground runoff and slope was found (p < 0.05); the partial correlation coefficient value reached −0.71. (iii) In response to a water discharge rate of 5 L/min, surface soil erosion was serious, and the maximum sediment transport modulus was 174.088 g/min∙m2. A significant cubic function relationship existed between the scouring time and surface sediment yield. Overall, a critical flow rate occurred between 3 and 5 L/min, which controlled changes in surface runoff, subsurface runoff and surface sediment yield. Under highly concentrated flow, drastic soil erosion could occur. These results can provide a scientific basis for the control and prevention of concentrated flow-induced erosion in karst areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological water was stolen by industrial and domestic water consumption in the Weihe River, which led to a disquieting decline in riverine ecologic functioning. Based on river regionalization and typical years of hydrologic frequency analysis, a variable eco-environmental water demand (EEWD) calculation method was put forward with a monthly runoff process against its traditional fixed volume. The main stream of the Weihe River in Shaanxi Province was regionalized into seven zones in accordance with the location of gauging stations, boundary of administrative districts, and desirable target of water qualities by water function regionalization; typical years with hydrologic frequencies of 25, 50, 75, and 95% were introduced to take annual variation into account, so as to meet the hydrologic characteristics of the river. In addition, the monthly process was suggested to reflect the seasonal change of EEWD. In this study, EEWD was divided into three parts: water demand for sediment transport, diluting and self-cleaning, and basic ecological water demand according to the major problems with the Weihe River. The results showed that EEWD had obvious annual and seasonal variation at time scale, while it tended to increase from upstream to downstream, with the maximum value being . The EEWD showed a strong relationship with runoff, sewage discharge, and sediment erosion and deposition status. The method used herein provided a credible scientific basis for estimating EEWD on the river with serious annual and seasonal hydrologic variation and with great changes along the river, which proposed a significant reference to rivers with similar situations to the Weihe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthworms are ecological engineers that play an important role in hydrological processes and soil erosion by their burrowing and casting activities. Little is known, however, about the ecological function of the activities of an anecic species (Metaphire guillelmi) from the Loess Plateau in China where the soil is severely eroded. We conducted rain-simulation experiments on artificial slopes (mesocosms) filled with soil from Loess Plateau. Two rain intensities (90 and 120 mm h−1) and slope gradients (5° and 15°) were used to investigate the influences of earthworm activity on runoff and soil loss under multiple conditions. Data from 15 d of earthworm activity and 1 h of rain indicated that earthworm activity significantly reduced runoff but aggravated soil erosion. Runoff initiation time increased 2.7–3.1-fold, contributing to the promotion of water infiltration, and the amounts and rates of runoff were 35.8–61.6% and 35.1–60.8% lower under earthworm activity than the controls, respectively. Earthworms greatly influenced the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and these properties were strongly correlated with runoff initiation time and cumulative runoff. The surface casts produced by the earthworms on the soil surface were completely dispersed, increasing the cumulative sediment by a maximum of 169%. Both rain intensity and slope gradient greatly influence runoff and soil detachment, but with earthworm activity, slope gradient was more influential due to its superior contribution to sediment transport. This study quantified the effects of M. guillelmi on runoff and soil erosion and provides basic data for developing a more integrated control of soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. • The increase in infiltration related to earthworm activities decreases runoff. • Soil erosion is aggravated by the low stability of surface cast under intense rainfall. • Earthworm impact on soil loss is larger at lower rain intensity and steeper slope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Runoff and sediment load changes are affected by climate change and human activities in an integrated way. Historical insight into these effects can not only improve the knowledge of river processes, but also promote more effective land and water management. In this study, we looked at runoff and sediment change in the Yan River basin, Loess Plateau, China, using data sets on land use and land cover (LUC), monthly data of precipitation and temperature, and observed data on runoff and sediment load from 1952 to 2010 at the Ganguyi Hydrologic Station. Available data on soil and water conservation structures and their effect were also studied. Five main findings emerged from the data analysis. (1) The annual runoff and sediment load varied greatly during the last 60 yr, and both had coefficients of variation that were much larger than those of precipitation and temperature. (2) Annual runoff and sediment load both showed a significant trend of linear decline over the period studied. The climate data showed a non-significant decline in precipitation over the same period, and a very significant increase in temperature; both can help explain the observed declines in runoff and soil loss. (3) Based on a mass curve analysis with anomalies of normalized runoff and sediment load, 4 stages in the change of runoff and soil loss were identified: 1951 to 1971 (Stage I), 1972 to 1986 (Stage II), 1987 to 1996 (Stage III) and 1997 to 2010 (Stage IV). (4) When years were paired based on similar precipitation and temperature condition (SPTC) and used to assess the impacts of human activities, it was found that 6 sets of paired years out of 12 (50%) showed a decline in runoff, 8 (67%) a decline in sediment load, and 9 (75%) a decline in sediment concentration. The other sets show an increasing change with time. It showed the complexity of human impacts. (5) Human impacts relating to LUC change and soil and water measures in this basin were significant because of both the transfer of sloping cropland into non-food vegetation or terraces, and the siltation in the reservoirs and behind check dams. Data indicated that about 56 Mt of sediment was deposited annually from 1960-1999 as a result of the soil and water conservation structures, which is significantly more than the average 42 Mt, leaving the Yan River basin as sediment load each year. Although the effects of climate change and human action could not be separated, analysis of the data indicated that both had a significant impact on runoff and sediment load in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Under the influence of climate and human activities, fluvial systems have natural ability to make adjustments so that the river hydrology, sediment movement, and channel morphology are in dynamic equilibrium. Taking the Changjiang (Yangtze River) for example. In the early stages after the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) began operational ten years ago, the suspended sediment content (SSC) and fluxes in the middle and lower reaches of the river decreased noticeably. At present, they appear to be in a stable state on the decadal scale. Although the river runoff has not shown any trends, the water level in the river decreased appreciably in time. In the meantime, channel down cutting along the thalweg almost existed throughout the river course. The riverbed has turned from depositional before the dam construction to erosional afterwards. In other words, the riverbed had turned from being sediment sinks to sediment sources. In the main channel of the Changjiang between Yichang and Nanjing, a distance of 1300km, the riverbed sedimentation mode displays strong, intermediate, and weak erosion depending on the closeness to the TGD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We examined runoff and sediment transport associated with large-scale construction projects in Fujian Province, China. Six experimental plots, comprised of four plot types, were designed to mimic typical conditions immediately following disturbance. It was found that natural vegetative cover reduces both runoff and erosion by approximately 36 and 7457 times over bare ground, and 16 and 1801 times over typically planted grasses, respectively. The increase in erosion associated with the replacement of native vegetation with bare ground or grasses due to large-scale infrastructure projects in Fujian from 1999 to 2004, amounted to an estimated loss of 1.76×107 tonnes of top soil and 3.04×108 m3 of surface runoff from the province during the bare soil construction phase, and an additional 4.25×106 tonnes of top soil and 1.35×108 m3 of surface runoff from the province associated with the first year of operation for each project. This has implications for frequency and occurrence of landslides and other geographic hazards, the transport of chemicals into waterways, the transport of goods through shipping passages, and the fertility of land in Fujian. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, the changes in the annual runoff and sediment transport have been assessed by using the long term observation data from 10 gauging stations on 10 large rivers across China from far north to far south. It is found that the annual sediment yield has generally had a decreasing trend in the past half century. According to the changes in annual runoff and the sediment yield per area, rivers in China can be classified into the following three groups: 1) rivers with decreasing annual sediment transport and stable runoff; 2) rivers with both decreasing annual sediment transport and runoff and 3) rivers with greatly reduced annual sediment transport and decreasing annual runoff. The results indicate that, in all southern rivers (to the south of the Huaihe River including the Huaihe River), there has been little change in average annual runoff but a dramatic decrease in annual sediment transport. In the northern rivers, however, both the annual sediment yield and the runoff show significant evidence of reduction. To further investigate the recent changes in annual runoff and sediment transport, the short-term observation data from these 10 gauging stations in the recent 10 years have been assessed. Results show that both the annual sediment transport and the runoff have decreased significantly in the northern rivers in the past 10 years. Using the Yellow River at the Lijin Station as an example, the average annual runoff for the last 10 years is only 1/3 of the long term average value and the average annual sediment yield of the last 10 years is only 1/4 of the long term average value. More unusually, in the Yongding River the annual sediment yield has approached zero and the runoff has decreased significantly. In addition, the impacts of human activities on the changes in both runoff and sediment transport have been discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The three-dimensional circulation, salinity distribution, and overall transport pattern were simulated in the Pearl River Estuary, China, using a modified version of the Princeton Ocean Model (POM). The circulation in the estuary is mainly driven by tide, wind, and river runoff in a complex manner, where the relative importance of the different forcing factors varies over the year. Field data on currents from several locations in the estuary taken at different elevations through the water column were employed to validate the model together with measurements of the salinity distribution in the surface layer. Also, satellite images were utilized to qualitatively confirm the simulated overall transport pattern. Comparisons between measurements and calculations showed that the POM yielded satisfactory predictions without any particular calibration. However, for some events the coastal current outside the estuary induced by the large-scale circulation in the South China Sea affected the flow in the estuary, making it necessary to employ a more sophisticated boundary condition on the ocean side than what was initially implemented. The long-term objective of the numerical modeling of the flow and material transport in the Pearl River Estuary is to utilize the validated model for forecasting the circulation and water quality in the estuary in a comprehensive system where in-situ measurements and remote sensing are the other main components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]