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New fossils of the Miocene crown-tragulid Afrotragulus from Chinji and Dhok Pathan Formations of the Pakistan Siwaliks Group represent its first record out of Africa. This material from Babri Wala (ca. 12.6 Ma), Hasnot 6 (ca. 6.5 Ma) and Barnum Brown's B 51 classic locality (ca. 13.7 Ma) constitutes three new species, Afrotragulus akhtari, A. moralesi and A. megalomilos. We reassess Afrotragulus ingroup phylogeny recovering two clades with African and Asian representatives. Our results reject the existence of a strictly African lineage in the genus. Body-size estimates show three tiny Afrotragulus with a size corresponding to the lower spectrum of extant Tragulus. However, both Afrotragulus lineages produced species larger than 10 kg. Previously considered very small tragulids, these new forms demonstrate that size range of Afrotragulus equals that of all living tragulids. The smallest forms could be frugivorous/browsers but A. megalomilos and A. moralesi could be opportunistic feeders, specially accounting for their highly derived dentition. These new Asian Afrotragulus extend the biochronological range of the genus from the lower Miocene to the late upper Miocene. Afrotragulus is surprisingly uncovered here as one of the longest-lived and most successful members of the Tragulidae, existing during ca. 13.5 million years (20–6.5 Ma). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New remains of the small tragulidDorcatherium songhorensisWhitworth, 1958 from the Early Miocene fossil site of Napak XXI (Uganda) include the first significant sample of postcranial bones from this species ever described. The limb bones of this tragulid are very similar to that described in the Miocene Asian long-legged tragulids of the genusSiamotragulusThomaset al., 1990, a type previously unknown in the African Miocene. A cladistic analysis linksD. songhorensisto aSiamotragulusclade as its basal offshoot, so we propose the nameSiamotragulus songhorensis(Whitworth, 1958) for this species. Also, theSiamotragulusclade belongs to a monophyletic group that includesAfrotragulusSánchezet al., 2010 and the extant Asian generaMoschiolaandTragulus. This inclusive clade is characterized by both a derived selenodont dentition and an advanced postcranial skeleton. AdditionallySiamotragulusshows some cursorial refinements reflected in its postcranial skeleton including the pecoran-like metatarsals III–IV.Siamotragulus songhorensisshows that the genusSiamotraguluswas not endemic to Asia as previously thought, and that a highly diverse guild of tragulids, including different members of the advanced selenodont clade, inhabited Africa as early as the Early Miocene (19–20 Ma). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]