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Make it bloom! CONSTANS contributes to day neutrality in rose. CONSTANS, day neutrality, continual flowering, domestication, diversification, rose, Rosaceae, strawberry. [Extracted from the article]

The primary factors that determine the longevity of cut roses are variable and depend on a cultivar's sensitivity to ethylene. The vase life of ethylene-sensitive cultivars (SENS) is shortened by ethylene synthesis, while for ethylene-insensitive cultivars (INSENS) it is strongly related to water stress. In this study, we determined the effect of ethylene binding on the change in ethylene sensitivity in two rose cultivars with different sensitivities to the hormone. In addition, we determined the effects of ethylene binding and synthesis inhibition on flower senescence and gene expression using 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG). The relationship between the mRNA levels of ethylene biosynthesis, receptor, and signaling genes and the degree of ethylene sensitivity was determined during flower development and senescence. The results showed that simultaneous treatment with AVG and 1-MCP effectively improved water balance, maintained leaf chlorophyll fluorescence ratios, and consequently extended the vase life of cut flowers for both SENS and INSENS cultivars. The results also revealed that the expression of the ethylene biosynthesis (RhACS2 and RhACO1) genes in cut roses was effectively suppressed by simultaneous treatments with both AVG and 1-MCP. The ethylene-induced induction of RhETR1-5 transcript levels and the degradation of RhCTR1-2 were both repressed by AVG and 1-MCP treatments; consequently, RhEIN3s transcripts were greatly inhibited in both SENS and INSENS cultivars. The findings from the current study revealed that a simultaneous inhibition of ethylene binding and synthesis suppressed plant responses to ethylene and consequently extended the vase life for cut rose flowers in both ethylene-sensitive and ethylene-insensitive cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of salicylic acid (SA) and nitric oxide (NO) was explored on some growth characteristics and leaf and root nutrients content in Rosa hybrida "Beverly Watson" under alkaline stress conditions in a factorial experiment with three replications. Two factors were foliar applied including salicylic acid (SA) at five rates (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) and sodium nitroprusside at four rates (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM). In order to create alkalinity, sodium bicarbonate solution was applied to pot soil in several stages to reach pH = 8. The recorded parameters were included the fresh and dry weight of leaf, stem and root, and leaf and root minerals content. The results showed that SA and NO application alleviated the adverse effects of alkalinity on the plant and increased growth parameters. Also, they significantly increased some essential elements such as K, Ca, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu in leaf and root as compared to control and decreased Na content in leaf and root. In general, it was revealed that SA and NO treatments were effective in mitigating the negative effects of alkalinity in roses and can have positive and favorable effects on the growth and development of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbivores' host plant resistance may also affect performance of their predators. The effect of susceptible ('Yellow') and resistant ('Roulette') rose cultivars on demographic parameters of the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch and its predators Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was determined under laboratory conditions. The obtained data were analyzed using the two-sex life table theory. The development rate of different life stages of TSSM and its predators on the susceptible and resistant rose cultivars were significantly different. Total development time of juvenile stages of TSSM and A. swirskii on the resistant cultivar was longer than that on the susceptible one, although no significant differences were obtained in the case of P. persimilis. By using the two-sex life table, the intrinsic rate of increase (r) of TSSM on the susceptible and resistant cultivars was 0.205 and 0.143 day-1, respectively. In addition, the net reproductive rate (R0) of TSSM on the susceptible and resistant cultivars was 26.46 and 11.47 eggs per individual, respectively; however, the mean generation time (T) of TSSM on these cultivars was 15.92 and 16.92 days, respectively. Furthermore, the value of the intrinsic rate of increase (r) in P. persimilis on the susceptible and resistant cultivars was 0.217 versus 0.163 day-1as well as in A. swirskii on the mentioned cultivars was 0.147 versus 0.117 day-1, respectively. There was no significant difference between the values of the net reproductive rate (R0) in P. persimilis on the susceptible and resistant rose cultivars, but in A. swirskii the value of this parameter on the susceptible cultivar was significantly higher than that on the resistant one. The mean generation time (T) in both predators on the resistant cultivar was longer than the susceptible one. In conclusion, resistance of the rose cultivar negatively affected the population growth parameters of TSSM and its both predators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rose flowers are in great demand among the population. The use of growth regulators on the culture of roses allows you to improve the biological properties of varieties, their potential, as well as increase the yield and decorative colors. The purpose of the research was to determine the effectiveness of the action of plant growth regulators Biolan, Regoplant, Bionur, Bouton, Humisol-H and Zircon on growth, development, decorative qualities, yield dynamics and rose productivity under conditions of modern winter Venlo greenhouses. The study was conducted on plants of a variety of hybrid tea type Avalange of the Netherlands breeding company Lex +. Experimental work was carried out at the farm “Askania-Flora" during 2015-2016. Threefold spraying of plants with growth regulator solutions was applied: 7 days after planting, during budding and at the beginning of flowering. The control plants were not treated with growth regulating agents. As a result of research, it has been established that growth regulators Bud and Bionur accelerated the formation of flowering shoots and the time for slamming on plants, shortened the period of bud appearance and flower development. Established a different effect of preparats on the dynamics of the arrival of the crop by month. The influence of growth regulators Biolan, Bionur and Bud on the increase in total yield, plant productivity and decorative qualities of the rose flower has been determined. The results obtained should be taken into account when laying rose stands in winter greenhouses to regulate growth processes, plant development and increase crop yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted at Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, to evaluate the performance of cut flower rose varieties and to select suitable varieties for commercial cultivation in Kerala. Three IIHR varieties viz., Arka Ivory, Arka Pride, and Arka Swadesh, and seven exotic rose varieties viz., Gold Strike, Noblesse, Revival, Taj Mahal, Corvette, Emma and Peach Avalanche were selected for the study. The varieties varied significantly with respect to various vegetative and floral parameters. The variety Taj Mahal was superior with respect to plant height (52.83 cm). Highest number of flowers were recorded in variety Revival (12.45) which was on par with Arka Ivory (11.38), Arka Swadesh (10.10) and Peach Avalanche (9.87). The variety Taj Mahal had highest number of petals (79.54). Vase life was highest for the varieties Revival (4.83 days), Taj Mahal (4.75 days) and Noblesse (4.75 days). The genetic estimates of heritability (%) and genetic advance (%) were found to be high for the characters fresh weight of flower, number of petals per flower and vase life, indicating that the expression of these characters were due to additive gene action. Varieties Taj Mahal and Noblesse, which were superior with respect to these characters, could be selected for further breeding programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black spot in roses caused by the hemibiotrophic ascomycete Diplocarpon rosae (Wolf) (anamorph Marssonina rosae) is the most devastating disease of field grown roses and, therefore, affects both consumers of ornamental roses and commercial production. Chemical control of the disease is restricted by regulations, and consumers increasingly demand resistant varieties. As breeding black spot resistant rose varieties is complicated by its polyploid nature and the regular emergence of new pathogenic races of the pathogen, a deeper understanding of the biological characteristics of the interaction between the fungal parasite and its host is urgently needed. This review summarizes some investigations of the parasite and its interactions from early descriptions of the pathogen to recent molecular analyses of the fungus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to develop a new & healthy version of Turkish-coffee enriched with rose. Conventionally roasted Coffee Arabica L. beans for Turkish-coffee & dried-Rosa Damascene Mill.[7/0,7/0.5,7/1.5,7/2g(w/w)] was grinded. Total-Phenolic Contents (TPC), Total-Antioxidant (TAS) & Oxidant-Status (TOS) were measured and Oxidatif Stress Index (OSI) was calculated. Consumer panel testing was done. TPC of the coffee samples with 1.5 & 2g rose was different according to plain coffee (p<0.05). TAS value (mmol/L) of plain-coffee was 2.2±0.11 while the values of the coffees including 0.5g,1.5g,2g rose were 2.4±0.09,2.4±0.05,2.7±0.02, respectively. TOS value (µmol/L) of plain-coffee was 17.6±0.24, while the values of the coffees including 0.5 g, 1.5 g and 2 g rose were 13.0±1.00, 9.4±1.30, 9.4±0.31, respectively (p<0.05). OSIs of coffee samples including 0, 0.5, 1.5, 2 g rose were found to be 7.7, 5.2, 3.6, 2.7 respectively (p<0.05). The coffees including 1.5 & 2 g rose had the highest sensory-scores. Turkish-coffee including rose will strengthen already existing phenolic & antioxidant features of coffee, and thus contribute the improvement of health & taste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rose is one of the most valuable ornamental crops worldwide. In this study, the composition of hydrophilic and lipophilic pigments in petals of six rose cultivars at seven developing stages was investigated using high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Four anthocyanins, 20 flavonols, and 10 carotenoids were detected in petals of tested cultivars. Major individual anthocyanin, flavonol, and carotenoid were cyanidin/pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside, kaempferol 3- O -rhamnoside, and (9 Z)-violaxanthin, respectively. Significant differences were observed in pigments content in petals of different rose cultivars. The yellow petals of YI and GC exhibited no to very small amounts of anthocyanins, moderate amount of total flavonols, and highest content of total carotenoids. Similarly, pink petals of PF, WQ, and YX showed average concentration of total anthocyanins, highest concentration of total flavonols, and small amount of carotenoids. Further, orange petals of CH showed highest content of total anthocyanins, lowest content of total flavonols, and average content of total carotenoids. Correlation analysis demonstrated that there were many pigments influencing petal colors. Moreover, multiple linear regression indicated that pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside, total anthocyanins and (9 Z)-violaxanthin were the major factors. In addition, this study showed that orange cultivar CH, pink cultivar PF and yellow cultivar YI can have great potential as a natural source for the extraction of pelargonidin 3- O -glucoside, kaempferol 3- O -rhamnoside, and (9 Z)-violaxanthin, respectively. These investigations would contribute toward understanding the mechanism on the development of flower colors and provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of rose with specific color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of floribunda varieties of roses was carried out based on 18 floral parameters under open conditions. Among 20 varieties tested, flower size was observed maximum in 'White Queen Elizabeth' (11.40 cm) and the flower stem length was the maximum in 'Brown Velvet' (82.16 cm). Flower colour varied from red, purple, yellow to orange group and 11 cultivars were found fragrant. The maximum vase life of flowers (8 days) was recorded in 'Rumba'and 'Charisma'. The maximum number of flowering stems per plant (4.67) was observed in 'Zorina' and 'Brown Velvet', whereas, maximum number of petals per flower was recorded in 'Arunima' (66.33). The maximum days for visible bud (155.67 days) and bud formation (157.67 days) was observed in 'White Junior Miss', while maximum days for colour development (161.67 days) and opening of flower (167.67 days) were required in 'White Junior Miss'. The maximum days for senescence (196.33 days) were recorded in 'Eureka'. The maximum bud length (31.31 mm) was recorded in 'White Queen Elizabeth' and the maximum bud diameter (15.26 mm) appeared in 'Brown Velvet'. The maximum pollen viability was observed in 'Brown Velvet' (71.67 %) and maximum pedicle length occurred in 'Banjaran' (11.76 cm). The maximum duration of flowering (41 days) was observed in 'Hot Cocoa', 'Judi Garden', and 'White Junior Miss'. The seed setting was observed only in five of the 20 floribunda cultivars of roses evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cut roses ( Rosa hybrida L.) have been classified as ethylene-sensitive, but the nature of the ethylene sensitivity changes in these flowers has not been well characterized. In the present study, the relationships between vase life, ethylene sensitivity, and expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes were determined in 33 cultivars. Despite the same growing season and identical postharvest environments, the vase life of cultivars ranged from 5.5 to 15.5 d. Ethylene primarily accelerated petal wilting, which is the main factor shortening the longevity in long vase life cultivars. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that among five ethylene synthesis genes, RhACO1 showed the most distinct expression patterns in response to ethylene. ACS genes were differentially expressed in response to ethylene, and only RhACS2 and RhACS4 are induced by ethylene and during flower senescence. Correlation analysis revealed that the major factors that terminate vase life vary depending on flower sensitivity to ethylene. The vase life of ethylene-sensitive cultivars was strongly related to RhACO1 transcript level, which was induced by ethylene exposure. In contrast, the vase life of ethylene-insensitive cultivars was mostly reduced due to an early failure of water relations, as a consequence of the decreased hydraulic conductance of stems and water loss via transpiration. The current study revealed that postharvest treatments to improve the vase life should be differently applied based on the ethylene sensitivity of each cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation was carried out to accessthe impact of mulching materials on improving the floral attributes of rosecv. Lahar. The experiment was conducted at Modal Floriculture Centre, G. B. P. U. A. & T., Pantnagar during winter and spring seasons of the years 2011-12 and 2012-13. The treatments comprised 50, 100 and 200 μ thickness black and transparent polyethylene films, paddy straw and control. Each treatment was replicated thrice in a completely randomized block design. The results obtained from the investigation showed that during both the seasons i. e. winter and spring, minimum days taken to flowering (32.14 and 31.64 days, respectively) were observed of plants grown under the plots covered with 100 μ thick black polyethylene mulch which were statistically at par with 200 μ thick black polyethylene film (33.46 and 32.50 days). In both the seasons, maximum duration of flowering (5.49 and 5.01 days, respectively), flower longevity (11.55 and 10.73 days, respectively), flower diameter (8.62 and 6.54 cm), stem length (30.45 and 29.55 cm, respectively), number of flowers per plant (25.90 and 36.20, respectively), vase life (8.59 and 8.55 days, respectively) and water uptake (22.45 and 21.15 ml, respectively) were recorded from the plants grown under the plots mulched with 100 μ thick black polyethylene film. The results also revealed that plants grown under the plots covered with 200 μ thick black polyethene mulch also significantly improved the floral characters of the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BABY BOOM ( BBM), initially identified in Brassica napus, can enhance the shoot regeneration capacity in tissue culture and is involved in the conversion from the vegetative to embryogenic state. This study aimed to isolate BBM orthologue genes from Rosa canina and analyse their functions. Two full-length cDNAs, designated RcBBM1 and RcBBM2, were isolated from R. canina by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The predicted amino acid sequences of the two RcBBMs contained the bbm-1 motif and the motifs typically conserved in the eudicot ANT (eu ANT) lineage. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the RcBBMs were most closely related to the BBM orthologue genes identified in Glycine max and Medicago truncatula. The transcripts of the RcBBMs were detected in young roots, calluses, and protocorm-like bodies (PLBs), whereas they were undetectable in stems, leaves, and flowers. RcBBM1-GFP and RcBBM2-GFP fusion proteins were both localized in the nucleus. 35S::RcBBM1 and 35S::RcBBM2 transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines exhibited enhanced shoot regeneration capacity in tissue culture, but did not undergo spontaneous somatic embryogenesis. The results suggest that RcBBMs may be candidate genes for improving the shoot regeneration efficiency of R. canina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of simple sequence repeat markers for variety identification in 69 rose (Rosa x hybrida) varieties. A set of 112 SSR primer pairs was evaluated and 43 primer pairs showed polymorphism in 12 varieties. Twenty-two primer pairs out of 43 primer pairs showed high levels of polymorphism and reproducibility. The genetic relationship of 69 varieties was analyzed based on the marker genotypes of 22 SSRs. A total of 114 polymorphic amplified fragments were obtained by using 22 SSR markers. Two to ten SSR alleles were detected for each locus with an average of 5.18 alleles per locus. Average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.621, ranging from 0.211 to 0.813. A total of 114 marker loci were used to calculate Jaccard's distance coefficients for cluster analysis using unweighted pair-group method with arithmetical average (UPGMA). Cluster analysis of genetic diversity revealed that these SSR marker sets identified each genotypes of 69 rose varieties. These SSR markers may be used for wide range of practical application in variety identification of rose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snacks were prepared by mixing rose powder with yam. Drying techniques, i.e., hot air drying, microwave-vacuum drying (MVD) and microwave-assisted pulse-spouted bed freeze-drying (MPSFD), were evaluated for key physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics of the restructured rose powder-yam (RRY) chips. Color, expansion ratio, bulk density, hardness, total phenolics content and retention of anthocyanins, which are important pigments in rose, were determined. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, electronic nose and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the state of water, odor and microstructure of the samples. MVD required the shortest drying time, while MPSFD gave chips with the best instrumentally-evaluated quality, with the lowest total color difference (Δ E) and hardness. The retention of total phenolics and anthocyanin pigments in RRY chips was highest using MPSFD. MPSFD chips also received the highest scores for all sensory attributes and had a favorable microstructure. • Selected drying methods were used to prepare restructured rose-yam (RRY) chips. • Microwave vacuum drying showed the shortest drying time and highest drying rate. • Microwave-assisted pulsed-spouted bed freeze drying (MPSFD) gave the highest product quality. • MPSFD best retained anthocyanins, flavor and microstructure of RRY chips. • MPSFD chips had lower free water content than other chips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a plant pathogen that causes crown gall disease in various hosts across kingdoms. In the present study, five regions (Wonju, Jincheon, Taean, Suncheon, and Kimhae) of South Korea were chosen to isolate A. tumefaciens strains on roses and assess their opine metabolism (agrocinopine, nopaline, and octopine) genes based on PCR amplification. These isolated strains were confirmed as Agrobacterium using morphological, biochemical, and 16S rDNA analyses; and pathogenicity tests, including the growth characteristics of the white colony appearance on ammonium sulfate glucose minimal media, enzyme activities, 16S rDNA sequence alignment, and pathogenicity on tomato (Solanumlycopersicum). Carbon utilization, biofilm formation, tumorigenicity, and motility assays were performed to demarcate opine metabolism genes. Of 87 isolates, 18 pathogenic isolates were affirmative for having opine plasmid genes. Most of these isolates showed the presence of an agrocinopine type of carbon utilization. Two isolates showed nopaline types. However, none of these isolates showed octopine metabolic genes. The objectives of the present study were to isolate and confirm virulent strains from rose crown galls grown in the different regions of Korea and characterize their physiology and opine types. This is the first report to describe the absence of the octopine type inciting the crown gall disease of rose in South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two modern rose varieties, Floribunda and Hybrid Tea, were used to analyze and identify metabolic changes after foliar application with benzyladenine (BA). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as metabolites were detected. Two pairs of doses of BA, at 11.16 and 17.87 mg/cm2, and 7.17 and 12.26 mg/cm2 were applied to the foliage of Hybrid Tea and Floribunda, respectively. Sampling time was optimized and treatment duration was 4 weeks. After treatment, the volatiles from the treated and untreated control roses were extracted using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technology by three-phase fiber 50/30 µm divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with a flame ionization detector (FID), and with mass spectrometry (GC-MS).The results showed that BA and its dose rate led to metabolic changes of treated roses in comparison with untreated controls. The number of VOCs extracted and detected from leaves, stem, rhizosphere and whole plants from the two rose varieties at doses rate of 17.87 and 12.26 mg/cm2 were 43, 65, 40 and 68 compounds for each plant material, respectively, for both rose varieties. Whilst the VOCs extracted and detected from both rose varieties for leaves, stem, rhizosphere and whole plants were 38, 61, 34 and 66 compounds for each plant material, respectively. The results demonstrate that some volatiles, such as 4-Heptyn-2-ol, Phenyl methyl ether and 3-Methyl-apopinene, increased with increasing doses of BA; these compounds are aroma chemicals with a very powerful smell. This study shows that BA treatments can have a significant effect on metabolite changes in different rose tissues. This method could be applied to other floriculture plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]