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Societal Impact Statement: Understanding domestication's impact on crop root traits and interactions with soil microbiomes is vital for improving crop resilience and agricultural sustainability. Using this knowledge to enhance root systems, reduce chemical inputs, and adapt crops to environmental stress will help to increase global food production, promote eco‐friendly farming, and mitigate the effects of climate change. Additionally, identifying microorganisms specific to plant species may help in biodiversity conservation. Advancing scientific understanding and educating future generations on the intricate relationships between plants, soil, and microorganisms is integral to developing innovative, sustainable agricultural practices and improved food security. Summary: Domestication and intensive management practices have significantly shaped characteristics of modern crops. However, our understanding of domestication's impact had mainly focused on aboveground plant traits, neglecting root and rhizospheric traits, as well as trait–trait interactions and root‐microbial interactions.To address this knowledge gap, we grew modern (Hordeum vulgare L. var. Barke) and wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum K. Koch var. spontaneum) in large rhizoboxes. We manipulated the soil microbiome by comparing disturbed (sterilized soil inoculum, DSM) versus non‐disturbed (non‐sterilized inoculum, NSM) microbiome. Results showed that modern barley grew faster and increased organic‐carbon exudation (OCEXU) compared to wild barley.Both barley species exhibited accelerated root growth and enhanced OCEXU under DSM, indicating their ability to partially compensate and exploit the soil resources independently of microbes if need be. Plant trait network analysis revealed that modern barley had a denser, larger, and less modular network of microbes than wild barley indicating domestication's impact on trait–trait coordination. In addition, the relative abundance of bacteria did not vary between wild and modern barley rhizospheres; however, species‐specific unique bacteria were identified, with stronger effects under DSM.Overall, our findings highlight domestication‐driven shifts in root traits, trait coordination, and their modulation by the soil microbiome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the impact of drought and waterlogging stresses on the morphological and physiological characteristics of black pepper (Piper nigrum). The greenhouse experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with treatments consisting of three water regimes (drought, control, and waterlogging), all replicated three times. The results suggested that the root traits of black pepper, such as root length and surface area, showed considerable reductions under both stress conditions, with more severe impacts observed under waterlogging. The significant reductions were observed in plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, and SPAD value, root and shoot dry weight of black pepper. Gas exchange parameters also decreased markedly under drought stress, with waterlogging causing an even greater reduction. The findings provide valuable insights into managing the effects of environmental fluctuations on black pepper cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Root exudates act as the "language" of plant-soil communication, facilitating crucial interactions, information exchange, and energy transfer between plants and soil. The interactions facilitated by root exudates between plants and microorganisms in the rhizosphere are crucial for nutrient uptake and stress resilience in plants. However, the mechanism underlying the interaction between root exudates and rhizosphere microorganisms in desert plants under drought conditions remains unclear, especially among closely related species. Methods: To reveal the ecological strategies employed by the genus Haloxylon in different habitats. Using DNA extraction and sequencing and UPLC-Q-Tof/MS methods, we studied root exudates and soil microorganisms from two closely related species, Haloxylon ammodendron (HA) and Haloxylon persicum (HP), to assess differences in their root exudates, soil microbial composition, and interactions. Results: Significant differences were found in soil properties and root traits between the two species, among which soil water content (SWC) and soil organic carbon (SOC) in rhizosphere and bulk soils (P < 0.05). While the metabolite classification of root exudates was similar, their components varied, with terpenoids being the main differential metabolites. Soil microbial structure and diversity also exhibited significant differences, with distinct key species in the network and differential functional processes mainly related to nitrogen and carbon cycles. Strong correlations were observed between root exudatemediated root traits, soil microorganisms, and soil properties, although the complex interactions differed between the two closely relative species. The primary metabolites found in the network of HA include sugars and fatty acids, while HP relies on secondary metabolites, steroids and terpenoids. Discussion: These findings suggest that root exudates are key in shaping rhizosphere microbial communities, increasing microbial functionality, fostering symbiotic relationships with hosts, and bolstering the resilience of plants to environmental stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant roots represent about a quarter of global plant biomass and constitute a primary source of soil organic carbon (C). Yet, considerable uncertainty persists regarding root litter decomposition and their responses to global change factors (GCFs). Much of this uncertainty stems from a limited understanding of the multifactorial effects of GCFs and it remains unclear how these effects are mediated by litter quality, soil conditions and microbial functionality. Using complementary field decomposition and laboratory incubation approaches, we assessed the relative controls of GCF‐mediated changes in root litter traits and soil and microbial properties on fine‐root decomposition under warming, nitrogen (N) enrichment, and precipitation alteration. We found that warming and N enrichment accelerated fine‐root decomposition by over 10%, and their combination showed an additive effect, while precipitation reduction suppressed decomposition overall by 12%, with the suppressive effect being most significant under warming‐alone and N enrichment‐alone conditions. Significantly, changes in litter quality played a dominant role and accelerated fine‐root decomposition by 15% ~ 18% under warming and N enrichment, while changes in soil and microbial properties were predominant and reduced decomposition by 7% ~ 10% under precipitation reduction and the combined warming and N enrichment. Examining only the decomposition environment or litter properties in isolation can distort global change effects on root decomposition, underestimating precipitation reduction impacts by 38% and overstating warming and N effects by up to 73%. These findings highlight that the net impact of GCFs on root litter decomposition hinges on the interplay between GCF‐modulated root decomposability and decomposition environment, as well as on the synergistic or antagonistic relationships among GCFs themselves. Our study emphasizes that integrating the legacy effects of multiple GCFs on root traits, soil conditions and microbial functionality would improve our prediction of C and nutrient cycling under interactive global change scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice allelopathy is a natural method of weed control that is regarded as an eco-friendly practice in agroecology. The root growth of allelopathic rice at the seedling stage plays an important role in its weed control. Our study characterizes a plant hormone that promotes root growth, abscisic acid (ABA), to explore its role in the induction of rice allelopathy. Increasing the root morphology traits (root length, root tip number, and root biomass) in rice using different concentrations of exogenous ABA resulted in increased inhibitory ratios against barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), both in a hydroponic experiment and pot test. In particular, the relative proportion of induced allelopathy to total allelopathy in non-allelopathic rice Lemont (Le) was higher than that in allelopathic rice PI31277 (PI). The total content of phenolic acid, which is an important allelochemical in rice, as previously reported, was significantly elevated in the root exudates of both PI and LE. The gene expression levels of OsPAL, OsC4H, and OsCOL related to phenolic acid synthesis were also up-regulated, with a higher regulatory fold in PI. ABA also increased the expression of OsKSL4 and CYP75B4 involved in the biosynthesis of momilactone B and tricin. Moreover, low concentrations of exogenous ABA mainly positively regulate the expression of OsIAA11, an AUX/IAA transcription factor gene, in the root of PI and Le. These findings suggest that the application of ABA could significantly enhance the weed-suppressive activity of both rice cultivars through regulating root growth and the synthesis of allelochemicals secreted by rice roots, providing an option for the improvement of rice allelopathy through chemical induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil phosphorus (P) availability is a crucial factor determining primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystem. Plant functional traits and microbes under P‐deficient conditions can respond positively to increase soil P bioavailability. Whether and/or how the fine‐root traits (FRTs) of deep‐rooted desert species affect the rhizosphere and bulk soil community of phoD‐harbouring bacteria and thus improve the availability of soil P, however, remains unclear.We conducted a three‐year artificial outdoor pot experiment of P supply using Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. (hereafter Alhagi) to address this gap. Fine‐root samples from 1‐ and 3‐year‐old Alhagi seedlings and samples of the rhizospheres and bulk soil were collected. High‐throughput sequencing, sequential extraction and root system scanning were used to determine soil phoD‐harbouring bacteria community, Hedley‐P fractions and the FRTs.Fine‐root surface area (RSA), specific root length, foliar Mn concentration (indicating the quantities of root carboxylates that are released) and acid phosphatase (APase) activity were significantly higher in the no‐P supply compared with the high‐P supply conditions. APase activity was significantly higher by 27%, but the foliar Mn concentration was remarkably lower by 26%, in the 3‐ than the 1‐year‐old seedlings. The rhizospheric concentrations of labile P, moderately labile P, inorganic P and organic P in the no‐P supply condition were 5%, 11%, 10% and 21% higher, respectively, in the 3‐ than the 1‐year‐old seedlings. RSA and the foliar Mn concentration were dominated root predictors for the rhizospheric phoD‐harbouring bacteria community for the 1‐year‐old seedlings, whereas fine‐root P concentration was the dominated root predictor for the rhizospheric and bulk soil phoD‐harbouring bacteria communities for the 3‐year‐old seedlings. Soil water content, as the most dominant soil factor driving the variation of phoD‐harbouring bacteria community, notably could not be ignored. FRTs were the main factors that directly and positively determined rhizospheric phoD‐harbouring bacteria community and thus influenced soil P availability, but bulk soil phoD‐harbouring bacteria community were dominated by inorganic P concentration. The importance of fine‐root morphological traits to soil P availability gradually increased as the plants grew.Overall, our results emphasize the significance of rhizospheric phoD‐harbouring bacteria determined by the effect of FRTs on the bioavailability of soil P. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global change is affecting the distribution and population dynamics of plant species across the planet, leading to trends such as shifts in distribution toward the poles and to higher elevations. Yet, we poorly understand why individual species respond differently to warming and other environmental changes, or how the trait composition of communities responds. Here we ask two questions regarding plant species and community changes over 42 years of global change in a temperate montane forest in Québec, Canada: (1) How did the trait composition, alpha diversity, and beta diversity of understory vascular plant communities change between 1970 and 2010, a period over which the region experienced 1.5°C of warming and changes in nitrogen deposition? (2) Can traits predict shifts in species elevation and abundance over this time period? For 46 understory vascular species, we locally measured six aboveground traits, and for 36 of those (not including shrubs), we also measured five belowground traits. Collectively, they capture leading dimensions of phenotypic variation that are associated with climatic and resource niches. At the community level, the trait composition of high‐elevation plots shifted, primarily for two root traits: specific root length decreased and rooting depth increased. The mean trait values of high‐elevation plots shifted over time toward values initially associated with low‐elevation plots. These changes led to trait homogenization across elevations. The community‐level shifts in traits mirrored the taxonomic shifts reported elsewhere for this site. At the species level, two of the three traits predicting changes in species elevation and abundance were belowground traits (low mycorrhizal fraction and shallow rooting). These findings highlight the importance of root traits, which, along with leaf mass fraction, were associated with shifts in distribution and abundance over four decades. Community‐level trait changes were largely similar across the elevational and temporal gradients. In contrast, traits typically associated with lower elevations at the community level did not predict differences among species in their shift in abundance or distribution, indicating a decoupling between species‐ and community‐level responses. Overall, changes were consistent with some influence of both climate warming and increased nitrogen availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Non-native, invasive plants are increasingly common in Eastern North American forests, but their impact on soil fungi remains unclear. We used DNA metabarcoding to investigate the effects of nativity, plant mycorrhizal type and soil factors on root-associated fungal communities. We focused on understory woody plants in a deciduous forest tract in central New York state, and included three plant types, invasive arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), native AM, and native ectomycorrhizal (EM), each represented by 3–5 species. We found lower fungal operational taxonomic unit (OTU) diversity in EM than AM plants, but no OTU diversity difference between native and invasive AM species. Pathogen OTU richness and relative abundance were not distinct between plant types. OTU composition was influenced by host mycorrhizal type and by AM plant nativity, with mycorrhizal fungi being important drivers in both cases. The relationships of soil characteristics (e.g., pH) with OTU composition were independent of plant nativity and mycorrhizal type. Specific root length of native AM species was lower than that of invasive AM plants, while EM plants were intermediate. Irrespective of plant type, OTU composition was distinct among plant species, particularly in fungal communities associated with the invader Rhamnus cathartica. These results suggest that invasive AM plants may shift fungal composition relative to native AM and EM plants, with potential long-term consequences for soil biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, microplastic pollution of soil ecosystems poses a major risk. The early studies found that the impact of microplastics on different plants could vary depending on the type of microplastic, the mass concentration or the plant species. This study investigated the effect of 3 mass concentrations (0.1%, 1%, and 2.5%) and 3 types of microplastics (PE MPs, PLA MPs, and PVC MPs) on adzuki bean biomass, root traits, Chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzymes. According to our findings, all microplastics had an impact on biomass, but PLA MPs had the strongest inhibitory effect. The high mass concentration of microplastics had a significant influence on chlorophyll content. Adzuki beans exhibited varying degrees of damage upon exposure to microplastics, but they were able to withstand the oxidative stress brought on by PE MPs by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and POD). Comparing the adverse effects of PE MPs on adzuki beans to those of PLA MPs and PVC MPs, principal component analysis and membership function value analysis revealed that the former had fewer impacts. Disparities in the observed effects may be attributed to variations in the properties of microplastics. Subsequent investigations into the mechanisms underlying microplastic toxicity need a more comprehensive exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dune vegetation mediates dune-building through trapping wind-blown sand and reduces dune erosion by attenuating wave energy via above- and belowground biomass. Despite the role of vegetation in dune functions, the amount and distribution of biomass within a dune remains poorly quantified due to a lack of ample data. Our objectives were to determine the effects of management history and elevation on (1) dune belowground biotic structure and aboveground community composition and (2) to determine best predictors of belowground biomass. We sampled belowground biomass and sedimentology across the dune profile at sites in the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA. Dunes were classified as either unmanaged (no anthropogenic interventions) or managed (sand fencing, vegetation planting, dune construction). Living belowground biomass was higher in unmanaged dunes and decreased with depth. Non-living belowground biomass was 50% higher than living biomass and with greater abundance in unmanaged dunes. Elevation was a significant covariate of living and non-living belowground biomass, vegetative cover and species richness. Plant community composition varied less in managed dunes and differed significantly from unmanaged dunes. Vegetative cover, species richness, elevation, sedimentology and management history were predictors of belowground biomass. These results underscore the influence of management and geomorphology on dune plant communities, which may influence erosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root system architecture is pivotal for the acquisition of water and nutrients in maize, serving as an essential foundation for achieving high and stable yields. Identification of the genetic components and natural variations determining root traits may facilitate molecular breeding of maize varieties with better root traits. Melatonin plays an important role in plant physiology and development. In this study, nine melatonin biosynthesis genes were re-sequenced in 348 inbred lines, 68 landraces, and 32 teosintes to investigate variations related to maize root traits. The analysis of nucleotide diversity suggested that these genes may have undergone selection, particularly within their promoter regions. Marker–trait association analysis identified 26 variants significantly associated with six root traits. Five variations within the ZmTDC4 promoter were significantly correlated with both total root length (TRL) and lateral root length (LRL). Among these, SNP-1784 explained the most phenotypic variation of root traits, including TRL and LRL, that has undergone selection throughout maize domestication and improvement. Furthermore, knockout of ZmTDC4 in maize resulted in a pronounced reduction in root length, underscoring its critical role in root development. Collectively, these findings elucidate the role of melatonin synthesis genes in root development and identified favorable alleles, thus providing key loci for breeding maize varieties with superior root systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interspecific relationship between functional traits and tree seedling performance can be inconsistent, potentially due to site-to-site or microsite variation in environmental conditions. Studies of seedling traits and performance often focus on above-ground traits, despite the importance of below-ground resource acquisition and biomass allocation to above versus below-ground functions. Here we investigate how varying environmental conditions across sites induce intraspecific variation in organ-level (above-ground, below-ground) and biomass allocation traits, affecting interspecific relationships between these traits and seedling performance. We analyzed trait expression for 12 organ-level and three allocation traits and their relationships with height growth (1716 seedlings) and mortality (15,862 seedlings) for 26 tree species across three sites along a forest successional gradient in Costa Rica. We found significant intraspecific differences across sites in all allocation traits, but only in three of seven above-ground and three of five below-ground organ-level traits. Allocation traits were better predictors of seedling performance than organ-level traits. Relationships between allocation traits and both growth and mortality varied among all sites, but for organ-level traits, only relationships with growth varied among sites. These results underscore that biomass allocation plays a key role in the earliest life stages of trees and that site-specific conditions can influence how functional traits mediate seedling establishment during succession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A semi-hydroponic system was developed to assess canola (Brassica napus L.) root architectural traits. Four cultivars were grown under controlled conditions in germination paper rolls immersed in half-strength Hoagland's solution. Eight parameters, including total root length, total root surface area, average root diameter, tip number, total primary root length, total lateral root length, total tertiary root length, and basal link length, were analyzed using the WinRHIZO software after 7, 14, and 21 days. The results suggested that 14 days in the semi-hydroponic system were optimal for accurate root trait assessment, as clear differences were observed while maintaining ease of handling and scanning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to competition from invasive plants over multiple generations, or multigenerational invasive exposure can drive rapid native plant trait change. While invasive plant effects can be concentrated belowground, few studies consider native plant root trait responses to multigenerational invasive exposure. So, here we quantified root and shoot trait responses of the native grass Sporobolus airoides in response to multigenerational invasive exposure. S. airoides was sourced from invader-experienced subpopulations that co-occurred in the field for 58 years on average with invasive Russian knapweed (Rhaponticum repens) and from nearby invader-naïve plants that did not co-occur with the invasive. Maternal plants of these subpopulations were collected in the field, then transplanted to a greenhouse in Wyoming, USA. The first generation of seeds from these transplants were collected and grown for another round of seed collection (generation two). We grew invader-experienced and invader-naïve seedlings from both generations in a growth chamber in Illinois, USA. We found the largest shifts in root traits with invasive exposure status (e.g., for root mass fraction (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.5), primary root count (SMD) = 0.52), root length (SMD) = 0.44)); invader-experienced plants had significantly larger root traits in generation two, which was associated with greater survival, and thus may be adaptive. Since invader-experienced accessions have been evaluated as valuable restoration material in invaded sites, these findings highlight the need for continued root research in multigenerational invasive plant interactions and the need to evaluate more than one generation removed from a biotic influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement Understanding domestication's impact on crop root traits and interactions with soil microbiomes is vital for improving crop resilience and agricultural sustainability. Using this knowledge to enhance root systems, reduce chemical inputs, and adapt crops to environmental stress will help to increase global food production, promote eco‐friendly farming, and mitigate the effects of climate change. Additionally, identifying microorganisms specific to plant species may help in biodiversity conservation. Advancing scientific understanding and educating future generations on the intricate relationships between plants, soil, and microorganisms is integral to developing innovative, sustainable agricultural practices and improved food security. Summary Domestication and intensive management practices have significantly shaped characteristics of modern crops. However, our understanding of domestication's impact had mainly focused on aboveground plant traits, neglecting root and rhizospheric traits, as well as trait–trait interactions and root‐microbial interactions. To address this knowledge gap, we grew modern (Hordeum vulgare L. var. Barke) and wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum K. Koch var. spontaneum) in large rhizoboxes. We manipulated the soil microbiome by comparing disturbed (sterilized soil inoculum, DSM) versus non‐disturbed (non‐sterilized inoculum, NSM) microbiome. Results showed that modern barley grew faster and increased organic‐carbon exudation (OCEXU) compared to wild barley. Both barley species exhibited accelerated root growth and enhanced OCEXU under DSM, indicating their ability to partially compensate and exploit the soil resources independently of microbes if need be. Plant trait network analysis revealed that modern barley had a denser, larger, and less modular network of microbes than wild barley indicating domestication's impact on trait–trait coordination. In addition, the relative abundance of bacteria did not vary between wild and modern barley rhizospheres; however, species‐specific unique bacteria were identified, with stronger effects under DSM. Overall, our findings highlight domestication‐driven shifts in root traits, trait coordination, and their modulation by the soil microbiome.

Abstract Dune vegetation mediates dune-building through trapping wind-blown sand and reduces dune erosion by attenuating wave energy via above- and belowground biomass. Despite the role of vegetation in dune functions, the amount and distribution of biomass within a dune remains poorly quantified due to a lack of ample data. Our objectives were to determine the effects of management history and elevation on (1) dune belowground biotic structure and aboveground community composition and (2) to determine best predictors of belowground biomass. We sampled belowground biomass and sedimentology across the dune profile at sites in the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA. Dunes were classified as either unmanaged (no anthropogenic interventions) or managed (sand fencing, vegetation planting, dune construction). Living belowground biomass was higher in unmanaged dunes and decreased with depth. Non-living belowground biomass was 50% higher than living biomass and with greater abundance in unmanaged dunes. Elevation was a significant covariate of living and non-living belowground biomass, vegetative cover and species richness. Plant community composition varied less in managed dunes and differed significantly from unmanaged dunes. Vegetative cover, species richness, elevation, sedimentology and management history were predictors of belowground biomass. These results underscore the influence of management and geomorphology on dune plant communities, which may influence erosion resistance.

Low phosphorus (P) in the upland ecosystems negatively, influence rice growth and causes significant yield losses. In the present study, 9 upland rice genotypes were screened to identify root traits that support the growth in low P soil in a cement tank. Rice genotypes showed significant (p = ≤ 0.05) variation for number of root tips (NRT), number of root branching points (NBP), total root length (TRL), whole root network area (NA), average root diameter, root volume (RV), root surface area (RSA), first order root length (FORL), and second order root length (SORL). BW01 and ITA01 recorded the highest NRT, NBP, TRL, RV, NA, RSA, FORL and SORL while NERICA04 had the lowest representing 5.8, 8.0, 7.6, 6.8, 9.0, 5.8, and 9.3 differences in these traits under low P soil. NRT significantly positively correlated with NBP, TRL, NA, RV, RSA, FORL indicating the role of different root traits in foraging for soil nutrients. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the NRT, NBP, TRL, RSA and SORL are important and effective root traits for selection in rice breeding under low P soil supply. BW01 and ITA01 recorded well developed root system indicating that they are P-efficient than P-inefficient NERICA04 under low P soil conditions. Therefore, BW01 and ITA01 can targeted for cultivation in P deficient soils and also used as donor of novel root traits to improve P-inefficient rice cultivars.

Abstract [Objective] The study aims to investigate the chemosensory effect of fading leaves of Ziziphus jujuba, Juglans regia, and Malus pumila in northern Shaanxi, and to provide theoretical guidance for the selection of suitable grass species under economic forests. [Methods] Outdoor potting forage Lolium perenne and Medicago sativa were set up with different concentrations of Z. jujuba, J. regia, and M . pumila withered leaf extracts (0.1, 0.05, 0.025, 0.012 5 g/mL) treatments to determine the growth and physiological indexes of the forage. [Results] (1) The dry mass of forage monocultures was significantly lower than the control in most of the three types of withered leaves treated with each concentration of leachate, and the decrease was smaller in the Z. jujuba leachate. (2) Forage malondialdehyde content was higher than the control under all three types of leachate treatments, while the increase in Z. jujuba leachate was smaller, and the changes in its chlorophyll content, ascorbic acid content and antioxidant enzyme activity differed significantly among the three types of leachates, and the variability of L. perenne was significantly greater than that of M . sativa. (3) There were significant differences in the effects of the three types of extracts on the root traits of the forages, all of which inhibited their root length growth, significantly inhibited the number of L. perenne root tips, and promoted the number of M . sativa root tips. [Conclusion] Three kinds of fruit tree leaf extract showed significant inhibition on the growth of two kinds of forage grasses, and the inhibitory effect of Z. jujuba extract was the smallest, and the growth of L. perenne was less inhibited than that of M . sativa.

Abstract Sowing date and soil fertility are very important factors in the overwintering and production performance of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), yet there’s a knowledge gap in knowledge on how late-seeded alfalfa responds to phosphorus (P) fertilization. A field study was conducted in Inner Mongolia from 2020 to 2022 using a split-plot design. The main plots consisted of five sowing dates (31 July, 8, 16, and 24 August, and 1 September), while the subplots involved five P application rates (0, 40, 70, 100, and 130 kg P2O5 ha−1). Throughout the growing seasons, the overwintering rate, root traits, forage yield, and yield components were measured. The results revealed a consistent decrease in overwintering ability and productivity with the delayed sowing. This reduction in overwintering rate was mainly due to diminished root traits, while the decrease in forage yield was largely associated with a reduction in plants per square meter. However, P fertilizer application to late-seeded alfalfa demonstrated potential in enhancing the diameter of both the crown and taproot, thus strengthening the root system and improving the overwintering rate, the rate of increase ranges from 11.6 to 49%. This adjustment could also improve the shoots per square meter and mass per shoot, increasing by 9.4–31.3% and 15.0–27.1% respectively in 2 years, which can offset the decline in forage yield caused by late sowing and might even increase the forage yield. Regression and path analysis indicated that alfalfa forage yield is primarily affected by mass per shoot rather than shoots per square meter. This study recommended that the sowing of alfalfa in similar regions of Inner Mongolia should not be later than mid-August. Moreover, applying P fertilizer (P2O5) at 70.6–85.9 kg ha−1 can enhance the forage yield and persistence of late-seeded alfalfa. Therefore, appropriate late sowing combined with the application of P fertilizer can be used as an efficient cultivation strategy for alfalfa cultivation after a short-season crop harvest in arid and cold regions.

Extended Abstract Background: As one of the most important cereals, bread wheat is an essential part of food security in the world, which supplies one-fifth of the total calories of the world population. Nowadays, the yield of wheat has been affected by climate change-driven drought as one of the most important abiotic stresses that has become an important threat to food security in the world. Root and stomatal traits are especially important in breeding plants to withstand drought stress. Stomata play a key role in controlling carbon dioxide uptake and water loss through transpiration. Therefore, stomatal characteristics are used as indicators of water status and plant growth, especially in drought stress conditions. Having a wide range of physiological and morphological characteristics, roots play an essential role in absorbing water and nutrients. They are also the first organ that sends signals to control the stomata in response to dryness. Therefore, the difference in the structure of the root system can cause the difference between the performance in different cultivars. This study was conducted to investigate stomatal characteristics and their relationship with the root system and plant performance in 24 bread wheat lines and cultivars. Methods: To investigate the relationship between stomatal dimensions and density with the root system, an experiment was conducted on 24 bread wheat genotypes in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the rainfed conditions of the research farm at Zanjan University Faculty of Agriculture in the crop year 2018-2019. In this experiment, PVC pipes were used to study the root system. Twelve seeds were planted in each tube, which were thinned to seven after germination. In each experimental unit, there were two tubes for each genotype, one of which was used to evaluate traits and final yield, and the second tube was used for root studies. Stomatal traits, including the length and width of stomata and number of stomata per unit area, root traits including root length, root diameter, root volume, root surface, and root biomass, and seed yield were measured in the end. The resulting data from the measured traits were analyzed in the form of a randomized complete block design, and the averages were compared using the LSD method. The data were analyzed using multivariate statistical analyses, including regression analysis, path analysis, and factor analysis, and cluster analysis was used to group genotypes. Statistical calculations were done using SAS 9.0 and SPSS 21 software. Results: The results of analysis of variance and mean comparison showed high variability among genotypes for all measured traits. The results of the mean comparison of genotypes showed that genotypes 2, 5, 8, and 16 had the highest yield, and genotype 23 had the lowest yield among the examined genotypes. The highest number of stomata on the upper and lower leaf surfaces belonged to genotypes 5 and 2. In terms of root traits, the highest diameter, volume, length, root surface, and root dry weight at a depth of 0-25 cm were recorded for genotypes 2, 3, 18, and 5, respectively. There was a high and significant correlation between the yield and the number of stomata on the upper and lower leaf surfaces, the length and width of the stomata on the upper leaf surface, diameter, volume, dry weight, and root surface at a depth of 0-25 cm in the soil. Based on the results of stepwise regression analysis, two variables, the number of stomata on the lower leaf surface and root dry weight at a depth of more than 25 cm explained 91.4% of the changes in grain yield. According to the results of the causality analysis of the number of stomata on the lower leaf surface, the most direct effect had a positive effect on seed yield. The results of factor analysis grouped the studied traits into three factors with 82.48% variability justification. The shares of the first, second, and third factors to explaining data changes were 48.86%, 24.62%, and 8.99%, respectively. Based on the plot obtained from factor analysis, genotypes 2, 5, 8, and 16 had high values for the first and second factors. According to the coefficients of the factors, it can be claimed that the genotypes located in this area have high performance, a high number of stomata, and strong root traits, which were found at the soil depth of 0-25 cm. For this reason, these are the genotypes that could produce high yields by absorbing water from the surface layers of the soil by having a large number of stomata and carrying out more photosynthesis. Moreover, the investigated genotypes were divided into three groups from cluster analysis by the ward method and Euclidean distance. Genotypes 2, 5, 8, and 16 were placed in the first group and had the highest mean values for grain yield traits, number and width of stomata on the upper and lower leaf surfaces, and root traits including diameter, volume, and dry weight at a soil depth of 0-25 cm, and root diameter at a depth greater than 25 cm. The lowest values for stomatal length were observed in both leaf surfaces. These were the best genotypes for cultivation in dry conditions. Conclusion: A strong superficial root system can provide the plant with water from scattered rains that occur with low frequency at the end of the growth period. On the other hand, the increase in the number of stomata along with their smaller size reduces leaf pores and enables a faster response of the stomata, and the rapid response of the stomata maximizes water use efficiency. Therefore, having a strong superficial root system along with high stomatal density can increase seed yield in dry conditions.

Drought stress deteriorates agro-ecosystems and poses a significant threat to crop productivity and food security. Soil amended with biochar has been suggested to mitigate water stress, but there is limited knowledge about how biochar affects the physiology and vegetative growth of quinoa plants under soil water deficits. We grew three quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) varieties, Titicaca (V1), Quipu (V2), and UAFQ7 (V3) in sandy loam soil without (B0) and with 2% woodchip biochar (B2) under drought conditions. The drought resulted in significant growth differences between the varieties. V3 performed vegetatively better, producing 46% more leaves, 28% more branches, and 25% more leaf area than the other two varieties. Conversely, V2 displayed significantly higher yield-contributing traits, with 16% increment in panicle length and 50% more subpanicles compared to the other varieties. Woodchip biochar application significantly enhanced the root development (i.e., root biomass, length, surface, and projected area) and plant growth (i.e., plant height, leaf area, and absolute growth rate). Biochar significantly enhanced root growth, especially fresh and dry weights, by 122% and 127%, respectively. However, biochar application may lead to a trade-off between vegetative growth and panicle development under drought stress as shown for V3 grown in soil with woodchip biochar. However, V3B2 produced longer roots and more biomass. Collectively, we suggest exploring the effects of woodchip biochar addition to the soil on the varietal physiological responses such as stomatal regulations and mechanisms behind the increased quinoa yield under water stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sowing date and soil fertility are very important factors in the overwintering and production performance of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), yet there's a knowledge gap in knowledge on how late-seeded alfalfa responds to phosphorus (P) fertilization. A field study was conducted in Inner Mongolia from 2020 to 2022 using a split-plot design. The main plots consisted of five sowing dates (31 July, 8, 16, and 24 August, and 1 September), while the subplots involved five P application rates (0, 40, 70, 100, and 130 kg P2O5 ha−1). Throughout the growing seasons, the overwintering rate, root traits, forage yield, and yield components were measured. The results revealed a consistent decrease in overwintering ability and productivity with the delayed sowing. This reduction in overwintering rate was mainly due to diminished root traits, while the decrease in forage yield was largely associated with a reduction in plants per square meter. However, P fertilizer application to late-seeded alfalfa demonstrated potential in enhancing the diameter of both the crown and taproot, thus strengthening the root system and improving the overwintering rate, the rate of increase ranges from 11.6 to 49%. This adjustment could also improve the shoots per square meter and mass per shoot, increasing by 9.4–31.3% and 15.0–27.1% respectively in 2 years, which can offset the decline in forage yield caused by late sowing and might even increase the forage yield. Regression and path analysis indicated that alfalfa forage yield is primarily affected by mass per shoot rather than shoots per square meter. This study recommended that the sowing of alfalfa in similar regions of Inner Mongolia should not be later than mid-August. Moreover, applying P fertilizer (P2O5) at 70.6–85.9 kg ha−1 can enhance the forage yield and persistence of late-seeded alfalfa. Therefore, appropriate late sowing combined with the application of P fertilizer can be used as an efficient cultivation strategy for alfalfa cultivation after a short-season crop harvest in arid and cold regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) is expected to open up new crop cultivation perspectives in arable farming in order to significantly reduce nitrogen losses through leaching, N2O emissions and to increase resilience under drought conditions. Therefore, this study investigated the properties of the roots as an alternative to grasses for forage production under drought conditions. Ten genotypes of ribwort plantain were compared under field conditions in northern Switzerland, focusing on the characteristics of the root system and the aucubin content in the leaves and roots. Aucubin, known for inhibiting the nitrification process in the soil, varied according to genotype and season. All tested genotypes showed higher aucubin content in leaves than in roots, which may indicate the greater importance of leaves in reducing soil nitrification. Dry matter yield and for the first time root characteristics, such as root length density (RLD) and specific root length (SRL), were evaluated at two different soil depths, and at different distances from the plants. The results showed that ribwort is well adapted to acquire water and nutrients in terms of rooting in topsoil. In addition, a second field experiment conducted in eastern Germany (Saxony) confirmed the plant's ability to root deeply after one year of cultivation, reaching depths of up to even 1.88 m. The obtained results indicate the high capacity of ribwort plantain to take up water and nutrients also from deeper soil layers. To reduce N2O emissions through the cultivation of ribwort plantain, the choice of genotype seems to be of great importance due to varying aucubin contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As one of the most important cereals, bread wheat is an essential part of food security in the world, which supplies one -fifth of the total calories of the world population. Nowadays, the yield of wheat has been affected by climate change -driven drought as one of the most important abiotic stresses that has become an important threat to food security in the world. Root and stomatal traits are especially important in breeding plants to withstand drought stress. Stomata play a key role in controlling carbon dioxide uptake and water loss through transpiration. Therefore, stomatal characteristics are used as indicators of water status and plant growth, especially in drought stress conditions. Having a wide range of physiological and morphological characteristics, roots play an essential role in absorbing water and nutrients. They are also the first organ that sends signals to control the stomata in response to dryness. Therefore, the difference in the structure of the root system can cause the difference between the performance in different cultivars. This study was conducted to investigate stomatal characteristics and their relationship with the root system and plant performance in 24 bread wheat lines and cultivars. Methods: To investigate the relationship between stomatal dimensions and density with the root system, an experiment was conducted on 24 bread wheat genotypes in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the rainfed conditions of the research farm at Zanjan University Faculty of Agriculture in the crop year 2018 -2019. In this experiment, PVC pipes were used to study the root system. Twelve seeds were planted in each tube, which were thinned to seven after germination. In each experimental unit, there were two tubes for each genotype, one of which was used to evaluate traits and final yield, and the second tube was used for root studies. Stomatal traits, including the length and width of stomata and number of stomata per unit area, root traits including root length, root diameter, root volume, root surface, and root biomass, and seed yield were measured in the end. The resulting data from the measured traits were analyzed in the form of a randomized complete block design, and the averages were compared using the LSD method. The data were analyzed using multivariate statistical analy ses, including regression analysis, path analysis, and factor analysis, and cluster analysis was used to group genotypes. Statistical calculations were done using SAS 9.0 and SPSS 21 software. Results: The results of analysis of variance and mean comparison showed high variability among genotypes for all measured traits. The results of the mean comparison of genotypes showed that genotypes 2, 5, 8, and 16 had the highest yield, and genotype 23 had the lowest yield among the examined genotypes. The highest number of stomata on the upper and lower leaf surface s belonged to genotypes 5 and 2. In terms of root traits, the highest diameter, volume, length, root surface, and root dry weight at a depth of 0 -25 cm were recorded for genotypes 2, 3, 18, and 5, respectively. There was a high and significant correlation between the yield and the number of stomata on the upper and lower leaf surface s, the length and width of the stomata on the upper leaf surface, diameter, volume, dry weight, and root surface at a depth of 0 -25 cm in the soil. Based on the results of stepwise regression analysis, two variables, the number of stomata on the lower leaf surface and root dry weight at a depth of more than 25 cm explained 91.4% of the changes in grain yield. According to the results of the causality analysis of the number of stomata on the lower leaf surface, the most direct effect had a positive effect on seed yield. The results of factor analysis grouped the studied traits into three factors with 82.48% variability justification. The share s of the first, second, and third facto r s to explaining data changes were 48.86%, 24.62%, and 8.99%, respectively. Based on the plot obtained from factor analysis, genotypes 2, 5, 8, and 16 had high values for the first and second factors. According to the coefficients of the factors, it can be claimed that the genotypes located in this area have high performance, a high number of stomata, and strong root traits, which were found at the soil depth of 0 -25 cm. For this reason, these are the genotypes that could produce high yields by absorbing water from the surface layers of the soil by having a large number of stomata and carrying out more photosynthesis. Moreover, the investigated genotypes were divided into three groups from cluster analysis by the ward method and Euclidean distance. Genotypes 2, 5, 8, and 16 were placed in the first group and had the highest mean values for grain yield traits, number and width of stomata on the upper and lower leaf surfaces, and root traits including diameter, volume, and dry weight at a soil depth of 0 - 2 5 cm, and root diameter at a depth greater than 25 cm. The lowest values for stomatal length were observed in both leaf surfaces. These were the best genotypes for cultivation in dry conditions. Conclusion: A strong superficial root system can provide the plant with water from scattered rains that occur with low frequency at the end of the growth period. On the other hand, the increase in the number of stomata along with their smaller size reduces leaf pores and enables a faster response of the stomata, and the rapid response of the stomata maximizes water use efficiency. Therefore, having a strong superficial root system along with high stomatal density can increase seed yield in dry conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Root exudation is a key process for plant nutrient acquisition, but the controls on root exudation and its relationship to soil C and N processes in agroecosystems are unclear. We hypothesized that root exudation rates would be related to root morphological traits, N fertilization, and soil moisture. We also anticipated that root exudation would be correlated with bulk soil enzyme activity. Methods: Root exudation, root traits, and bulk soil extracellular enzyme activity were assessed in maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), giant miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Measurements were taken in situ during two growing seasons with contrasting precipitation regimes, and N fertilization rate was varied in sorghum during one year. Results: Specific root exudation (per unit root surface area) was negatively related to root diameter and was generally higher in annuals than perennials. Sorghum N fertilization did not affect root exudation rates, and soil moisture regime had no effect on annual root exudation rates within maize, sorghum, and miscanthus. Specific root exudation was negatively related to bulk soil C- and N-degrading soil enzyme activities. Conclusion: Intrinsic plant characteristics appeared more important than environmental variables in controlling in situ root exudation rates. The relationships between root diameter, root exudation, and soil C and N processes link root morphological traits to soil functions and demonstrate the potential tradeoffs among plant nutrient acquisition strategies in agroecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Understanding biotic interactions within plant populations and with their symbiotic partners is crucial for elucidating plant responses to drought. While many studies have highlighted the importance of intraspecific plant or mutualistic fungal interactions in predicting drought responses, we know little about the combined effects of these two interactions on the recovery of plants after drought. Methods: We conducted an experiment to study the recovery after an extreme drought event of a native European plant species (Centaurea jacea) and its range-expanding congener (Centaurea stoebe), across a gradient of plant density and in association with an AM fungal species (Rhizophagus irregularis). Results: Our results showed strong intraspecific competition in C. jacea, which constrained their post-drought recovery. We further found that AM fungi constrained root biomass recovery of C. jacea after drought under high intraspecific competition. The post-drought recovery in C. stoebe was high potentially due to its greater plasticity in the root diameter under drought conditions. Conclusion: Strong intraspecific competition can constrain recovery in plants like C. jacea with lesser root trait plasticity after drought, independent of mycorrhizal symbiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Cover crops have the potential to aid in adapting agricultural systems to climate change impacts through their ecosystem services, such as preventing soil erosion, remediating soil structure, and storing carbon belowground. Though roots are integral to these processes, there is a lack of cover crop root trait data. This study aims to characterize rooting behavior of several commercially available cover crops and assess how differences in root system architecture potentially impact their selection for ecosystem services. Methods: Twenty-two cover crop cultivars across the grass, legume, and brassica families were grown in O'Fallon, Missouri, USA. Canopy cover was monitored throughout the growing season. Shoot and root biomass samples were collected and analyzed. Results: Cereal rye and winter triticale were the most winter hardy cultivars and provided the highest percent canopy cover. Cereal rye and winter triticale also generated the highest amount of shoot and root biomass among treatments but diverged in their root system architectures. Winter triticale forms coarser roots and exhibited deeper rooting, which may be better suited for carbon sequestration. Rapeseed and Siberian kale have favorable C:N ratios for nutrient recycling, but rapeseed may invest more into lateral root formation and have a higher potential to "catch" excess nutrients. Conclusion: Selection of cover crops for ecosystem services should account for root system architecture and their suitability for these ecosystem services. Differences in root traits among cultivars within the same family highlight the potential to breed cover crop root system architecture to further enhance ecosystem service efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical ecosystems face escalating global change. These shifts can disrupt tropical forests' carbon (C) balance and impact root dynamics. Since roots perform essential functions such as resource acquisition and tissue protection, root responses can inform about the strategies and vulnerabilities of ecosystems facing present and future global changes. However, root trait dynamics are poorly understood, especially in tropical ecosystems. We analyzed existing research on tropical root responses to key global change drivers: warming, drought, flooding, cyclones, nitrogen (N) deposition, elevated (e) CO2, and fires. Based on tree species‐ and community‐level literature, we obtained 266 root trait observations from 93 studies across 24 tropical countries. We found differences in the proportion of root responsiveness to global change among different global change drivers but not among root categories. In particular, we observed that tropical root systems responded to warming and eCO2 by increasing root biomass in species‐scale studies. Drought increased the root: shoot ratio with no change in root biomass, indicating a decline in aboveground biomass. Despite N deposition being the most studied global change driver, it had some of the most variable effects on root characteristics, with few predictable responses. Episodic disturbances such as cyclones, fires, and flooding consistently resulted in a change in root trait expressions, with cyclones and fires increasing root production, potentially due to shifts in plant community and nutrient inputs, while flooding changed plant regulatory metabolisms due to low oxygen conditions. The data available to date clearly show that tropical forest root characteristics and dynamics are responding to global change, although in ways that are not always predictable. This synthesis indicates the need for replicated studies across root characteristics at species and community scales under different global change factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the floriculture industry, vegetative propagation is a widely use preserver of cultivar characteristics in roses. The latest study aimed to evaluate the effect of powder and gel forms of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on the adventitious root formation of two types of roses, i.e., Hybrid Tea Rose (Mr. Lincolin) and Floribunda (Iceberg). Both types of rose stem cuttings with lengths of 20, 25, 30, and 35 cm received evaluation with the application of Vapor Gard for one, two, and three weeks as an anti-desiccant. The rose cutting with a length of 30 cm treated for three weeks with Vapor Gard provided the maximum rooting percentages of 73%, 76%, 83%, and 83% for Hybrid Tea Rose and Floribunda, respectively. The Floribunda rose cuttings with IBA (gel form) resulted in the utmost percentage of rooted cuttings (93%), root length (15.7 cm), root number (21 per cutting), shoot number (four per cutting), shoot length (19.70 cm), number of leaves (20.0 leaf), and leaf area (19.6 cm² ). IBA powder treatment was not significantly different from the IBA gel treatment in the leaf area for Hybrid Tea Rose. However, IBA gel treatment proved to be superior in all other parameters. This method combined IBA applied as a gel with longer cuttings of rose to generate an improved protocol for better rooting in rose stem cuttings. The successful use of this method has enhanced rooting in rose stem cuttings and can be functional for other valuable ornamentals and floricultural species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: In mixed combinations, the negative impact of water reduction and N addition is mitigated for F. sylvatica, but not for conifers. Insight into the responses of trees in mixed and monospecific cultivation to water scarcity and nitrogen (N) excess is necessary to recommend suitable tree mixtures for future European forests. Our aim was to investigate the impact of water reduction, N addition or water reduction + N addition in comparison with control (well-watered, no excess N) on mycorrhizal roots and biomass of three temperate forest species (Fagus sylvatica Fs, Picea abies Pa, and Pseudotsuga menziesii Pm) grown in monospecific (FsFs, PaPa, PmPm) and mixed combinations (PaFs, PmFs). We predicted the probability of the responses with a Bayesian approach. Mycorrhizal colonization declined marginally for P. menziesii in PmFs under water reduction. Under water reduction and N addition combined, we found a decline in root tip vitality of F. sylvatica in PaFs and of P. abies in PaPa. F. sylvatica shoot biomass declined under water reduction + N addition in the monospecific combination. P. abies and P. menziesii had lower root biomass in mixture with F. sylvatica under water reduction + N addition and under water reduction as single factor, respectively. With water reduction and N addition, P. menziesii performed better than P. abies in terms of biomass production. F. sylvatica had a growth advantage in mixture with conifers instead of conspecifics. These findings suggest that young trees show rapid and interspecific responses to species mixing and water + N availability. The selection of suitable tree species should, therefore, consider their interactive responses to changing abiotic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophytes influence nitrogen (N) removal from wetlands. However, the specific plant traits responsible for this effect and the related microbial mechanisms remain largely unknown, especially root traits. In a mesocosm experiment, we determined the rhizosphere effect (RE) on microbial N removal processes by incubating rhizosphere and bulk soils collected from 11 macrophyte species. In addition, we examined root traits (involved in chemistry and morphology), along with examining the diversity, compositions, and abundance of bacterial communities involved in denitrification (nirS and nirK) and anammox (hzsB). Across the 11 macrophyte species, the positive RE on denitrification ranged from 66% to 412%, with an average of 194.72%. RE on denitrification was significantly and positively correlated with the recruitment of nir-type denitrifiers in the rhizosphere. We found that higher specific root length (SRL) root promoted the stronger RE, by increasing the abundance of nir-type denitrifiers and further enhancing N removal. Net N removal from water in the wetlands increased with a higher positive RE on nir-type denitrifiers. In addition, SRL significantly influenced the compositions of denitrifiers in the rhizosphere soil. We further found that the enrichment of Azospira, Bradyrhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Rhodopseudomonas, Alcaligenaceae, Bradyrhizobiaceae, and Pleomorphomonas improved the denitrification rate. These findings highlight the potential of root morphology in regulating plant–microbe interactions, thereby improving water purification.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Our understanding of plant responses to biotic and abiotic drivers is largely based on above-ground plant traits, with little focus on below-ground traits despite their key role in water and nutrient uptake. Here, we aimed to understand the extent to which above- and below-ground traits are co-ordinated, and how these traits respond to soil moisture gradients and plant intraspecific competition. METHODS: We chose seedlings of five tropical tree species and grew them in a greenhouse for 16 weeks under a soil moisture gradient [low (drought), medium and high (well-watered) moisture levels] with and without intraspecific competition. At harvest, we measured nine above- and five below-ground traits of all seedlings based on standard protocols. KEY RESULTS: In response to the soil moisture gradient, above-ground traits are found to be consistent with the leaf economics spectrum, whereas below-ground traits are inconsistent with the root economics spectrum. We found high specific leaf area and total leaf area in well-watered conditions, while high leaf dry matter content, leaf thickness and stem dry matter content were observed in drought conditions. However, below-ground traits showed contrasting patterns, with high specific root length but low root branching index in the low water treatment. The correlations between above- and below-ground traits across the soil moisture gradient were variable, i.e. specific leaf area was positively correlated with specific root length, while it was negatively correlated with root average diameter across moisture levels. However, leaf dry matter content was unexpectedly positively correlated with both specific root length and root branching index. Intraspecific competition has influenced both above- and below-ground traits, but interacted with soil moisture to affect only below-ground traits. Consistent with functional equilibrium theory, more biomass was allocated to roots under drought conditions, and to leaves under sufficient soil moisture conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the response of below-ground traits to plant intraspecific competition and soil moisture conditions may not be inferred using above-ground traits, suggesting that multiple resource use axes are needed to understand plant ecological strategies. Lack of consistent leaf-root trait correlations across the soil moisture gradient highlight the multidimensionality of plant trait relationships which needs more exploration.

Fine root lifespan is a critical trait associated with contrasting root strategies of resource acquisition and protection. Yet, its position within the multidimensional "root economics space" synthesizing global root economics strategies is largely uncertain, and it is rarely represented in frameworks integrating plant trait variations. Here, we compiled the most comprehensive dataset of absorptive median root lifespan (MRL) data including 98 observations from 79 woody species using (mini-) rhizotrons across 40 sites and linked MRL to other plant traits to address questions of the regulators of MRL at large spatial scales. We demonstrate that MRL not only decreases with plant investment in root nitrogen (associated with more metabolically active tissues) but also increases with construction of larger diameter roots which is often associated with greater plant reliance on mycorrhizal symbionts. Although theories linking organ structure and function suggest that root traits should play a role in modulating MRL, we found no correlation between root traits associated with structural defense (root tissue density and specific root length) and MRL. Moreover, fine root and leaf lifespan were globally unrelated, except among evergreen species, suggesting contrasting evolutionary selection between leaves and roots facing contrasting environmental influences above vs. belowground. At large geographic scales, MRL was typically longer at sites with lower mean annual temperature and higher mean annual precipitation. Overall, this synthesis uncovered several key ecophysiological covariates and environmental drivers of MRL, highlighting broad avenues for accurate parametrization of global biogeochemical models and the understanding of ecosystem response to global climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding belowground plant-microbial interactions is important for biodiversity maintenance, community assembly and ecosystem functioning of forest ecosystems. Consequently, a large number of studies were conducted on root and microbial interactions, especially in the context of precipitation and temperature gradients under global climate change scenarios. Forests ecosystems have high biodiversity of plants and associated microbes, and contribute to major primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the impact of root metabolites/exudates and root traits on soil microbial functional groups along these climate gradients is poorly described in these forest ecosystems. The plant root system exhibits differentiated exudation profiles and considerable trait plasticity in terms of root morphological/phenotypic traits, which can cause shifts in microbial abundance and diversity. The root metabolites composed of primary and secondary metabolites and volatile organic compounds that have diverse roles in appealing to and preventing distinct microbial strains, thus benefit plant fitness and growth, and tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought. Climatic factors significantly alter the quantity and quality of metabolites that forest trees secrete into the soil. Thus, the heterogeneities in the rhizosphere due to different climate drivers generate ecological niches for various microbial assemblages to foster beneficial rhizospheric interactions in the forest ecosystems. However, the root exudations and microbial diversity in forest trees vary across different soil layers due to alterations in root system architecture, soil moisture, temperature, and nutrient stoichiometry. Changes in root system architecture or traits, e.g. root tissue density (RTD), specific root length (SRL), and specific root area (SRA), impact the root exudation profile and amount released into the soil and thus influence the abundance and diversity of different functional guilds of microbes. Here, we review the current knowledge about root morphological and functional (root exudation) trait changes that affect microbial interactions along drought and temperature gradients. This review aims to clarify how forest trees adapt to challenging environments by leveraging their root traits to interact beneficially with microbes. Understanding these strategies is vital for comprehending plant adaptation under global climate change, with significant implications for future research in plant biodiversity conservation, particularly within forest ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intraspecific trait variation can influence plant performance in different environments and may thereby determine the ability of individual plants to respond to climate change. However, our understanding of its patterns and environmental drivers across different spatial scales is incomplete, especially in understudied regions like the Arctic.To fill this knowledge gap, we examined above‐ground and below‐ground traits from three shrub taxa expanding across the tundra biome and evaluated their relationships with multiple microenvironmental and macroclimatic factors. The traits reflected plant size and structure (plant height, leaf area and root to shoot ratio), leaf economics (specific leaf area, nitrogen content), and root economics and collaboration with mycorrhizal fungi (specific root length, root tissue density, nitrogen content, and ectomycorrhizal colonisation intensity). We also measured leaf and root δ15N and leaf δ13C to characterise nitrogen source and acquisition pathways and plant water stress. Traits were measured in replicated plots (N = 135) varying in soil microclimate, thaw depth and organic layer thickness established across five sites spanning a macroclimate gradient in northern Alaska. This hierarchical design allowed us to disentangle the independent and combined effects of fine‐scale and broad‐scale factors on intraspecific trait variation.We found substantial intraspecific variation at fine spatial scales for most traits and less variation along the macroclimate gradient and between shrub taxa. Consistent with these patterns, microenvironmental factors, mainly soil moisture and thaw depth, interacted with macroclimate, mainly climatic water deficit, to structure size‐structural and leaf trait variation. In contrast, most root traits responded additively to thaw depth and macroclimate.Synthesis. Our results demonstrate that above‐ground and below‐ground tundra shrub traits respond differently to microenvironmental and macroclimatic variation. These differing responses contribute to substantial trait variation at fine spatial scales and may decouple above‐ground and below‐ground trait responses to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation into trade-offs among plant functional traits sheds light on how plants strategically balance growth and survival when facing environmental stress. This study sought to evaluate whether trade-offs observed at both community and individual species levels could indicate adaptive fitness across an intensity of flooding intensity. The study was conducted at 25 sampling sites spanning approximately 600 km along the riparian zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, China. The findings revealed that, along the flooding gradient, the overall riparian community did not exhibit significant trade-offs between leaf and root traits. Examining three broadly distributed dominant species (Cynodon dactylon, Xanthium strumarium, and Abutilon theophrasti), perennial plants showed pronounced trade-offs under low flooding intensity, while annuals exhibited trade-offs under moderate and low flooding intensity. The trade-offs were evident in traits related to nitrogen-carbon resources, such as specific leaf area, root tissue density, and photosynthetic rate. However, under strong flooding intensity, the relationship between leaf and root traits of the species studied was decoupled. Furthermore, the study identified a significant correlation between soil nitrogen and the trade-off traits under moderate and low flooding intensity. Integrating results from the CSR (Competitors, Stress-tolerators, Ruderals) strategy model, species niche breath analysis, and nitrogen-regulated trade-off, the study revealed that, in the face of high flooding intensity, perennial species (C. dactylon) adopts an S-strategy, demonstrating tolerance through a conservative resource allocation that decouples leaf-root coordination. Annual species (X. strumarium and A. theophrasti), on the other hand, exhibit niche specialization along the flooding gradient, employing distinct strategies (R- and C-strategy). As flooding stress diminishes and soil nitrogen level decreases, plant strategies tend to shift towards an R-strategy with a competition for reduced N resources. In conclusion, the study highlighted the pivotal roles of soil nitrogen and flooding intensity acting as the dual determinants of species growth and tolerance. These dynamics of growth-tolerance balance were evident in the diverse trade-offs between leaf and root traits of individual plant species with different life histories, underscoring the array of adaptive strategies employed by riparian plants across the flooding intensity gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dunes provide numerous ecosystem services including habitat for flora and fauna, coastal protection through mitigation of wind and wave energy, and as a barrier to storm flooding. Dune vegetation that inhabits these systems plays a vital role in building dunes and resisting erosion. In the United States, the Virginia coast is a transitional temperature zone for several dominant dune grasses, where the northern species, Ammophila breviligulata (C3) and the southern species, Uniola paniculata and Panicum amarum (both C4) overlap. At Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Virginia, warming temperatures are resulting in native species range shifts altering biotic interactions. Additionally, the invasive sedge, Carex kobomugi (C3) has become more prevalent in the region with unknown effects on the landscape. To understand the impact of Carex on the native plant community, we quantified species distribution and morphological traits of three dominant native species, A. breviligulata, Panicum, and Uniola as well as invasive Carex. We found that Carex was most dominant and exhibited similar individual traits when compared to native species. The suite of plant traits was unique in Carex, with less variation than in native species allowing for rapid nutrient acquisition and growth. These traits, combined with species distribution data suggest that Carex may limit Ammophila abundance. Similarly, presence of Carex had a negative effect on Panicum growth, but no discernible effect on Uniola. Success of Carex at Back Bay NWR may be indicative of the future spread of the species due to above and belowground morphological traits, which may give the invasive an advantage with climate warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breeding new high-yield and high-quality forage soybean cultivars is an effective approach to addressing the shortage of feed protein and sustainable agricultural development. Plant height is a key indicator of forage soybean genotypes and is closely related to forage yield. However, the determinants affecting soybean plant height remain highly uncertain. In order to analyze the factors contributing to plant height differences among soybean cultivars, two tall-stemmed soybean cultivars ("Neinong S001" and "Neinong S002") and two short-stemmed soybean cultivars ("Neinong 0004" and "Neinong 0005") were used in this study as test materials for examining aboveground phenotypic characteristics, root traits, and photosynthetic characteristics. The test materials were planted in 2018 at Chakintai Ranch (122°15′ E, 43°38′ N) using the potting method, and the indicators were measured in June. The results showed that the leaf area, root volume, and root surface area of high-stemmed soybean cultivars were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those of short-stemmed soybean cultivars. Additionally, the dry weight of a single plant and transpiration rate were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in high-stemmed soybean cultivars compared to short-stemmed soybean cultivars. It was found that soybean plant height was significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with leaf area, leaf shape index, intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, SPAD, root weight, root length, root surface area, and root volume. Further path analyses revealed that intercellular CO2 concentration and root surface area had a direct impact on plant height, with direct effect coefficients of 0.22 and −0.91, respectively. These results provide new insights into the sustainability development and genetic enhancement of plant height characteristics in forage soybean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations in plant traits are indicative of plant adaptations to forest environments, and studying their relationships with tree growth provides valuable insights into forest regeneration. The spatial arrangement of plant seeds within the forest litter or soil critically influences the variations of root–leaf traits, thereby affecting the adaptive strategies of emerging seedlings. However, our current understanding of the impacts of individual root–leaf traits on seedling growth in different relative position, and whether these traits together affect growth, remains limited. This study focuses on the dominant tree species, Castanopsis kawakamii , within the Sanming C. kawakamii Nature Reserve of China. The present experiment aimed to examine the variations in root–leaf traits of seedling, focus on the relative positions of seeds within different layers: beneath or above the litter layer, or within the bare soil layer (without litter). Our findings provided evidence supporting a coordinated relationship between root and leaf traits, wherein leaf traits varied in conjunction with root traits in the relative positions of seeds. Specifically, we observed that seedlings exhibited higher values for specific leaf area and average root diameter, while displaying lower root tissue density. The mixed model explained 86.1% of the variation in root–leaf traits, surpassing the variation explained by the relative positions. Furthermore, soil nitrogen acted as a mediator, regulating the relationship between seedling growth and root–leaf traits, specifically leaf dry matter content and root tissue density. Therefore, future studies should consider artificially manipulating tree species diversity based on root–leaf traits characteristics to promote forest recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Variation in plant nitrogen uptake rate and substrate preference is complicated due to the combined influence of abiotic and biotic factors. For the same species of tree across different ages, the interactions between root structural traits, nitrogen uptake rate, and soil environment have not been fully characterized, a situation that constrains our understanding of underground resource strategies employed by trees at different ages. Methods: In the present study, we examined the nitrogen uptake rate, mycorrhiza, morphology, architecture, and chemistry of the roots of Larix principis-rupprechtii in a chronosequence (aged 18, 27, 37, 46, and 57 years) in the Saihanba Mechanical Forest Farm in Northern China. Results: L. principis-rupprechtii preferred to absorb ammonium, followed in order by glycine and nitrate. The ammonium uptake rate of L. principisrupprechtii significantly decreased (aged 18-37 years) and then increased (aged 46-57 years) with tree age. The glycine, nitrate, and total nitrogen uptake rates decreased with tree age. The root resource acquisition strategy appeared to shift from an acquisitive strategy to a conservative strategy associated with increasing tree age. Discussion: Along the root-mycorrhizal collaboration gradient, the younger L. principis-rupprechtii relied more on their own root morphology and physiology to acquire resources, adopting a "do it yourself" strategy comprising increasing the specific root length, the specific root area, and the N uptake rate (nitrate and glycine). Conversely, older trees depended more on mycorrhizal partners to acquire nitrogen resources, an "outsourcing" strategy. The results contribute to our understanding of underground resource-use strategies of plants and the nitrogen cycle in forest ecosystems according to stand age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In contemporary agriculture, the substitution of manure for chemical fertilizer based on phosphorus (P) input in vegetable production has led to a significant reduction in P fertilizer application rates, while, the effect of manure substitution rates on soil P transformation and uptake by root remain unclear. Methods: This research conducts a pot experiment with varying manure substitution rates (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75% and 100%) based on P nutrient content to elucidate the mechanisms through which manure substitution affects P uptake in pepper. Results and Discussion: The result showed that shoot and root biomass of pepper gradually increased as manure substitution rate from 10% to 40%, and then gradually decreased with further increases in the substitution rate. Soil alkaline phosphatase activity and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization gradually increased with manure substitution rates improvement. Specifically, when the substitution rate reached 30%-40%, the alkaline phosphatase activity increased by 24.5%-33.8% compared to the fertilizer treatment. In contrast, phytase activity and the relative expression of phosphate transporter protein genes in the root system was declined after peaking at 30% manure substitution. Additionally, soil available P remained moderate under 30%-40% substitution rate, which was reduced by 8.6%-10.2% compared to that in chemical fertilizer treatment, while microbial biomass P was comparable. In the current study, soil labile P similar to or even higher than that in chemical fertilizer treatment when the substitution rate was =40%. Correlation heatmaps demonstrated a significant and positive relationship between soil available P and factors related to labile P and moderately labile P. Conclusion: This finding suggested that substituting 30%-40% of chemical P with manure can effectively enhance root length, AM colonization, soil enzyme activity, soil labile P, and consequently improve P uptake in pepper. These findings provide valuable insights for future organic agricultural practices that prioritize P supply, aiming to standardize organic P management in farmland and achieve high crop yields and maintain soil health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Wheat is a staple food, with the two most common species being Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum ssp. durum. Moreover, the latter, T. turgidum, includes other tetraploid subspecies, among which the sspp. turanicum (Khorasan wheat) and polonicum (Polish wheat), whose importance has increased in the last decades, representing alternative crops for marginal areas, in addition to being a source of genetic diversity. Methods: In this work, different accessions of these three subspecies of T. turgidum have been grown in 2 years in the same environment and have been characterized for technological properties and factors affecting nutritional quality, such as fiber amount and the content of micro- and macro-nutrients in grains, and for root morphological traits. Results: These analyses allowed the identification, in particular, of a Polish wheat accession showing better technological performances, a higher amount of positive micro- and macro-elements, and a lower amount of toxic cadmium. The modern variety Svevo and the Polish Pol2 showed the lowest and the highest shoot:root ratio, respectively. The high shoot:root ratio in Pol2 was mainly attributable to the decrease in root growth. Although Pol2 had a lower root biomass, its particular root morphology made itmore efficient for nutrient uptake, as evident from the greater accumulation of micro- and macro-nutrients. Discussion: These results underline that it is not possible to draw general conclusions about the difference between primitive and modern wheats, but rather a case-by-case approach should be chosen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]