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Background: This retrospective study aims to characterise the root canal morphology of maxillary and mandibular second molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The number of roots and canal configurations were evaluated using both the Vertucci and Benjamı´n Brisen˜ o Marroquı´n classification systems. Methods: A total of 1084 second molar images (523 maxillary; 266 right and 257 left side and 561 mandibular; 285 right and 276 left side) were evaluated from 320 CBCT scans analyzed for the Turkish subpopulation. CBCT imaging provided superior visualisation of root canal anatomy compared to periapical radiography. The findings revealed diverse root canal configurations, with variations observed even within the same population. Statistical analyses, including the chi-squared test, were used to assess correlations between root number and demographic variables such as age and sex. Results: According to Benjamı´n Brisen˜ o Marroquı´n classification system, the most common configuration for upper right three-rooted teeth mesial root was 3URM2−1 (n:66, 35.7%), for distal root was 3URM1 (n:169, 91.4%), and for palatal root was 3URM1 (n:165, 89.2%). Additionally, the most common configuration for upper left three-rooted teeth mesial root was 3271 (n:50, 28.4%), for distal root was 3ULM1 (n:160, 90.9%), and for palatal root was 3ULM1 (n:158, 89.8%). In lower left molars, the most common configuration in the two-rooted teeth mesial root was 2LLM2 (n:114, 49.4%), and for the distal root was 2LLM1 (n:170, 73.6%). For lower right the most common configuration for two-rooted teeth mesial root was 2LRM2 (n:125, 52.5%), and for distal root was 2LRM1 (n:173, 72.7%)(p < 0.05). Conclusion: The primary outcome was observed that the root canal anatomy of upper and lower second molars may differ in both classifications of Turkish subpopulation. While Vertucci's classification was inadequate in some cases, Briseno-Marroquin classification was able to classify all upper and lower second molars with a single code. This new classification is a more useful system for classifying all second molars. There is a statistically significant difference exists among the new configuration according to the distribution of the teeth analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background This retrospective study aims to characterise the root canal morphology of maxillary and mandibular second molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The number of roots and canal configurations were evaluated using both the Vertucci and Benjamı´n Brisen˜ o Marroquı´n classification systems. Methods A total of 1084 second molar images (523 maxillary; 266 right and 257 left side and 561 mandibular; 285 right and 276 left side) were evaluated from 320 CBCT scans analyzed for the Turkish subpopulation. CBCT imaging provided superior visualisation of root canal anatomy compared to periapical radiography. The findings revealed diverse root canal configurations, with variations observed even within the same population. Statistical analyses, including the chi-squared test, were used to assess correlations between root number and demographic variables such as age and sex. Results According to Benjamı´n Brisen˜ o Marroquı´n classification system, the most common configuration for upper right three-rooted teeth mesial root was 3URM2−1 (n:66, 35.7%), for distal root was 3URM1 (n:169, 91.4%), and for palatal root was 3URM1 (n:165, 89.2%). Additionally, the most common configuration for upper left three-rooted teeth mesial root was 3271 (n:50, 28.4%), for distal root was 3ULM1 (n:160, 90.9%), and for palatal root was 3ULM1 (n:158, 89.8%). In lower left molars, the most common configuration in the two-rooted teeth mesial root was 2LLM2 (n:114, 49.4%), and for the distal root was 2LLM1 (n:170, 73.6%). For lower right the most common configuration for two-rooted teeth mesial root was 2LRM2 (n:125, 52.5%), and for distal root was 2LRM1 (n:173, 72.7%)(p

Background/purposeThis study aimed to describe the root canal morphology of primary molars using Micro-CT and analyse the three-dimensional images of the internal root canal system.Material and methodsOne hundred and twenty extracted primary molars with one or more completed roots were scanned with Micro-CT. Three fixed heights of the roots were determined at axial level and the analysed criteria were: dentine thickness, diameter of roots canals, presence of lateral canals, isthmus and number of foramina. Vertucci's classification was also studied.ResultsVertucci Type I was more prevalent in palatal and mesio-buccal root of superior molar and distal root of inferior molars. Type IV was more frequent in the mesial root. Dentine thickness was studied at three levels and for all the surfaces of the root canal. In the mesiobuccal root, in the middle and apical third, the mean in the upper molars is significantly higher than in the lower molars. The mesio-lingual canal has the major mean in mesio-distal and bucco-lingual diameter at coronal third. Isthmus were found mostly in the mesial root in all three levels. The high number of foramina and lateral canals were located at apical third of the mesial and mesio-buccal roots.ConclusionThis study showed the complexity and variability of the root canal morphology of primary molars. The Micro-CT images gave important information about the internal anatomy of the primary molars.

Introduction: The morphology of the roots is variable and complex; hence, a better understanding of the root canal systems is important to provide optimal endodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the number of roots, and root canals' morphology of the first and second premolars in the Syrian subpopulation, and their bilateral symmetry. In addition, it aimed at exploring the effect of gender on the morphological aspects. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images (140 images for females, 110 images for males) were collected and examined by two endodontists. Details of the number of roots, number of canals, and canals' configurations in each root were recorded according to Vertucci classification by inspecting the CBCT images in all levels (axial, coronal, sagittal, oblique, and three dimensional). The Chi-square statistical analysis was performed to compare the canals' morphologies and bilateral symmetry in both genders. Results: While most of the first premolars had two roots (59.2%), the majority of second premolars (80.8%) had one root. The highest proportions within the first and second premolars (41.8 and 36.1%) had Vertucci Type-II configuration. The ratios symmetry of maxillary first and second premolars for the number of roots were 90.4% and 93.6%, respectively, and for the number of canals were 94.4% and 90.4%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the proportion of symmetry for both genders in the first and second premolars regarding the number of roots and the number of canals (P > 0.05). Conclusions: While most maxillary first premolars were two-rooted with two root canals, maxillary second premolars tended to be single-rooted with two root canals; males had a greater number of roots than females. While maxillary second premolars exhibited greater bilateral symmetry in the number of roots than maxillary first premolars, the latter exhibited greater bilateral symmetry than maxillary second premolars in the number of root canals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The understanding of canal morphology helps the clinician to conduct endodontic procedures effectively. The aim of the study was to assess the morphological variations in canals of maxillary premolars, and categorize them in accordance with Vertucci's classification. Materials and Methods: Cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) images were taken from the archives of Islamabad Diagnostic Center. Investigations were carried out by employing CBCT images of 120 individuals. The images of maxillary first (n = 203) and second premolars (n = 205) were analyzed in the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes. The number of canals, roots, and categorization as per the Vertucci's classification was recorded. Data were statistically analyzed by using SPSS 23. Results: The 88.7% maxillary first premolars were found to have two roots and 78% of second premolars were single rooted. The most common Vertucci configuration among first premolars was Type IV (55.3%) and second premolars were Type I (66.8%). The gender-wise difference in the frequency of one- and two-rooted second maxillary premolars was statistically significant (P = 0.01). The gender-wise difference in the frequency of different Vertucci subclassifications for the second maxillary premolars teeth was statistically significant (P = 0.01). Conclusion: The maxillary premolars showed configuration variations in the Pakistani subpopulation.

Objective: To investigate and compare the root canal morphology of maxillary second premolar in relation to quadrant and gender distribution in Pakistani population presenting to Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry Rawalpindi. Study Design: Cross-sectional comparative study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Operative Dentistry, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry Rawalpindi, from Jul 2018 to Dec 2018. Methodology: Patients of either gender ranging from 21 to 70 years, seeking root canal treatment of maxillary second premolars of either quadrant presenting to out-patient department were studied. Two periapical radiographs were taken through paralleling technique and same lingual opposite buccal (SLOB) rule during the canal negotiation step with endodontic files inserted in the canals. The canal configuration and classification was noted. Chi square statistics were used to compare groups and results noted. Results: Of the total 200 patients, 56.5% were males and 43.5% were females. Two canals system was found in 75% of the patients with type II classification accounting to 37.5%, followed by type IV (32%), type I (25%) and type V (5.5%). Conclusion: In conclusion, maxillary second premolar canal morphology is complex and highly variable for different populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp space is complex, root canals may divide and rejoin. In the simplest form each root with one canal and single apical foramen is not observed always, other canal configurations are present which exit the root with two, three or more foramen. Several classifications have been proposed to describe root canal configurations for communication. With the advent of three dimensional imaging technique researchers are reporting newer configurations which cannot be classified using current system. Hence, newer classifications are proposed by each researcher. It is difficult to retain all classifications. Secondly, these newer classification are not the continuation of previous ones. Also, similar terminology has been used by different researchers for different configurations. Hence, in this paper instead of grouping root canal configurations into types, nomenclature system is proposed to identify each configuration individually.

Pulp space is complex, root canals may divide and rejoin. In the simplest form each root with one canal and single apical foramen is not observed always, other canal configurations are present which exit the root with two, three or more foramen. Several classifications have been proposed to describe root canal configurations for communication. With the advent of three dimensional imaging technique researchers are reporting newer configurations which cannot be classified using current system. Hence, newer classifications are proposed by each researcher. It is difficult to retain all classifications. Secondly, these newer classification are not the continuation of previous ones. Also, similar terminology has been used by different researchers for different configurations. Hence, in this paper instead of grouping root canal configurations into types, nomenclature system is proposed to identify each configuration individually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]