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The present paper has as main objective the determination of the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of some pharmaceutical forms obtained in the laboratory of pharmaceutical technology of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University “Lower Danube of Galati”. We used semi-solid pharmaceutical forms with different concentrations of soft extract of Chelidonium majus L, 50%, 25% and 10% in two ointment bases, simple ointment and base III I performed the antimicrobial activity for all four ointments, compared to extract 1: 3.75 in hydroalcoholic solution (ethyl alcohol / water 35/65 by mass) from aerial parts of Chelidonium majus and alcohol 70 °. hydroalcoholic solution was obtained by cold preparation from the aerial parts of the plant Chelidonium majus.We determined the antimicrobial activity by the diffusimetric method (Kirby-Bauer) and the dilution method. The 50% concentration ointment (UNG A) shows activity on some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and not on the fungus Candida albicans.

Abstract Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) of teeth occur frequently in children and adolescents. TDIs that impact the periodontal tissues and alveolar tissue can be classified into concussion, subluxation, extrusive luxation, intrusive luxation, lateral luxation, and avulsion. In these TDIs, management of injured soft tissue, mainly periodontal ligament, and dental pulp, is crucial in maintaining the function and longevity of the injured teeth. Factors that need to be considered for management in laxation injuries include the maturation stage of the traumatic teeth, mobility, direction of displacement, distance of displacement, and whether there are alveolar fractures. In avulsion, the maturation stage of the permanent tooth, the out-socket time, storage media/condition of the avulsed tooth, and management of the PDL should also be considered. Especially, in this review, we have subdivided the immature tooth into the adolescent tooth (Nolla stage 9) and the very young tooth (Nolla stage 8 and below). This consensus paper aimed to discuss the impacts of those factors on the trauma management and prognosis of TDI to provide a streamlined guide for clinicians from clinical evaluation, diagnostic process, management plan decision, follow-up, and orthodontic treatment for tooth luxation and avulsion injuries.

Abdulmajeed Saeed Alshahrani,1 Ahmed Ali Alelyani,1 Sadun Mohammad Al Ageel Albeaji,2 Dalia AlHarith,3 Ahmed Abdullah A Al Malwi,4 Abdulrahman Abdullah Aldhbaan,5 Khaled Saleh J Alshehri,6 Alwaleed Essam Bakri,7 Abdullah Ahmed Ali Sahli,8 Wafa Hassan Alaajam,9,10 Mohammed M Al Moaleem11 1Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia; 2Consultant Endodontics, Dental Center, Hafar al Batin, Ministry of Health, Hafar al Batin, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Restorative Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 5Consultant of Endodontic, Endodontic Department, Aseer Specialized Dental Center, Ministry of Health, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 6Consultant of Endodontic, Endodontic Department, Khamis Mushait Dental Center, Ministry of Health, Aseer, Saudi Arabia; 7General Practitioner, Specialized Dental Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; 8General Practitioner, Al-Kharish Primary Health Care Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; 9Department of Restorative Dental Science, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 10Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen; 11Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Ahmed Ali Alelyani, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia, Email aaalelyani1@gmail.com Mohammed M Al Moaleem, Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia, Email malmoaleem@jazanu.edu.saAim: Root canal treatment (RCT) is a common procedure practiced daily by dentists worldwide. The current systematic review aimed to evaluate and compare clinical studies on the quality of root canal fillings (RCFs) carried out by dentists with different levels of experience conducted worldwide with those conducted specifically in Saudi Arabia (SA).Materials and Methods: A full literature search was conducted in Clarivate Analytics’ Web of Science, Elsevier’s Scopus, Embase, CINHAL, and PubMed, without a restriction to studies published before January 2015. Also, a manual search was carried out by checking papers that may have been missed during the electronic search. The following keywords were used: [(quality of root canal filling(s)) OR (quality of root canal obturation)) and dental practitioners as (general dental practitioners; final year students; endodontist; specialist) AND (root canal obturation) OR (endodontic treatment)]. Parameters of the quality of RCFs, such as length, density, and taper, were assessed and counted.Results: A total of 13 worldwide and nine SA studies were included in this review, published between 2015 and 2023. Molars were the most treated teeth, at 42.3% and 40.2% for the worldwide and SA studies, respectively. Cases treated by final year students had the highest percentage, at 60.0% for both study groups. The percentages of acceptable quality, with regard to the length, density, and taper of RCFs, were 70.9%, 77.6%, and 84.3%, and 73.2%, 64.6%, and 67.8% for the worldwide and SA studies, respectively.Conclusion: The overall acceptable quality of RCFs was marginally higher in worldwide studies than in SA studies. Both prevalences can be considered as good, which indicates that the quality of RCFs is moving in the right direction.Keywords: root canal filling, quality, obturation, Saudi Arabia, clinical studies, procedural errors

Nanotechnology is a cutting-edge concept that is evolving manifolds in various fields of science and medicine and is by no means exceptional to dentistry. Nanotechnology is popularly known as the ‘science of the small’ that deals with particles of size 1-10nm. Methods like top-down or bottom-up approaches are used in manufacturing nanoparticles and nanorobots, catering to the needs of medical diagnostics and therapeutics. Nanorobotics advances medicine through miniaturization from microelectronics to nanoelectronics. Nanotechnology can be applied to all fields of dentistry such as to create nano implants, nano-drug delivery systems, nanocomposites and nano impression materials. Additionally, it helps in orthodontic tooth movement, alleviating hypersensitivity, and effective anesthesia. This paper highlights the various applications of nanotechnology in dentistry and also mentions the clinical trials performed to have a more focused approach to practicing nanodentistry. Apart from this the paper briefly explains the benefits of integrating artificial intelligence and nanotechnology for creating more personalized treatment options and also its role in Covid 19 vaccines.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the antibacterial efficacy of 3% sodium hypochlorite with 5% apple cider vinegar using passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) against Enterococcus faecalis in contracted endodontic access cavity on mandibular molars. Methods: Contracted access cavity was prepared in 30 extracted human permanent mandibular molar teeth. The root canals were incubated with strain of E. faecalis MTCC 9845 (Strain designation – HBL/BAC– 002/08–09) using 15 K-type manual file for 3 weeks. At this point, the S1 sample was collected using 15 paper points. The extracted teeth were randomly divided into two groups: sodium hypochlorite group and apple cider vinegar group. After mechanical instrumentation up to 25/04 rotary files HyFlex CM (Coltene Whaledent, Altstätten, Switzerland) and use of respective irrigants (3% sodium hypochlorite and 5% apple cider vinegar) using PUI, S2 sample was collected using 25 size paper point. The cultivated samples were incubated at 37°C for 24 h, and the number of bacterial colonies was counted as colony-forming units (CFUs)/mL. Data obtained from S1 and S2 were tabulated and subjected to Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and Mann–Whitney test. Results: There was a significant reduction in microbial count in both groups (P < 0.05) when preoperative CFUs were compared with postoperative. There was slightly higher reduction in the apple cider vinegar group in S2 sample, as compared to the sodium hypochlorite group, but it was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Antimicrobial activity of 5% apple cider vinegar is similar to 3% sodium hypochlorite.

Introduction: Oral cavity is the colonization site of most diverse microorganisms. The homeostasis of oral microbioma is affected by numerous factors. Periodontal diseases occur as a consequence of disturbed oral microbioma homeostasis, when an inflammatory reaction occurs in the periodontal tissue. The impact of parasites on periodontal pathophysiology has not been sufficiently studied, and present and future research should hopefully answer quite a few questions concerning the issue. Aim of the paper: In the light of the present knowledge of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and epidemiology of oral cavity infections caused by Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax, the aim of the paper was review of literature which could to point to the importance of protozoa in the practice of dentistry and to possible oral cavity manifestations of parasitic infections relevant for public health. Conclusion: Dentists have an essential role in the diagnosis of oral diseases caused by oral cavity protozoa, and protozoa relevant for public health that produce systemic infections, the pathological changes of which may manifest in the oral cavity. Their identification represents a challenge and requires multidisciplinary approach for a timely diagnosis and adequate management.

Background: Direct pulp treatment is carried out when a healthy pulp gets mechanically/accidentally exposed during the operative procedures or trauma. Aim: To determine the effects of various direct pulp capping materials as measured by the clinical and radiographic analysis. Design: Two reviewers performed a database search of the studies published between January 2005 and November 2020. The inclusion criteria were papers published in the English language; children aged 3–12 years having deep carious lesions in primary teeth. All potential studies were acknowledged by their title and abstract. The full-text analysis of potentially relevant studies, the selected studies were included in the systematic review. A meta-analysis calculation was performed for the overall data and the subgroup data. Results: The database searching led to 57 articles, which were of direct pulp treatment in primary teeth, after the removal of duplicates, 55 records remained but did not meet all inclusion criteria. A high variability was observed among the papers. Further filtering with criteria led to nine articles, which met all inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis demonstrated the success rates of DPT in primary teeth (95% confidence interval −0.799–0.898); P < 0.001. Clinical assessments of various direct pulp capping materials suggested 84.9% of success irrespective of the material used. The nine studies were heterogeneous according to the random effect model (P < 0.001, I2 = 84.08%). Conclusions: Direct pulp treatment has the advantage of being a conservative vital pulp therapy reducing the need for a more invasive treatment.

Background: With rising trends in research and scientific writing, various ethical organizations have been vigilant over developing rigorous authorship criteria. There may be times, when authors tend to publish more due to their seniority or previously earned credit for former publications, proving the existence of Matthew effect in scientific research. It indicates that the majority of publications in a field are contributed by smaller number of authors. It was hypothesized that the Matthew effect may be still applicable for scientific work published by Indian pediatric dentists in the official Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry (JISPPD) from 2015 to 2019. Methodology: To assess the number of times each author has published in the official Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, we downloaded all issues for the 5-year period from the journal website. Full names of all authors were entered year-wise in Microsoft Excel 2007 and descriptive statistics were used for finding out contribution percentages. Results: A total of 372 papers were published during the study period by 1148 authors. About 82% had at least one publication, followed by 12% publishing at least two papers; only 1% of the total authors had contributed to more than five publications. The result showed the absence of Matthew effect for publications in the JISPPD. Conclusion: The final results of the study did not show any presence of Matthew effect among authorship in the JISPPD.

The ability of a substance to cause harm to the DNA molecule is known as genotoxicity. Because there is significant evidence of link between genetic damage and carcinogenesis, determining the real health hazards to patients and dental workers requires a thorough examination of genotoxicity caused by various dental materials. The aim of this paper is to provide a thorough overview of the genotoxicity induced by various endodontic materials. A systematic electronic search and screening of reference list were undertaken until November 2019. A meticulous search confined to English language articles was carried out in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from their inception. The electronic search method retrieved 338 papers after the removal of duplicates, only 25 papers met the inclusion requirements following a thorough review of the findings. All evidence of genotoxicity has been found in the literature notably in relation to bleaching agents, restorative materials, and resin-based sealers. Such data will definitely be included to that already established for regulatory purposes as a secure way to enhance oral healthcare and avoid oral carcinogenesis. Reported information of genotoxicity induced by various endodontic materials is crucial for validating their safety in clinical practice as well as for identifying potential gaps in knowledge that must be studied further in future studies.

Periodontal disease is the inflammation of the periodontal supporting structures of teeth. An index is an important tool of surveillance system based on the requirements of reliability, simplicity, and validity to screen oral health disease of the population. This paper aims to discuss on various indices formulated to measure periodontal disease from past to present. This paper reviews indices and different recording systems used to measure periodontal diseases at the population level by retrieving articles, selecting, writing, and summarizing the article. The advantages and disadvantages of various indices used for measuring periodontal disease are discussed in this article. Community Periodontal Index is the most widely accepted index used in larger research studies. However, presently, clinical attachment loss is a widely accepted tool for the diagnosis of periodontal disease. Future advances in new screening methods will be able to provide new opportunities in the diagnosis of active and progressive periodontal disease, which will further help in more precise screening of periodontal disease in larger research studies.

Introduction: The Candida species which are opportunistic fungi especially the species of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis have been causing oral candidiasis. Due to resistance of conventional antifungal agents, the scientists are in verge of exploring novel antifungal drugs such as traditional medicinal plants. Hence we aimed in studying the antifungal effect of Woodfordia fruiticosa and Punicagranatum which are plants of Lythraceae on Candida species. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extracts of both the plants were prepared using soxhlet extraction method and the obtained metabolites were confirmed by Thin Layer Chromatography. The Paper discs were prepared by Whatman filter paper No. 1 The disc was moistened with 10 μL from the prepared stock solution. Were kept at 4°C for 3 hours for diffusion and incubated for 48 hours. Then the diameters of the circular inhibition zones were measured. Results: The obtained data was expressed as mean and standard deviation. Chloroform fraction of Woodfordia fruticosa showed superior antifungal effect when compared to Punicagranatum peel. Conclusion: The invitro antimicrobial activity of Woodfordia leaf depicted superior antifungal activity against Candida isolates with effective anticandidal effect when compared to Punica peel. In future both of these plants could serve as basis for the new anti-candidal agents.

Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is a rising concern in clinical dentistry that causes pain and discomfort and negatively affects the quality of life of patients. Indian Society of Periodontology conducted a nationwide survey, involving 3000 dentists in December 2020, which revealed significant knowledge gaps regarding DH, viz., under-diagnosis, incorrect differential diagnosis, and treatment strategies/recommendations for the management of DH patients in daily clinical practice. The current paper has been envisioned and conceptualized to update the practicing Indian dentists regarding the so-called enigma of dentistry “Dentin Hypersensitivity,” based on the best available contemporary evidence. An expert panel was constituted comprising 30 subject experts from across the country, which after extensive literature review and group discussions formulated these recommendations. The panel advocated routine screening of all dentate patients for exposed dentin areas and DH to avoid under-diagnosis of the condition and suggested an early preventive management. Consensus guidelines/recommendations for the use of desensitizing agents (DAs) at home, including the use of herbal agents, are also provided within the backdrop of the Indian context. The guidelines recommend that active management of DH shall be accomplished by a combination of at home and in-office therapies, starting with the simplest and cost-effective home use of desensitizing toothpastes. A diagnostic decision tree and a flowchart for application in daily practice are designed to manage the patients suffering from DH or presenting with exposed dentin areas in dentition. Various treatment methods to manage DH have been discussed in the paper, including the insights from previously published treatment guidelines. Further, a novel system of classification of DH patients based on specific case definitions has been developed for the first time. Explicit charts regarding the available treatment options and the chronology of institution of the agent, for the management in different case categories of DH, have been provided for quick reference. The management strategy takes into account a decision algorithm based on hierarchy of complexity of treatment options and intends to improve the quality of life of the patient by long-term maintenance with an innovatively defined triple C's or 3Cs approach.

Labial frenectomy is a surgical technique, that aims to remove the frenulum with its attachment to the underlying bone. Frenectomy, is indicated if the frenulum attachment causes midline diastema, gingival recession, hindrance in maintaining oral hygiene, or if it interferes with lip movements and for prosthetic needs. A labial frenectomy can be performed either by the routine scalpel technique, electrocautery, and most recently medical lasers. The aim of this study was to evaluate, whether the laser technique is more effective than the conventional surgical technique, and whether there are differences between the different types of lasers. The scoping review was conducted and prepared on the basis of the indications of the PRISMA guidelines (PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews, PRISMA-ScR) of PRISMA checklist, and nine papers were considered admissible to the qualitative analysis for the following outcomes: bleeding during intervention, use of sutures, duration of the intervention, and use of analgesic drugs in the days following the intervention. This review suggests that laser-performed labial frenectomy is faster and offers better intra- and postoperative management; however, due to the limited number of available papers, the final results of the present review are not absolute.

Abstract Background The management of pain resulting from anesthesia injection, tooth extraction and in the period after extraction is of great importance in pediatric dentistry. Objective The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of the preemptive administration of ibuprofen or acetaminophen with placebo in reducing the pain during injection, extraction and postoperatively in children undergoing primary tooth extraction. Material and methods A randomized, placebo‐controlled, triple‐blinded clinical trial of cooperative children who needed primary molar extraction by local anesthesia. Sixty‐six children aged between 6 and 8 years were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (a) Acetaminophen syrup (320 mg/10 ml); (b) placebo solution; and (c) ibuprofen syrup (200 mg/10 ml). Each of the three solutions was given 30 min before administration of the local anesthetic agent. The Pain level was assessed using the Wong–Baker faces® pain rating scale after injection, extraction, and postoperatively. The Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U test were used to evaluate the pain scores between groups at confidence level of 95%. Results The use of preemptive analgesics showed lower pain scores compared to placebo. Additionally, only ibuprofen significantly reduced pain scores compared to placebo at the points immediately after injection (p = 0.001), immediately after extraction (p = 0.0001) and 5 h after extraction (p = 0.002). Conclusion Preemptive usage of ibuprofen reduces injection pain and relieves both extraction and postoperative pain in children undergoing primary tooth extraction. What this paper or case report adds It adds the knowledge regarding pain relief of injection and extraction in children. Preemptive analgesic medications have a beneficial effect on alleviating postoperative pain following tooth extraction in children. Ibuprofen is an effective analgesic for postoperative pain relief in children undergoing primary tooth extraction. Why this paper or case report is important to pediatric dentists Pediatric dentists may consider preemptive ibuprofen in children before injection and extractions. Identifies that Ibuprofen is an effective method of reducing postoperative pain.

Abstract Objectives Grade V titanium alloy (Ti‐6Al‐4 V) is a well‐recognized metallic biomaterial for medical implants. There has been some controversy regarding the use of this alloy in medical devices in relation to the toxicity of vanadium. In Dentistry, Ti‐6Al‐4 V remains prevalent. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effects of Ti‐6Al‐4 V on cells relevant to oral environments such as gingival fibroblasts. Materials and methods A literature search was undertaken for relevant English language publications in the following databases: Dental and Oral Science, Medline and Web of Science. The electronic search was supplemented with a search of references. Results After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of eight papers are included in this review. These papers were all in vitro studies and were categorized into whole implant, discs, or implant particles based on the type of test materials used in the studies. Conclusion Based on the analyses of the eight included studies in this review, if Ti‐6Al‐4 V as a material is unchallenged, i.e., as a whole implant in pH neutral environments, there appears to be little effect on fibroblasts. If Ti‐6Al‐4 V is challenged through corrosion or wear (particle release), the subsequent release of vanadium and aluminium particles has an increased cytotoxic effect in vitro in comparison to commercially pure titanium, hence concerns should be raised in the clinical setting.

Background:Continuous chelation can be defined as the concept of using a single mix of a weak chelator with NaOCL throughout the entire root canal preparation procedure without causing a reduction in the antimicrobial and proteolytic activity of NaOCL. Etidronic acid, also known as "1-Hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-Bisphosphonate" HEBP, or HEDP, is a soft biocompatible chelator utilized in direct combination with sodium hypochlorite to form an all-in-one deproteinizing, disinfecting, and chelating solution. It's the only chelator available as a certified commercial product, "Dual Rinse HEDP," approved for endodontic usage. This review aims to analyze and bring up-to-date data about the continuous chelation protocol using a combination of HEDP with sodium hypochlorite in endodontic irrigation. Data: only papers that were published electronically were searched within the review. Sources: “Google Scholar”,” PubMed” websites were used for searching data by using the following keywords: : Bisphosphonates, Continuous chelation, Dual rinse HEDP, Etidronate, HEBP. The most relevant papers related to the topic were chosen, specifically the original articles and clinical studies, including only English-language articles from 2005 to September 2022. Conclusion:Combining a weak chelator with NaOCL solution, a single irrigation solution mixture with soft tissue dissolving ability and antibacterial properties with chelating capability can be created, which can be considered a good alternative to the conventional irrigation protocol (sequential irrigation) with NaOCL followed by using a strong chelator such as EDTA. The obvious benefit is that only one solution is required for root canal cleansing and decontamination, also decreasing the time for irrigation and providing better conditioning of root canal walls for root-filling materials

Abstract Aim To review evidence on oral health practices, beliefs/views and experiences of community-dwelling older adults living with dementia, including their carers. Materials and methods A search of key terms across six databases including Pubmed, Web of Science and OVID (Embase, MEDLINE [R] and PsycINFO) and Google Scholar was conducted, supplemented by reference screening. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) 2018 was used to assess the methodological quality. Results Eighteen studies reported across 19 papers were included in the review. Papers largely focused on normative needs (n = 13), whilst also reporting oral health-related experiences (n = 2), practices (n = 7), and beliefs/views (n = 9), of community dwellers with dementia. Generally, people living with dementia presented with poor oral and dental health, the exception being one study where dental care was integrated with memory clinic services. Maintenance of oral health focused only on toothbrushing. Overall, people living with dementia have reduced capacity for self-performed oral hygiene and high reliance on caregivers. There was a paucity of evidence on their perceptions of oral health and quality of life, the findings of which were equivocal, with weak evidence suggesting possible difficulty in identifying and communicating their needs. Experiences of accessing dental care, when explored, appear to be system dependent. Conclusion There was limited research evidence on oral health-related practices, beliefs/views and experiences of people with dementia. Recommendations for future research are presented.

Dental graduates have a variety of career-path choices. After graduation, they may join private dental practice, government- or hospital-based dental care services, research groups, academia, business or industry. With globalization and frequent international exchange, dental graduates nowadays can explore careers outside their home country. However, dental education systems and job opportunities vary widely across different regions and countries. Diversity of accreditation in dental education, different licensure requirements, and lack of global competencies in dental care often limit the globalization, operation and survival of dental practice and education worldwide. The requirements for professional education and practice can be quite diverse, and these differences will be barriers to dental graduates seeking career development outside their home home country. Fresh dental graduates have minimal experience in job hunting. More specifically, they are unfamiliar with potential career paths. This paper was based on the 4th trilateral symposium 2022 organized by The University of Hong Kong, Tohoku University, and Fujian Medical University, which offered a lecture to discuss career paths for dental graduates in Hong Kong, Japan, and mainland China. The aim of this paper was to provide dentists, particularly fresh graduated dental students, with practical insight into different career paths in Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region of China, SAR), Japan and mainland China, and factors that may influence their career options. It assists dental students in exploring possibilities in dentistry and preparing for their career development after graduation from dental school.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify the instruments used to measure the quality of life related to oral health (HRQoL) as well as the measures that were adapted for the Portuguese language of Brazil. This is an integrative review whose inclusion criteria were papers in Portuguese, English and Spanish, published and indexed in databases Medline (PubMed) and Virtual Health Library (BVS). One thousand two hundred and sixty papers submitted, fifty-five were considered eligible for review, from which the following information was extracted: instrument; composition; community; sample size; measured domains / dimensions; and author, year, country. Subsequently, the data related to the translation and cultural adaptation processes for the Portuguese language of Brazil were collected in order to evaluate the psychometric properties of each study. The studies of this review show that the HRQoL theme has remained in evidence since the creation of the first instruments and seems not to be close to being exhausted. Of the 36 instruments presented, only 17 articles were identified in the databases assessed for cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese and validation of psychometric properties. Thus, despite the enormous dissemination of instruments, the need for translation, adaptation in the language and analysis of psychometric properties was pointed out in this study.

Background: Chronic Periodontitis (CP) and Aggressive Periodontitis (AP) are chronic inflammation diseases in the dental supporting tissues characterized by the existence of pocket inside, alveolar bone attachments and damages rapidly leading to the dental loss. The pocket inside is related to the existence of the dominating bacteria known as the black-pigmented anaerobic bacteria group. This black-pigmented bacteria group consists of Porphyromonas spp and Prevotella spp genus abundantly found in the periodontal pocket. This research aims at examining the number of black-pigmented bacteria taken from the Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) of patients suffering from the Chronic Periodontitis (CP) and Aggressive Periodontitis (AP). Method: The ethical clearance was obtained from the Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Jember. The subjects diagnosed with the Chronic Periodontitis (CP) and Aggressive Periodontitis were recorded into pocket and then the panoramic Rontgen photographs were taken. The Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) of patients were taken using a sterile paper point and then inserted to the pocket inside for 30 seconds. The paper point was then inserted to the PBS and examined using a microbiological test on blood agar media. The mouth cavity hygiene levels of subjects were recorded using OHI-S, while the needs on periodontal treatments using CPITN. The statistical test was conducted using T-test with the value of p0.05). this shows the same periodontal disease severity of both Chronic Periodontitis (CP) and Aggressive Periodontitis (AP). The bacteria culture result shows that the number of black- pigmented anaerobic bacteria in both Chronic Periodontitis (CP) and Aggressive Periodontitis (AP) was not significant (p>0.05). The mouth hygiene level of patients suffering from the Chronic Periodontitis (CP) and Aggressive Periodontitis (AP) was at the medium (93%) level with the needs on periodontal treatments of scaling and root planning (85%) Conclusion: The number of black-pigmented anaerobic bacteria colonies belonging to the patients suffering from the Chronic Periodontitis (CP) and Aggressive Periodontitis (AP) was same.

Background: Probiotics are living microorganisms which when given in sufficient quantities will provide health benefits to humans. The role of probiotic bacteria in the oral environment is to prevent attachment of pathogenic bacteria, produce antimicrobial substances, activate and regulate the immune response. Today probiotics are recommended for oral health maintenance and management of oral diseases, one of which is Oral Candidiasis. The purpose of this paper is to describe the potential of probiotics in the management of Oral Candidiasis. Method: Systematic literature review used literature search methods in electronic databases: Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed. The keywords were "lactobacillus", "oral candidiasis", and "probiotic". The inclusion criteria for selection of scientific articles were years of publication from 2010 to 2018; in vitro and clinical trials; published in English and full paper available. Out of 86 articles that have been screened, eleven articles have been included in this review. Result: The articles showed the potential use of probiotics in non-clinical trials as well as clinical trial in management of oral candidiasis in various age groups, and supports the treatment with no side effects. Mechanisms of probiotic action are known to have the potential to inhibit and reduce candida spp. in the oral cavity. Conclusion: Probiotics have the potential as antifungal agent in the prevention and therapy of oral candidiasis

Introduction, aim: The rise of research papers and investments made into 3D printing are the proof of the increased interest about this manufacturing method. The American Charles W. Hull is considered to be the inventor with the first patent in the field. The principle of 3D printing is printing the desired item in layers according to its template, most often present in .stl format. There are seven main technological processes of 3D printing, five of them are used in dentistry. Text deals with the three methods that are used the most: Vat Polymerisation, Material Extrusion and Powder Bed Fusion. In dentistry, additive manufacturing already has an important role for a longer period of time especially in implantology for the printing of surgical guides and in orthodontics for printing of study models and so-called invisible aligners. Additive manufacturing also allows to print retention appliances, and it facilitates the autotransplantation of teeth, while its importance is slowly rising in other sectors of dentistry such as in conservative dentistry in Class IV reconstruction or in guided endodontics and in prosthetic dentistry for printing of metal substructures and other components either in fixed or removable prosthetics in dental laboratory. Printing of accessories such as protective masks and face-shields or printing of 3D models of the real teeth and demonstration models in order to improve undergraduate, postgraduate and continuous education are among current applications. In medicine the printing is used for example for the production of biomaterials. The range of applications is therefore vast and the impact of 3D printing on dentistry is unquestionable. Shortcomings of printing are undergoing constant research and therefore it is just a matter of time until 3D printing will replace the conventional methods. The objective of this review paper was to sort the basic information about 3D printing with regards to its history, principle and types of printing but more importantly to summarise its use in dentistry.

Abstract Background Pulpal and periodontal healing are two main concerns of delayed replantation of avulsed teeth. The objective of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of topical and systemic application of tetracyclines on pulpal and periodontal healing after tooth replantation. Methods A comprehensive electronic search was conducted in six databases. This systematic review was carried out according to Cochrane Handbook and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Results After exclusion of 246 irrelevant papers, 14 animal studies and one human study were included in this review. The human study showed that avulsed permanent teeth treated with doxycycline did not show a better clinical outcome for pulp and periodontal healing compared with treatment with normal saline. As for animal studies, significant more pulpal healing was observed in immature teeth treated with topical doxycycline in two researches, while another one study showed that there is no difference between teeth treated with normal saline and teeth treated with doxycycline. Systemic doxycycline exerted no significant effect on pulpal revascularization illustrated by one research. Only one out of four articles illustrated the positive effect of systemic tetracyclines on periodontal healing. One paper reported that intracanal application of demeclocycline promoted favorable periodontal healing. Two articles showed topical doxycycline contributed to favorable periodontal healing, while five studies showed no significant effect of topical tetracyclines on periodontal healing. Conclusions As a result of data heterogeneity and limitations of the studies, the effect of topical or systemic application of tetracyclines on pulpal and periodontal healing is inconclusive. More studies are required to get more clinically significant conclusions.

Abstract Background This study aims to investigate the influence of different dentin pretreatment procedures on the resulting abrasive dentin wear. Methods Two groups (A, B) of 60 dentin samples each were prepared. Group A was brushed with an abrasive slurry (RDA = 85) and group B with a different abrasive slurry (RDA = 174). Four subgroups in each group (n = 15) were created (A1–A4) and (B1–B4). The subgroups were pretreated as follows: A1 + B1 with 1200-grit grinding paper, A2 + B2 with 1200- and 2000-grit papers, A3 + B3 with 1200-, 2000-, and 4000-grit papers, A4 + B4 with 1200-, 2000-, 4000-grit papers and with 1000 brushing strokes with a slurry of Elmex toothpaste. All samples were brushed for 25 min at 120 strokes/min. Abrasive dentin wear was measured for each sample profilometrically and the subgroups were compared with each other within the same group. Repeated measures one-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the subgroups and pairwise contrasts were estimated for multiple testing according to Tukey (α = 0.05). Results The resulting abrasive dentin wear in group A ranged between 15.3 ± 3.4 µm and 17.3 ± 5.5 µm and between 20.3 ± 6.8 µm and 22.5 ± 2.6 µm in group B. No statistically significant difference was noticed between any subgroups within the same group (p ˃ 0.05). Conclusions Different dentin pretreatment procedures do not affect the resulting abrasive dentin wear independent of the RDA value of the employed abrasive slurry.

Objectives. The study aimed to detect the presence/quantification of the 12 bacterial strains more frequently involved in the occurrence and aggravation of periodontal disease in a group of patients. Material and method. The study included 55 patients of both sexes, from the portfolio of the „Dr. Vodiță“ Dental Clinic, with chronic marginal periodontitis, who had not been under regular dental control and hygiene for at least 2 years. During the first treatment session, fluid was collected from each patient from the periodontal bags using sterile paper cones from the collection putty. Subsequently, fluid-soaked paper cones from periodontal bags were sent to the Genetic Lab in Bucharest for DNA extraction and quantification of 12 bacterial species, more common in the etiology of periodontal disease. For the correctness of the results obtained, it is necessary that patients have not taken antibiotics in the last 3 weeks. The data were analyzed and statistically processed with the Microsoft Excel 2016 program. Results. The least common bacteria found were from the species: Capnocytophaga ochracea, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Eikanella corrodens and Campylobacter rectus, closely followed by Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Capnocytophaga sputigena. The rest of the bacterial species were detected much more frequently. Discussions. In the analyzed group there was no monoinfection with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Porphyromonas gingivalis had an important presence in the studied group, registering increased levels in 89% of cases. In our group, Treponema denticola was present in increased amounts in 76.36% of cases. Tannerella forsythia was present in 92.72% of cases in elevated concentrations. Eikanella corrodens and Campylobacter rectus were present in 18.18% of the cases studied in high quantities. Prevotella intermedia was present in significant amounts in 34.54% of cases. Fusobacterium nucleatum was present in high concentrations in 98.18% of the cases studied. Prevotella nigrescens was present in increased amounts in 56.36% of cases. Capnocytophaga ochracea was present in 9.09% of cases in high amounts, Capnocytophaga sputigena in 38.18% of cases, and Capnocytophaga gingivalis was detected in 24.45% of cases. Conclusions. From the class of bacteria with high pathogenicity, we most frequently encountered in the studied group Tannerella forsythia. From the class of bacteria with moderate pathogenicity, we encountered the most common Fusobacterium nucleatum. From the class of bacteria with low pathogenicity, we encountered the most common Capnocytophaga sputigena. In order to validate the results obtained, it is necessary to extend the study to a larger number of patients.

Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are vascular abnormalities, most often presenting significant risk of massive bleeding and being lethal for the patient. Thus, the knowledge of these lesions must be adequate for both the clinical and the oral radiologists. In this paper we describe the medical history of a young woman with a massive arteriovenous malformation localized at the left side of the mandible.

Palatal lesions pose a great challenge for clinicians to diagnose. It is one of the myriad regions of the oral cavity with an array of tissues that may give rise to a plethora of different pathologies. In-depth knowledge of anatomy with proper investigation remains the key to success in the diagnosis and treatment of palatal lesions along with a high index of clinical suspicion. In this paper, we present a rare case report of traumatic neuroma at an unusual site of the palate.

Background: Oral health issues have received significant attention from most global health agencies, which have integrated these issues into their noncommunicable disease, sustainable development, and universal health coverage objectives. Methods: This paper provides an update on the progress made in the last 2 decades and aims to highlight some of the challenges faced by the oral health care system in Kuwait. Results: Despite the nation's rising expenditure on oral health care, the prevalence of oral diseases remains high in Kuwait. The lack of reliable data on periodontitis and edentulism limits the ability of researchers to comment on the trends of these conditions. This emphasises the critical need for a nationwide household-level oral health survey in both pediatric and adult populations that would provide valuable information on the oral health status of these populations. Conclusion: In the future, Kuwait must invest more in oral disease prevention programs, especially among children and the high-risk communities of the population.

This study presents the results of systematic reviews on adjunctive tools in screening and diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and to determine if the current literature supports their use as either an adjunctive tool or replacement of gold standard techniques. Systemic reviews and meta-analysis that evaluated adjunctive tools including chemiluminescence, tissue autofluorescence, tissue fluorescence spectroscopy, vital staining and cytology techniques were systematically examined using AMSTAR II. Twenty-seven systematic reviews were included. Five studies had a low quality of evidence, and nine studies had a critically low quality of evidence. This review found limited evidence to recommend chemiluminescence, tissue autofluorescence tools and vital staining as diagnostic tools, but only serve as clinical adjuncts to conventional oral examination. Cytology techniques and narrow-band imaging may be utilised as a non-invasive diagnostic adjunctive tool for the detection of OSCC and the malignant transformation of OPMD. In conclusion, this paper provides evidence on several types of adjunctive tools and provides recommendations on their use in clinical practice. These tools are considered useful as clinical adjuncts but there is insufficient evidence for their use as a diagnostic tool to replace gold standard conventional oral examination and surgical biopsy.

High viscosity glass ionomer cement (HVGIC) has been employed as a restorative material for Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART). As residual caries persist after caries removal in ART, the antibacterial activity of HVGIC gains importance. Organic and inorganic substances with antibacterial properties have been incorporated into HVGIC over the years, and their effects on the antibacterial and physical properties have been studied. The objective of this paper is to review the various alterations made to HVGIC using organic compounds, their effect on the antibacterial activity, and the physical properties of the cement. Various in vitro investigations have been conducted by adding antiseptics, antibiotics, and naturally occurring antibacterial substances. Most of these compounds render superior antibacterial properties to HVGIC, but higher concentrations affect physical properties in a dose-dependent manner. However, some naturally occurring antibacterial substances, such as chitosan, improve the physical properties of HVGIC, as they enhance cross-linking and polysalt bridging. There is potential for clinical benefits to be gained from the addition of organic antibacterial compounds to HVGIC. In-depth research is required to determine the optimum concentration at which the antibacterial effect is maximum without affecting the physical properties of the cement.

Abstract We analyzed the distribution characteristics of the scientific production of Brazilian dentistry researchers of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. The Lattes curriculum data of 211 researchers from Oral Pathology, Oral Surgery, and Oral Medicine fields were included (2018–2020). Over their academic career, 39 researchers published 7,555 papers (average, 175 articles/researcher); 3,876/7,555 papers were indexed in the Web of Science. During 2018–2020, 1,440/7,555 (19%) papers were published. Brazilian dental researchers contribute significantly to international research by participating in scientific journals’ editorial boards, evaluating research promotion agencies, training researchers, and contributing to scientific and technological development.

Fluoride (F) is added to many dental care products as well as in drinking water to prevent dental decay. However, recent data associating exposure to F with some developmental defects with consequences in many organs raise concerns about its daily use for dental care. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the contribution of dental care products with regard to overall F intake through drinking water and diet with measurements of F excretion in urine used as a suitable biomarker. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines using keywords related to chronic exposure to F in the human population with measurements of F levels in body fluids, 1,273 papers published between 1995 and 2021 were screened, and 28 papers were finally included for data extraction concerning daily F intake. The contribution of dental care products, essentially by toothbrushing with kinds of toothpaste containing F, was 38% in the mean regardless of the F concentrations in drinking water. There was no correlation between F intake through toothpaste and age, nor with F levels in water ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 mg/L. There was no correlation between F intake and urinary F excretion levels despite an increase in its content in urine within hours following exposure to dental care products (toothpastes, varnishes, or other dental care products). The consequences of exposure to F on health are discussed in the recent context of its suspected toxicity reported in the literature. The conclusions of the review aim to provide objective messages to patients and dental professionals worried about the use of F-containing materials or products to prevent initial caries or hypomineralized enamel lesions, especially for young children.

Abstract Background Interleukin (IL)-35 is a novel anti-inflammatory cytokine that is produced by regulatory T cells. IL-35 mediates immunological functions and plays a protective role in several diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. However, the role of IL-35 in gingivitis and periodontitis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature and collecting the available evidence regarding the role of IL-35 in pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Methods A systematic search of electronic databases including MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus was conducted in November 2020 to identify studies addressing the Interleukin-35 pathobiology in periodontal disease. The identified studies were subjected to pre-identified inclusion criteria. The retrived papers were assessed by the authours independently and consensus was reached in cases where disagreement occurred. Articles written in languages other than English, case reports, letters to editors, conference abstracts, theses, and dissertations were excluded from the review. Results A total of 176 possibly relevant articles were identified through the search strategy. Finally, 15 papers which met the criteria of eligibility were included in this review by consensus. The included articles were classified based on their design and level of evidence.Three subclinical study, ten cross sectional investigation and two randomized clinical trials constituted the final set of studies in this review. At preclinical level, Il-35 showed inhibitory characteristics regarding alveolar bone resorption of animal periodontitis models. The results of observatory human studies confirmed the presence of high levels of IL-35 in saliva, GCF, serum, and gingival biopsies of patients suffering from inflammatory periodontal disease. Moreover, two included clinical trials showed that non-surgical periodontal therapy could downregulate IL-35 production in chronic periodontitis patients. Conclusion Interleukin-35 has an undeniable role in pathobiology of inflammatory periodontal disease. Further well-controlled studies are needed to better elucidate the functional pattern of IL-35 in pathogeneisis of gingival and periodontal disease.

Background: Bitewing radiography is a technique that depicts the crown of the maxillary and mandibular teeth and the crest of the alveolar bone in the same receptor. The use of film holders and paper loops in bitewing techniques is very helpful in standardising radiographs, but it has some disadvantages, including the lack of efficiency and discomfort. Therefore, silicone has been widely used in the medical field as a replacement for paper loops. Purpose: This study was conducted to describe the compatibility of the silicone material as an alternative for bitewing radiography. Methods: This research is experimental and a one-shot case study. It used the Mann–Whitney (P < 0.05) test for statistical analysis to compare the results of the radiographs using silicone loops and paper loops and to analyse the quality of each radiograph: object coverage, density, contrast, sharpness, geometry, and overlapping. Results: The images where silicone loops were used show adequate results in six radiograph quality assessments. There was no significant difference between the radiographs that were obtained using the silicon loop and the paper loop (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Silicone loops can be an alternative tool for bitewing radiography because they result in optimal image quality.

Introduction: When the traditional incremental technique is used for direct placement of composite resin in a deep occlusal cavity, each increment (2 mm or thicker) is individually cured where it undergoes hardening and shrinkage. As increments are bonded to all cavity walls, a constrained shrinkage develops in tooth, composite, and/or interfaces. In the first composite increment, this constrained shrinkage generates tensile stresses which are distributed in a nonuniform pattern within that increment, resulting in premature stressing of the dentin bond of the hybrid layer at the pulpal floor before it reaches full maturation. This premature stressing leads to initiation of interfacial debonding and propagation to form a microgap. This behavior is associated with persistent postoperative sensitivity and tooth pain, over the time, which subsequently results in restoration failure. Aims: This paper provides a comprehensive review on the first composite increment and its dependency on placement technique for the interaction behavior with the maturing dentin-adhesive bond at pulpal floors in deep occlusal cavities. Materials and Methods: The dental database was searched, and 59 articles were collected and included in this review, spanning the years from 1984 to 2023. Results and Discussion: Three biomimetic direct restorative techniques were reported in the literature for incrementally restoring large occlusal cavities. These techniques are the decoupling with time, the decoupling with fiber, and the decoupling with split-increment. They all aim at minimizing the generated shrinkage stresses in the first composite increment for protecting the developing dentin bond of the hybrid layer until it reaches full maturation and thus preventing the initiation and propagation of interfacial defects at pulpal floors of deep occlusal cavities. Finally, the restoration is completed by placing and curing successive increments of 1.5 mm each to fill the cavity; their number depends on the cavity depth. These increments can each be cured immediately following placement. Conclusions: In deep occlusal cavities, the interaction behavior between the first composite increment and the maturing dentin-adhesive bond at the pulpal floor depends on the technique used for the increment placement. This behavior is either favorable with the direct biomimetic techniques or unfavorable with the traditional incremental technique. With the direct biomimetic techniques, no premature shrinkage stressing of the dentin bond is induced at the pulpal floor. This prevents the initiation of interfacial debonding and propagation to form microgaps and results in the absence of postoperative sensitivity and persistent tooth pain.

Abstract Background Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) is a rare neuro-mucocutaneous disorder characterized by recurrent edema, facial palsies, and nerve dysfunctions often associated with the plicata tongue. Although the etiology of MRS is not well understood, there is growing evidence suggesting an autoimmune involvement. Case presentation This paper presents a case report of a 25-year-old male with MRS as the initial symptom, followed by temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA). A comprehensive diagnosis and multidisciplinary treatment approach including surgery, local injections, and oral medication were implemented, resulting in a favorable prognosis. Conclusions These findings support the hypothesis that MRS is a systemic granulomatous disease caused by autoimmunity, which may also influence the occurrence and development of TMJ-OA through immune-related mechanisms. This study emphasizes the significance of systemic immune regulation in the treatment of patients with MRS and TMJ-OA comorbid conditions.

The treatment of head and neck cancer is dominated by surgery and radiochemotherapy. For elderly patients, however, the rationality of invasive treatment is questioned in clinical practice. Although the proportion of geriatric patients with head and neck cancer is increasing, there are few consistent standards in the literature and guidelines. From the perspective of evidence-based medicine, this paper presents current evidence for treatment so as to provide specific recommendations for treating head and neck cancer in the elderly. Furthermore, based on a systematic literature review, a clinical algorithm is proposed to evaluate the treatment risk of elderly patients with head and neck cancer.

Mouth breathing in children not only affects the growth and development of teeth and maxillofacial, but also may seriously affect the physical and mental health of children with sleep disordered breathing. Mouth breathing can be divided into obstructive mouth breathing and habitual mouth breathing. Its occurrence and development may be related to various systemic diseases such as allergy, inflammation, immunity, genetics, etc. It also involves changes in the structure of the oral temporomandibular joint, perioral muscle group, dental arch morphology, and development of the upper and lower jaws. Therefore, the treatment of mouth breathing in children should be a multidisciplinary combined sequential treatment plan based on the causes associated with different organs or systems. From the perspective of orthodontists, this paper analyzes the diagnosis and treatment process of different types of mouth breathing, so as to provide reference for clinicians.

The increasing incidence of peripheral nerve injuries brought on by trauma or tumors is substantially interfering with people's lives due to the causal sensory and motor dysfunctions. Peripheral nerves have some self-repair ability after injury, but they are limited by the degree of injury and the body's condition. The postoperative recovery of nerve function in patients is not satisfactory, which is closely related to the local inflammatory microenvironment after injury. Melatonin, a compound naturally synthesized in the pineal gland, protects peripheral nervous system cells from oxidative inflammation after injury and regulates their behavior and fate.Therefore, it has good application prospect in nerve tissue engineering. In this paper, we review the synthesis, metabolic processes underlying melatonin, mechanism of action as well as the current status of its application in peripheral nerve regeneration as well as potential application for oral diseases. In this way, it further provides a new idea for the clinical treatment of peripheral nerve injury.

The lip plays a crucial role in facial aesthetics, making them a focal point of interest for orthodontists and patients throughout orthodontic treatment due to their three-dimensional changes in morphology and position. The degree of improvement in lip morphology significantly impacts post-treatment satisfaction among orthodontic patients. Therefore, understanding the influencing factors of lip morphology and its correlation with orthodontic interventions enables orthodontists to predict post-treatment changes in lip morphology more accurately, facilitating the customization of orthodontic treatment plans. In this paper, we reviewed the progress of methods for evaluating lip morphology and its influencing factors in order to provide reference for clinical practice.

Bitter taste in the mouth is a prevalent clinical symptom that refers to a spontaneous bitterness in the mouth after excluding external factors such as diet, and belongs to the phantogeusia of dysgeusia. The etiology and mechanism of bitter taste in the mouth remain unclear. Studies have shown that bitter taste in the mouth is mainly associated with multiple factors such as diseases, medications and nutrition. In addition, effective and reliable treatments have also not yet been developed. This paper reviews the latest research advances in the etiology, mechanism and treatment of bitter taste in the mouth, with the aim of providing reference for the clinical management of patients with mouth bitterness.

Phytic acid (inositol hexaphosphate/IP6) is a versatile chemical that is abundant in nature and is required for a variety of biological processes. It is harnessed in a wide range of fields, including drug discovery, daily supplies, chemical industries, medicine, and dentistry. IP6 is becoming increasingly popular in dentistry, with promising results. Several properties, such as cariostatic ability, beneficial impact on enamel disintegration, and anti-plaque, anti-tartar, and dental adhesive-forming properties, have been investigated thus far. Due to many constraints in the literature, there was a point in time when IP6 received less attention, which impacted knowledge in this field. Nevertheless, the positive outcomes of the flourishing of IP6 have recently been reconsidered from a number of papers that have improved our understanding of its modes of action in the aforementioned applications. The role of phytic acid in refining the properties and manoeuvring of dental resources is being investigated in novel endeavors in treating diseases of pulp and tissues supporting tooth structure, but to show its novel therapeutic potential, more precisely calibrated clinical trials are needed. This review examines and discusses the various uses proposed in the literature, as well as the applications of IP6 in dentistry.

Purpose: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is commonly used to irrigate primary teeth during pulpectomy. Although high concentrations of NaOCl are effective, they pose a risk of toxic damage to periapical tissues if NaOCl penetrates through the apical foramen. Therefore, low concentrations of NaOCl are preferred to mitigate this risk. However, concerns persist regarding the antibacterial efficacy of low concentrations of NaOCl compared to high concentrations. The objective of this study was to assess and compare the efficacy of 1% and 3% NaOCl irrigation in reducing bacterial load within primary teeth root canals. Materials and methods: This clinical study involved forty participants divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 20) received canal irrigation with 1 % NaOCl solution, while Group 2 (n = 20) received canal irrigation with 3 % NaOCl solution. Microbial samples were collected from the root canal using a paper point before and after irrigation. The samples were aseptically transferred to ultra-snap tubes and then analyzed using a Bioluminometer. The results were recorded. Results: Both groups exhibited a decrease in bacterial count after irrigation. The mean colony count post irrigation for 3 % NaOCl was 258.05 ± 28.61, and for 1 % NaOCl it was 267.60 ± 30.56. However, no statistically significant difference was observed upon intergroup comparison. Conclusion: This study shows that 1% NaOCl is equally effective as 3% NaOCl in reducing bacterial count in root canals. Thus, using 1% NaOCl as an irrigant is appropriate in clinical practice.

Chelating gels may initially assist in root canal preparations to help establish a glide path. While irrigation surveys have investigated liquid chelators and gels to a minor extent, no endodontic survey has focused on EDTA gels and why clinicians use them. All 395 members of the Australian Society of Endodontology (ASE) were emailed an 11-question survey concerning chelation gel usage via Qualtrics. Paper copies were also distributed at ASE events. Descriptive statistics were performed for practitioner and chelating gel data. Cross-tabulations of the practitioner type with the case percentage usage of gels were analyzed with the chi square test (adjusted p value < 0.0083). The overall response rate was 181/395 (46%). For 174 eligible responses, those who never/rarely used a gel were as follows: endodontic residents 12/14 (86%), endodontists 53/71 (75%), general dentists 39/86 (45%), and other members 0% (0/3). Most gel users said that gels helped establish a glide path. Those who never/rarely used chelating gels commented that they held no benefits over liquid EDTA. Endodontists were less likely to use a chelation gel than general dentists (p < 0.0083). Older clinicians had higher gel usage than younger ASE members (p < 0.0083), indicating a possible trend to diminished gel usage over time amongst ASE members. In conclusion, most ASE members find no need for a chelating gel, raising questions about their clinical effectiveness. Studies would therefore be warranted to investigate gel efficacy and improved clinical outcomes.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the delivery of dental care globally. Air contamination during aerosol and splatter-generating procedures is of great concern to dental healthcare provider during these times. Extra oral suction (EOS) apparatus has been shown to be effective in preventing infection by control of aerosol. But very limited data is available regarding the efficacy of the apparatus in preventing splatter contamination. Objectives of the Study: To assess the efficacy of EOS apparatus in reducing frequency and mean intensity of splatter contamination at clinician, assistant, patient sites during lower third molar surgical procedures. Materials and Methods: Patients who required surgical removal of an impacted lower third molar were divided into two groups (EOS and non-EOS) with 20 patients each. Universal indicating paper (UIP) was placed in specific locations on the surgeon, patient, and assistant. Colour changes after the settling of splatter on the UIP were analyzed to calculate the percentage intensity of splatter contamination. Results: The use of an EOS device has shown an overall reduction in the total number of contaminated sites, with a difference of 6.36%. Surgeon, patient, and assistant sites showed reductions of 6.25, 10%, and 1.66%, respectively. The apparatus has showed statistically significant reduction of splatter frequency and intensity at the patient's chest and left shoulder regions respectively, during surgical removal of the impacted 48. Conclusion: The magnitude of splatter contamination during minor dentoalveolar surgical procedures is inevitable. Therefore, to achieve a better working environment, usage of an EOS apparatus is advocated.

Abstract Introduction In orthodontics, the triage system is used to assess the preadolescents to rule out interventions needed earlier and to assess the nature of orthodontic problems as complex or moderate. The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge and awareness of orthodontic triage and its uses among dental healthcare professionals (DHCP). Materials and methods A triage awareness questionnaire (TAQ) was formulated and validated as reliable by a panel of five orthodontic specialists which was then circulated online among 400 DHCP. The questionnaire consisted of nine sections that assessed the current knowledge and usage of orthodontic triage among the dental community. Frequencies and percentages were reported for all categorical variables. Chi-square was used to assess the association among the variables. Results The response rate was 28.2% with the majority of participants being general dentists. Regarding the knowledge and use of triage, 40% of DHCP were only familiar with the word “orthodontic triage” while being unaware of how it works and 79% denied using orthodontic triage. Regarding the management of anomalies, 42% of DHCP preferred extraction as the management of supernumerary teeth (p = 0.013). Practitioners belonging to private setups performed visual inspection in growing patients for assessment of their facial features (p = 0.012). Clinicians with more than one year of experience referred young patients to orthodontic specialists for the management of crossbite (p = 0.024). Younger clinicians (25–35 years) with more than one year of experience referred adult patients to orthodontists for correction of their unesthetic smile (p = 0.013). Conclusions This paper provides foundational data for the development of future policies and protocols supporting structured, evidence-based approaches to patient management via use of orthodontic triage. This study underscores the importance of targeted educational interventions to enhance understanding and implementation of orthodontic triage principles in clinical practice. Further probing is necessary to discern the disparity between understanding the orthodontic triage and effective employment of its components among practicing dental healthcare professionals.

Abstract Background This paper describes how First Nations Kidney Warriors (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living with kidney disease), dental hygienists, kidney health care professionals, an Aboriginal hostel accommodation manager and researchers co-designed an approach to improve oral health in South Australia. Kidney Warriors have strong connection to Country, Community and family that underpins health, wellbeing and approaches to research. However, significant colonisation, racism and marginalisation have impacted Kidney Warriors’ social, cultural and financial determinants of health, leading to increased chronic conditions including kidney disease. Access to culturally safe, affordable and responsive oral health care is vital but challenging for First Nations Peoples undergoing dialysis and kidney transplantation; Australian oral health care is generally provided privately, in metropolitan centres, by professionals who may hold unconscious bias about First Nations Peoples and incorrect assumptions regarding equal access to care. Methods The AKction – Aboriginal Kidney Care Together Improving Outcomes Now kidney care oral health working group codesigned strategies to address disparities and gaps in care, and co-create more accessible, responsive, culturally safe and sustainable models of care. A decolonising and collaborative participatory action research was informed by Dadirri Deep Listening and Ganma Knowledge Sharing with repeated cycles of Look and Listen, Think and Discuss, Take Action Together. A small pilot evaluation survey of clinical placement in an Aboriginal setting was undertaken. Results Four phases of collaboration were undertaken. Community and health professional consultations identified key gaps and priorities. Clinical yarning and cultural safety training and an interprofessional skills day was co-facilitated. Dental hygienist student clinical placement at Kanggawodli Aboriginal Hostel was initiated and evaluated. First Nations Kidney Warriors were positioned as educators and experts of their own lives and health care needs. A new framework for kidney health—oral health cultural safety and clinical education was developed. Conclusion This codesigned approach involving inter-professional collaboration and joint decision making with community members has significantly informed improvements in oral health care information, services and referral with and for First Nations Peoples with kidney disease. This project provides a working example of how to decolonise health service and education programs from the ground up. Trial registration NHMRC PAR 2004389.

Abstract Background Excessive inflammation is a major cause of implant failure. The surface morphology, hydrophilicity, and loading of biomaterials are major properties modulating anti-inflammatory macrophage activation. This paper investigates the regulatory effects of modifying the surface of Titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) with graphene oxide (GO) on the polarization of mouse monocyte macrophages (RAW264.7). Methods TNT was produced by the anodic oxidation of titanium. GO was subsequently electrodeposited on the TNT to obtain a TNT–GO composite. The samples were characterised through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. RAW264.7 cells were separately seeded onto the surface of three groups of samples: pure Ti, TNT, and TNT–GO. Under the condition of lipopolysaccharide stimulation, the influence of the sample surfaces on the gene expression profiles was investigated through RNA sequence analysis. In addition, cell spreading was observed through SEM, cell adhesion and proliferation were analysed using the CCK8 assay, and the expression of inflammation-related factors was investigated by ELISA and cellular immunofluorescence staining. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the RAW264.7 cells on the surface of the three groups was detected via immunofluorescence staining. Results The CCK8 results indicated that the adhesion and proliferation of the RAW264.7 cells were reduced on the TNT and TNT–GO surfaces. ELISA results revealed significant differences in the pro-inflammatory factors tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 secretion among the three groups at 24 h (p

Abstract Introduction The United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 calls for universal access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), which are crucial elements of health and well-being and fundamental for a life in dignity. Early childhood caries (ECC) is a preventable disease affecting health and quality of life of millions of young children worldwide. This scoping review aims to explore the connection between ECC and access to clean water and sanitation. Methods This scoping review, registered on the Open Science Framework and following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, conducted a thorough search in databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Google Scholar, SciELO) and websites (via Google) in November 2023. The search, without date limitations, targeted studies in English and Spanish linking ECC to SDG6. Exclusions were made for studies solely focusing on ECC without a direct connection to clean water and sanitation. Descriptive statistics summarized the retrieved papers. Results The initial search yielded 303 articles. After removing duplicates, 264 articles remained for title and abstract screening after which 244 were excluded and one report was added through citation searching. The 21 remaining articles underwent full text review. There were no studies on a direct association between access to clean water and sanitation and the prevalence of ECC. There were nine studies that showed indirect associations between ECC and access to clean water and sanitation through the links of: water and sanitation access as a marker for poverty (n = 1), water consumption as a feeding practice (n = 4), and the effectiveness of water fluoridation (n = 4). These were used to develop a conceptual model. Conclusions While it is conceivable that a direct link exists between ECC and access to clean water and sanitation, the available body of research only offers evidence of indirect associations. The exploration of potential pathways connecting water access to ECC warrants further investigation in future research.

Soukaina Rouijel,1 Manar Bouchouk,2 Fatima Ezzahra Zidane,1 Babacar Toure1 1International University of Rabat (UIR), Faculty of Dental Medicine, Health Sciences Research Center (Cress), Rabat, Morocco; 2Private Practice, Agadir, MoroccoCorrespondence: Soukaina Rouijel, Email soukaina.rouijel@uir.ac.maIntroduction: Dental trauma is known as main concern for public health and is a prevalent issue among children as it leads to functional, aesthetic, and psychological complications. This study aimed to evaluate the awareness and knowledge of primary school teachers regarding emergency first aid management for tooth avulsion at Agadir.Methods: The study was conducted in 46 randomly selected primary schools in Agadir and included all teachers from these schools. Data collection was carried out through a self-administered questionnaire focusing on teachers’ socio-demographic characteristics, understanding of the importance of emergency management and familiarity with emergency procedures. Data analysis was performed using Jamovi Version 2.3.21.0.Results: A total of 202 teachers participated in the study, 61% being female and 39% male. It has been found that 59.4% of the teachers had encountered an avulsed tooth accident at school. Of these, 23.9% indicated they would immediately replant the avulsed tooth, while 76.7% would contact the child’s parents. Regarding storage, 6.8% would preserve the avulsed tooth in milk, while 30.1% preferred using paper. No significant differences were found in term of seniority and age groups (p> 0.05).Discussion: An educational programs is needed to enhance the management and prognosis of permanent tooth avulsion among children in Morocco.Keywords: dental trauma, tooth avulsion, children, management, teachers