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Simple Summary: Ovarian cancer was the third most common gynecological cancer globally in 2020. Ovarian carcinoma is the most common type of ovarian cancer, comprising over 90% of all ovarian cancer cases. The risk of ovarian cancer increases in females with age, along with having a family history, having a family cancer syndrome, and breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA) mutations. Investigation of the latest disease burden, risk factors, and temporal trends of ovarian cancer is important for the reduction of its associated mortality globally. The global incidence and mortality rates of ovarian cancer for 185 countries in 2020 were retrieved from the Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN) database established by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, WHO, Lyon, France). The incidence of ovarian cancer has been increasing substantially among younger females, probably caused by the increasing prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, estrogen exposure and nulliparity. This study aimed to investigate the most updated worldwide incidence and mortality, risk factors, and epidemiologic trend of ovarian cancer in different countries, regions, and age groups. The Global Cancer Observatory database was used for incidence and mortality rates of ovarian cancer in 2020. Data from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents and the WHO mortality database was accessed for trend analysis. Age-standardized rates (ASRs, per 100,000 persons) were calculated for incidence and mortality. The 10-year annual average percent change (AAPC) was estimated by Joinpoint regression analysis. There was an overall decreasing trend of ovarian cancer, yet its burden has been increasing in lower-income countries and among younger females in some countries. Intensive lifestyle modifications are warranted, especially for the populations at high risk for ovarian cancer, including smoking cessation, alcohol use reduction, physical activity, weight control, and treatment of metabolic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: psychoactive substances are chemicals that affect the nervous system and alter the activity in the brain. Such substances include alcohol and other illicit drugs. This research study aimed to determine the prevalence and pattern of psychoactive substance use among students at a government secondary school in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Methods: this study adopts a crosssectional descriptive survey design. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 104 students for an invitation to fill a semi-structured questionnaire after consenting to the informed consent. Correlational analyses were performed between social characteristics and the knowledge of the effects and prevalence of substance use. Results: thirty-three point seven percent (33.7) of students reported to use psychoactive substances, with alcohol and tramadol being the most consumed. Those aged 15-19 years were found to have a higher prevalence of substances use than other ages. There was an important knowledge of the social perspective and health effects of using such substances, but they persisted in their consumption. Age and school level were observed to have a statistically significant correlation with the knowledge of the effects of drug use. Conclusion: our study shows that the prevalence and pattern of psychoactive substance use among the students are high considering their level and age. The majority of the students knew about psychoactive substance use and its social and health effects. We, therefore, recommend a multistakeholder effort within the community to curtail drug use among young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the most updated worldwide distribution, risk factors, and temporal trends of cervical cancer for different countries and age groups. The Global Cancer Observatory database was retrieved for the age-standardized rates (ASRs, per 100,000 persons) for incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2018. The associations with risk factors were examined by multivariable regression analysis, adjusting for human development index (HDI) and gross domestic products (GDP) per capita. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to calculate the 10-year annual average percent change (AAPC) for incidence and mortality. A total of 568,847 new cases (ASR, 13.1) and 311,365 deaths (ASR, 6.9) of cervical cancer were reported globally in 2018. The highest incidence and mortality were observed in Southern Africa (ASRs, 43.1 and 20.0) and countries with low HDI (ASRs, 29.8 and 23.0). Countries with higher incidence and mortality had lower HDI (β = −8.19, 95% CI -11.32 to −5.06, p < 0.001; β = −7.66, CI -9.82 to −5.50; p < 0.001) but higher alcohol consumption (β = 1.89, 95% CI 0.59 to 3.19, p = 0.005; β = 0.98, CI 0.08 to 1.88; p = 0.033). An increasing trend of incidence was also observed in younger populations, with Cyprus (AAPC, 6.96), Sweden (AAPC, 4.88), and Norway (AAPC, 3.80) showing the most prominent. The burden of cervical cancer was highest in regions with low and medium HDI and was associated with higher prevalence of alcohol consumption. There was an overall decreasing burden of cervical cancer; however, an increase in incidence and mortality was observed in some populations. More intensive preventive strategies are recommended for these populations. • The burden of cervical cancer was highest in regions with low and medium HDI and higher alcohol consumption. • The incidence and mortality of cervical cancer have been declining globally for the recent past decade. • However, an increasing incidence trend was observed in North European countries and among younger females. • Further studies are needed to explore the reasons underlying these epidemiological transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the global distribution, associated factors, and epidemiologic trends of gallbladder cancer (GBC) by country, sex, and age groups. The Global Cancer Observatory was interrogated for the disease burden of GBC using age-standardized rates (ASR). The prevalence of different potential risk factors for each country was extracted from Global Health Observatory and their associations with GBC incidence and mortality were examined by linear regression analysis using beta coefficients (β). The Cancer Incidence in Five Continents I-XI and the WHO Mortality database were searched and Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) was generated from joinpoint regression analysis. The incidence (ASR = 2.3) and mortality (ASR = 1.7) of GBC varied globally in 2018 and were higher in more developed countries and among females. Countries with higher incidence had higher human development index (βmale = 0.37; βfemale = 0.27), gross domestic products (βmale = 0.13) and higher prevalence of current smoking (βfemale = 0.05), overweight (βmale = 0.02), obesity (βmale = 0.03), and hypercholesterolaemia (βmale = 0.07). Similar patterns of associations were also observed for mortality with an additional association found for diabetes (βfemale = 0.07). Although there was an overall decreasing trend in mortality, an increasing trend in incidence was observed among some populations, particularly in males (AAPCs, 8.97 to 1.92) and in younger individuals aged <50 years (AAPCs, 12.02 to 5.66). The incidence of GBC varied between countries and was related to differences in the prevalence of potential risk factors. There was an increasing incidence trend among males and younger individuals. More intensive lifestyle modifications and disease surveillance are recommended for these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]