Search

Dermatophytosis is distributed worldwide, with a global prevalence of 20%-25%, while allergic diseases have a high prevalence of 10%-45% in the global population. In recent years, research on the correlation between dermatophytosis and allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma has been reported successively, highlighting a previously overlooked relationship between dermatophytes and allergic diseases. This review summarizes the research progress on fungal allergens, the correlation between dermatophytosis and allergic diseases, as well as the mechanisms of interaction, aiming to provide insights for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytosis and allergic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microsporum canis is considered one of the filamentous fungi that cause surface fungal contagion in the humans and animals. The present study aimed to diagnose M. canis via the molecular method and differentiating its local Iraqi isolates from global isolates. Microscopic examination showed 55 specimens with M. canis from 130 specimens collected from children aged between 4-10 years suspected of dermatophytes who attended Medical City Laboratories and Baghdad Hospital in Baghdad city from 1/12/2022 to 1/3/2023. The results showed that the frequency of M. canis infections was 55/130 (42.31%). The results demonstrated significant differences in the animals' contact (p <0.0001), lesions (0.03) and habitation area (p =0.002). Whilst the ages appeared with non-significant differences (p =0.6). In order to confirm the microscopic examination and compare the Iraqi isolates with other global ones, the 55 positive results with M. canis were further diagnosed by using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 4 universal primers with a size of 550 bp for PCR amplicons. PCR amplicons sequencing showed only one isolate of M. Canis that differed from global isolates registered in the database of NCBI. The Iraqi local isolate of M. canis was registered with accession number: OM185328. In conclusion, the PCR technique using ITS rDNA aided in confirming the detection of dermatophytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tinea capitis is an infectious dermatosis frequent in children, causative fungi variable over time and space. The risk factors associated with this disease are still poorly understood. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of tinea capitis among schoolchildren in Lomé (Togo), identify the fungal species involved and assess the associated risk factors. Patients and Methods: It was a cross‐sectional and case–control study conducted in primary schools in Lomé from November 2020 to April 2021. All pupils presenting tinea capitis suspected lesions have been sampled, and the scraping and hair were examined by direct microscopy in KOH solution and cultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide. Positive children were matched by age and sex with those without symptoms for case–control study. Results: Out of the 15,087 pupils enrolled, 465 had positive cultures for dermatophytes, corresponding to the tinea capitis prevalence of 3.08% (95% CI [2.59–3.57]). Trichophyton mentagrophytes (81.86%) and Trichophyton soudanense (13.12%) were the majors isolated dermatophytes. The risk factors were mostly living in households with domestic animals, showering less than twice a day, having a history of ringworm, having similar lesions in the same household and sharing personal hygiene items. Conclusion: This study highlights the low prevalence of tinea capitis in schoolchildren in Lomé (Togo), the causative species dominated by T. mentagrophytes and emphasises the importance of environmental and behavioural factors in the mycosis transmission. Implementing preventive measures addressing the identified factors could help to reduce the prevalence of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dermatophytosis, caused by dermatophytes, affects up to 25% of people globally, with higher rates observed in Africa and Asia. While these infections are usually superficial, they can become severe in immunocompromised individuals. Despite their high prevalence, scientific research on dermatophytes is limited and the epidemiological data available are insufficient. In addition, diagnostic methods are not standardised and there are challenges with resistance to antifungals. Objectives: This study aimed to conduct a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications related to dermatophytes and dermatophytosis to assess research output and trends. Methods: A bibliometric analysis of publications from 2000 to 2023 in Web of Science and Scopus examined trends, citation counts, publication types, key journals, top authors and institutions and funding sources. Results: The analysis revealed a significant increase in dermatophyte‐related publications, with 15,868 articles retrieved from the Web of Science and 23,189 from Scopus. Research articles dominated the output, constituting 76.2% in Web of Science and 80% in Scopus. Peak publication years were 2019, 2021 and 2022 in Web of Science, and 2020, 2021 and 2023 in Scopus, with lower output between 2000 and 2002. The United States and India were the leading contributors, followed by Brazil and China, though citation metrics varied. Although there has been a rise in the number of publications, the amount of research conducted on dermatophytes is still very limited in comparison with other types of fungal diseases. Conclusions: Dermatophyte‐related research has increased over the past 2 decades. However, research gaps remain, particularly compared with other fungal diseases. Advances in diagnostics, antifungal testing and taxonomic classification are urgently needed. The study underscores the need for continued research and global collaboration to address these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatophytoses are infectious skin diseases of public health importance because of their transmissibility and high prevalence, especially among children. This is the first study aiming to estimate and report the burden of dermatophytoses on school-age children on the island of Santiago in Cape Verde, an African country that is an archipelago. A total of 249 students attending the afternoon shift of three elementary schools in the city of Achada Igreja were examined. Of these, 60 had suspected lesions of dermatophyte infection. However, from the samples collected from these 60 students, including hair, nails, and skin scrapings, only 18 dermatophyte isolates were obtained, corresponding to a point prevalence of 7.2%. Morphological species identification demonstrated three different species: Trichophyton soudanense, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton violaceum; re-identification by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 2 regions of ribosomal DNA, and the 5.8S rDNA encoding gene (ITS-5.8S region), revealed T. soudanense as the most prevalent species, with only one case of T. rubrum. This is the first epidemiological data describing dermatophytoses and dermatophytes in Cape Verde among school-age children on one of the archipelago islands. It reinforces the need of using culture and accurate identification methodologies when gathering epidemiological data on dermatophytoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent decades, globalization and international migration have increased the spread of infectious agents, including dermatophytes. Although considered minor infections, dermatophytoses are highly contagious, and they significantly reduce the quality of life, inducing itching, burning, sleep disturbances, and even depressive states. Moreover, the increasing resistance to antifungals threats the public health and burdens the costs for the healthcare system. Methods: DermaGenius® Resistance Multiplex real-time PCR assay allowed to analyze the terbinafine susceptibility/resistance of 172 Trichophyton strains, which were isolated from human and animal samples collected from 2016 to May 2024 and previously identified by Sanger sequencing. Results: All the 11 animal strains belonged to the T. interdigitale/T. mentagrophytes complex and tested terbinafine sensitive. Out of 161 human strains, 9 (5.6%) showed terbinafine resistance and 7 (4.3%) were identified as T. indotineae. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary data about behavior toward antifungals in animals and finalizes the scientific information currently available about human strains, highlighting the importance of the One Health concept. Moreover, it supports the relevant role of T. indotineae as an emerging dermatophyte with high proportion of terbinafine resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A common superficial illness called dermatophytosisis brought on by dermatophytes, a genus of keratinophilic, pathogenic fungi. In addition to invading the epidermal barrier, host immunological reactions to dermatophytes may partially cause tissue injury and pathologic inflammation. Understanding the pathophysiology of dermatophytosis, including fungal virulence factors and immune responses against pathogens, is therefore very beneficial. Dermatophytes are classified into nine genera based on the characteristics of their asexual spores, or macroconidae. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of dermatophytes in Egypt with mycological assessment before and after oral itraconazole therapy for chronic, recurrent, and recalcitrant dermatophytosis. Patients and methods: This study included 75 patients with different clinical types of chronic, recurrent, and/or recalcitrant dermatophytosis. All patients were subjected to adequate dermatological examination as regarding site and size of the lesions, the presence of associated papules, vesicles and/or pustules, lesion distribution, morphological variants, duration, and the presence of inflammation and scaling at each follow-up visit. All patients received oral itraconazole at a dose of 200mg/day for 6 weeks. Results: T.mentagrophytes was the most common isolated dermatophyte in patient with recalcitrant dermatophytosis (28%), followed by T.rubrumwhich represents (20%) of the recalcitrant tinea cases. as regarding Therapeutic response after end of itraconazole therapy, complete mycological cure was observed in (66.7%) of cases and complete clinical cure (69.3%) of cases. Recurrence after end of itraconazole therapy was detected in 13 cases (17%). Conclusion: T. mentagrophytesis the most common fungal isolates in patients with recalcitrant dermatophytosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caffeine affords several beneficial effects on human health, acting as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent, and analgesic. Caffeine is widely used in cosmetics, but its antimicrobial activity has been scarcely explored, namely against skin infection agents. Dermatophytes are the most common fungal agents of human infection, mainly of skin infections. This work describes the in vitro effect of caffeine during keratinocyte infection by Trichophyton mentagrophytes, one of the most common dermatophytes. The results show that caffeine was endowed with antidermatophytic activity with a MIC, determined following the EUCAST standards, of 8 mM. Caffeine triggered a modification of the levels of two major components of the fungal cell wall, β-(1,3)-glucan and chitin. Caffeine also disturbed the ultrastructure of the fungal cells, particularly the cell wall surface and mitochondria, and autophagic-like structures were observed. During dermatophyte–human keratinocyte interactions, caffeine prevented the loss of viability of keratinocytes and delayed spore germination. Overall, this indicates that caffeine can act as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent for dermatophytosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatophytes are saprophytic fungi which invade the skin and contribute to the pathogenesis of Tinea corporis. Dermatophytes are resistant to conventional antifungal agents due to biofilm formation, that's why effective therapy is still urgently needed. The edible aromatic plant, Pelargonium graveolens, is known for antimicrobial efficacies, and is extensively colonized by endophytic fungi with potent bio-efficacies. Aspergillus caespitosus AUMC 14405 was isolated from P. graveolens leaves and subjected to GC/MS analysis which led to the tentative identification of 27 metabolites, as well as phytochemical investigation which led to the isolation of 8 compounds. The in silico -based antifungal investigation highlighted 6-methoxymellein as a potent inhibitor of Trichophyton rubrum (a tinea corporis clinical isolate) growth with a MIC of 6.25 µg/ml, compared to fluconazole with a MIC of 25 µg/ml. Interestingly, 6 methoxy mellein exhibited 16.54 % inhibition of biofilm formation compared to fluconazole (0.36 %) at 1.56 µg/ml (P < 0.001) as well as 68.38 % inhibition compared to fluconazole (39.70 %) at 200 µg/ml (p ≤ 0.005). Our results revealed that 6-methoxymellein inhibits the fungal growth of T. rubrum isolates and inhibits their biofilm formation via hyphal disintegration. This may be attributed to targeting 1,3-β-glucan synthase and Δ-14-sterol reductase responsible for maintaining cell wall integrity and ergosterol biosynthesis, which was further confirmed via docking analysis. The study highlights 6-methoxymellein, the vital crop biocide, as a promising antifungal candidate to eradicate therapy-resistant cases of biofilm forming dermatophytes, with the need for further processing for mechanistic analysis, animal testing and clinical trials. The workflow of the study [Display omitted] • Dermatophytes are saprophytic fungi which cause superficial tinea infections. • Aspergillus caespitosus endophytes grow on surfaces of the economic plant, Pelargonium graveolens. • Pelargonium graveolens contains essential oil with bioactive secondary metabolites. • Metabolites detected in A. caespitosus exhibits antidermatophyte efficacy against clinical isolates of dermatophytes. • 6‑methoxy mellein effectively inhibits growth and biofilm formation by Trichophyton rubrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dermatomycoses count to the most frequent dermatoses in Cambodia. Objectives: The aim of this survey was to investigate the occurrence of dermatophytes in this Southeast Asian country. Methods: From June 2017 to July 2018, skin scrapings were taken from 67 patients with superficial dermatophytosis for mycological diagnostics. Identification of dermatophytes was confirmed by sequencing of the 'internal transcribed spacer'—(ITS) region of the rDNA, and the gene of the Translation Elongation Factor (TEF)‐1α. Results: Patients were suffering from tinea corporis and tinea inguinalis/cruris 42/67 (63%), tinea capitis/faciei 14/67 (21%), tinea corporis/capitis/faciei 6/67 (9%), tinea manuum/pedis 2/67 (3%), tinea pedis 2/67 (3%) and tinea manuum 1/67 (1%). Both, by culture and/or PCR, a dermatophyte was detected in 52 (78%) out of 67 samples. Culture positive were 42 (81%) of 52, PCR positive were 50 (96%). The following dermatophytes were found: Trichophyton (T.) rubrum, 36/52 strains (69%, 29 by culture), T. mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale (TM/TI) 9/52 (17%, six by culture) and Microsporum (M.) canis 5/52 strains (10%, by culture). One strain of Nannizzia (N.) incurvata 1/52 (2%) and N. nana 1/52 (2%) was isolated. Based on sequencing, we demonstrated that two T. mentagrophytes strains out of the nine TM/TI represented the new ITS genotype XXV Cambodia. We found one T. mentagrophytes strain genotype VIII (now, reclassified as T. indotineae). This isolate was terbinafine resistant, and it exhibited the amino acid substitution Phe397Leu in the squalene epoxidase. Three strains of T. interdigitale genotype II* were isolated. Conclusion: This is the first survey on epidemiology of dermatophytes in Cambodia. Currently, T. rubrum represents the most frequent species in Cambodia. One Indian strain genotype VIII T. mentagrophytes was found. A highlight was the first description of the new T. mentagrophytes genotype XXV Cambodia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatophytosis (ringworm) is an important feline skin disease primarily caused by the dermatophyte genera Microsporum and Trichophyton. The present research was aimed at determining the prevalence of dermatophytes in cats in and around the Mhow region (Indore, India). A total of 137 cats were brought into the Veterinary Clinical Complex of the College in Mhow, during the study period of 6-months. The preliminary examination was done by Woods lamp examination and direct microscopy, and the confirmatory diagnosis was made by fungal cultural examination. The overall prevalence of dermatophytosis in cats was found to be 21.1% (29/137). Notably, cats less than 6 months old exhibited a higher prevalence rate of 26.58% compared to adult cats, which showed a prevalence of 13.79%. The sex-wise prevalence revealed a marginal difference, with 20.31% in males and 21.91% in females. Specimens of 29 out of 43 cats exhibiting clinical signs of dermatophytosis collected using Mackenzie's toothbrush technique confirmed dermatophytes positive on culture. In conclusion, the data strongly support the need for a comprehensive report on local epidemiology on feline dermatophytosis with a noteworthy impact observed among cats under six months of age in comparison to other age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Majocchi’s granuloma is an uncommon fungal infection often associated with dermatophyte invasion, particularly Trichophyton rubrum. Herein, we present the case of a thirty-year-old female with systemic lupus erythematosus presenting millimeter papules in her low extremities. Majocchi’s granuloma manifests through a diverse range of skin lesions, emphasizing the role of histopathology in its diagnosis. Notably, chronic dermatophytosis and immunosuppression stand out as significant risk factors. This case underscores the importance of considering risk factors, accurate diagnosis through histopathology and the need for tailored treatment in immunocompromised individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatophytosis is a potentially zoonotic superficial skin infection caused by keratin ophilic fungi. Identification of dermatophytes aids in understanding the epidemiology of infections and finding out better treatment modalities. The study aimed to identify dermatophytes in dogs and compare the effectiveness of three different topical drugs for treating dermatophytosis. Molecular identification of dermatophyte isolates obtained on culturing was done by restriction fragment length polymorphism of the amplicon obtained by polymerase chain reaction of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of the recombinant DNA. Thirty of the positive cases were divided into three groups, Group I was treated with shampoo containing 2% each of miconazole chlorhexidine, Group 2 with shampoo containing 4% chlorhexidine, and the third group with lime sulphur dip. Clinical response and fungal colony counts were regularly monitored to assess improvement. Among a total of 30 dermatophyte isolates, 14 Microsporum canis, 8 Trichophyton rubrum, 6 M. gypseum, and 2 Epidermophyton floccosum isolates were identified. Increased occurrence of T. rubrum indicates frequent transmission of dermatophytes from humans to dogs. Shampoo containing 4% chlorhexidine for an average duration of 99 days resulted in a faster cure, compared to the other topical preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatophytosis is a contagious superficial mycosis caused by a group related fungi in the Genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton. Early and accurate identification of the causative agent of dermatophytosis is essential for effective treatment and prevention of the disease. Genotypic techniques are more rapid, sensitive and specific than the conventional methods. However, there is a paucity of information on molecular characterization of dermatophytes from domesticated ruminants, particularly in northern Nigeria. The aim of this work was to carry out molecular identification of dermatophytes isolated from sheep and goats in Zaria. Ninety-four goats and 63 sheep skin scrapings were aseptically collected from suspected cases of deramtophytosis. Each specimen was processed for direct microscopic examination and, cultural isolation and phenotypic identification of etiologic agents. The identified dermatophyte isolates were subjected to DNA extraction followed by amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of their ribosomal DNA. The dermatophytes were identified by comparing the sizes of the amplified ITS regions of each isolate with ITS regions sizes of dermatophytes reported in the literature. Out of the 34 dermatophyte isolates from both sheep and goats, 23 were phenotypically identified as Trichophyton mentagrophytes while 11 were T. verrucosum. The PCR based technique identified 23 of the isolates as T. mentagrophytes while 11 were identified as T. verrucosum in complete agreement with the culture method. The sizes of the ITS regions of all the T. mentagrophytes and T. verrucosum were approximately 600bp except one isolate of T. mentagrophytes which had ITS region size of approximately 550bp. Trichophyton verrucosum and T. mentagrophytes isolated from sheep and goats were successfully identified by PCR method targeting the ITS regions of their ribosomal DNA. As far as we know, this is the first report of molecular identification of dermatophytes isolates from small ruminants in northern Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the presence of dermatophytes on the haircoat of wild eastern cottontail rabbits (ECR) (Sylvilagus floridanus) with and without skin lesions. ANIMALS: 2-week-old or older ECR admitted to a Wildlife Medical Clinic (WMC) in central Illinois, Midwest United States, from September 2021 to August 2022. METHODS: ECR were surveyed over a 1-year period to assess the prevalence and seasonality of dermatophytosis. A Wood's lamp exam was performed over the haircoat. Hairs were sampled with a sterile toothbrush and plated on Sabouraud dextrose agar. The plates were photographed twice weekly for 3 weeks, and colonies were identified as contaminants or dermatophytes. RESULTS: 523 ECR were admitted to WMC, 141 ECR met the age inclusion criteria, and 121 samples were plated. ECR presented as a litter were sampled together. None of the sampled ECR presented skin lesions other than acute traumatic wounds. No fluorescence was observed on any ECR during the Wood's lamp examination. Based on culture colony morphology, 115/121 of the samples were identified as contaminants and no growth was observed in 6/121 of plates. Dermatophytes' colonies were not identified on any of the culture plates. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dermatophytes are zoonotic fungi and can potentially be carried by wild animals. The fungal infection poses a health concern to humans and domestic pets through direct interaction. Our current results suggest that dermatophytosis may not be prevalent in asymptomatic wild rabbits in the studied areas of the Midwestern United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Veterinarski Glasnik is the property of Veterinarski Glasnik and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study used to be conducted in the Graduate Studies Laboratory at the College of Science, Kirkuk University in Iraq from 11/7/2021 to 25/5/2022 with the aim of investigating the fungi causing motive pores and skin ailments, i.e., dermatomycosis in the human physique (tinea corporis) and the incidence of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. A total of 120 samples were collected from sufferers referred to the Dermatology Consultant at Azadi Teaching Hospital and some non-public clinics in Kirkuk, age groups ranging from 1 to 60 years and both genders. All samples were examined and recognized using traditional methods and using culture media for the fungi. The direct microscopic examination of the fungi showed positive results, with an infection rate of 66.66%, while the laboratory culture showed positive results, with 49.16%. The results of the phenotypic examinations of the isolated dermatophytes showed that they belong to the two genera, Trichophyton and Microsporum. The results showed that Trichophyton was the most diagnosed specimen compared to Microsporum. The least patient specimen was diagnosed, and 5 species of Trichophyton were isolated, T. mentagrophytes exhibited the highest prevalence (9.2%), while the lowest belonged to T. interdigitale (2.5%). In the case of Microsporum, two species were isolated, so that, the infection rate of males (33.33%) was higher than that of females (15.83%). The result showed the highest infection rate of T. mentagrophytes in the age group 21-30 years, while the lowest among the group 50-61. After final identification of T. mentagrophytes by PCR, the consequences of the PCR assay were sent to the Genebank website to verify the kind of fungus through comparing it with the fungi registered at this site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatophytosis is a prevalent infection in tropical and subtropical countries, including India. This study aims to investigate the epidemiology and clinical aspects of chronic and recurrent dermatophytosis, identify the clinical isolates, and assess the effectiveness of different microscopy and staining methods for diagnosis. The objective of the study is to study the epidemiology and clinical aspects of chronic and recurrent dermatophytosis and to identify the clinical isolates. Attempts to improve the diagnostic outcome by implementing different microscopy and staining methods have also been performed. Adult patients with chronic and recurrent cases and positive direct microscopy were included, and clinical details were recorded. The mycological culture was performed. Fifteen isolates were selected randomly and subjected to 0.9% NaCl, Chicago sky blue staining, Calcofluor white staining, and Congo red staining in addition to the standard lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB) preparation. Among the 178 patients in the study, females (56.7%) and patients aged 25-45 (50%) were more frequently affected. Tinea corporis was the most common clinical type (89.32%). Recurrent cases (56.1%) were more prevalent than chronic cases (43.9%). Culture positivity was seen in 60.1%, with Trichophyton mentagrophytes being the most common isolate (86%). Among the staining methods used on 15 selected isolates, Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB) was scored as the most effective, scoring 2.6 out of 3. The study revealed several clinical and epidemiological findings related to dermatophytosis in India, including a high degree of communicability, inadvertent therapies including topical steroid misuse, and a persistent nature requiring an extended duration of therapy. Trichophyton mentagrophytes was the most frequently isolated pathogen. Of the staining methods evaluated, Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB) was found to be the most effective. The findings suggest a need for continued research into effective treatments and diagnostic methods for dermatophytosis in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatophytosis is an infectious disease of worldwide importance caused by pathogenic keratinolytic fungi named dermatophytes in both animals and humans. In Egypt, the mixed grazing of small and large ruminants increases the threat of various dermatophytes interspecies transmission among animals and consequently to humans. The current study motivates on the importance of rapid and accurate diagnosis of dermatophytosis among animals and the limitations associated with conventional methods of diagnosis. The current study was performed to investigate the prevalence of dermatophytosis among calves, cows, and sheep reared together in a private farm from September 2021 through April 2022 and identify the causative dermatophytes by both conventional cultural and molecular approaches. The overall prevalence of dermatophytosis in the investigated farm was 15.2% (40% in calves, 14.3% in sheep and 10% in adult cows). On mycological examination, colonies appeared rapidly and become powdery to granular with white to cream color on the surface. The recovery of T. mentagrophytes from clinical samples was confirmed by PCR targeting ITS region followed by sequencing analyses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that T. mentagrophytes sequences obtained in the current study are clustered along with KY765897.1 and KY765898.1 isolated from cattle. Results of blood serum urea and creatinine didn’t show statistical difference between control non infected and infected animals. The current investigation concluded that T. mentagrophytes is the most prevalent species of dermatophytes in the farm which poses a high predicted risk to the humans either through direct or indirect contact. Sequencing analysis of the ITS region is a faster, more accurate, and more reliable diagnostic tool that can replace the conventional methods for rapid recognition of dermatophytes species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection with an ever-increasing number of patients. Culture-based mycology remains the most commonly used diagnosis, but it takes around four weeks to identify the causative agent. Therefore, routine clinical laboratories need rapid, high throughput, and accurate species-specific analytical methods for diagnosis and therapeutic management. Based on these requirements, we investigated the feasibility of DendrisCHIP® technology as an innovative molecular diagnostic method for the identification of a subset of 13 pathogens potentially responsible for dermatophytosis infections in clinical samples. This technology is based on DNA microarray, which potentially enables the detection and discrimination of several germs in a single sample. A major originality of DendrisCHIP® technology is the use of a decision algorithm for probability presence or absence of pathogens based on machine learning methods. In this study, the diagnosis of dermatophyte infection was carried out on more than 284 isolates by conventional microbial culture and DendrisCHIP®DP, which correspond to the DendrisCHIP® carrying oligoprobes of the targeted pathogens implicated in dermatophytosis. While convergence ranging from 75 to 86% depending on the sampling procedure was obtained with both methods, the DendrisCHIP®DP proved to identify more isolates with pathogens that escaped the culture method. These results were confirmed at 86% by a third method, which was either a specific RT-PCR or genome sequencing. In addition, diagnostic results with DendrisCHIP®DP can be obtained within a day. This faster and more accurate identification of fungal pathogens with DendrisCHIP®DP enables the clinician to quickly and successfully implement appropriate antifungal treatment to prevent the spread and elimination of dermatophyte infection. Taken together, these results demonstrate that this technology is a very promising method for routine diagnosis of dermatophytosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very limited data on tinea genitalis, a potentially severe dermatophytosis transmitted during sexual intercourse affecting the genital area, suggest its potential to cause outbreaks. Thus, we investigated genital dermatophyte infections at an HIV/sexually transmitted infection clinic and identified 17 men who have sex with men (all people with HIV or pre-exposure prophylaxis users) diagnosed with tinea genitalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Effective dermatophytosis treatment necessitates antibiotics, which can harm the body's health. This systematic review study aims to evaluate the susceptibility profile of dermatophytes to plant extracts, and to address this critical gap in understanding resistance and treatment of dermatophytes. Materials and Methods: Eriobotrya japonica seeds were collected, ground, and extracted, and then GC-MS analysis was performed to detect secondary compounds. Then, treatments of the plant extract (Ethanol) were made at a concentration (300, 150 and 75 mg/mL) with a control treatment (-) and a control treatment (+) containing a medicinal antifungal (Nystatin), treating it against dermatophytes and indicating the rate of inhibition for each isolate of dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentographytes, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton quinckeanum, Epidermophyton, Trichophyton simii, Trichophyton interdigitale, and Fusarium). Results: The seed extract significantly inhibited dermatophyte growth at 300 mg/mL concentration, with percentage inhibition growth ranging from 100% to 96.56%, compared to concentrations at 150 and 75 mg/mL, with percentage inhibition growth ranging from 97.27% to 86.66% and from 93.66% to 79.84%, respectively. The results of GC-MS analysis indicated that the ethanol seeds extract of loquat has a lot of active chemical compounds, including twenty-five phytoconstituent compounds that are distinguished in the extract of seeds with E. japonica L. In addition, the high area percentages revealed in each extract were Propylene glycol monooleate 5.03%, D-Mannitol or DL-Glucitol 5.67%, Betasitosterol 5.70%, n-hexadecanoic acid 14.53% and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)- 22.85%. Conclusion: Based on our results, the ethanolic extract of the loquat plant was effective in inhibiting the growth of most dermatophytes to a significant extent, but the Fusarium genus was less sensitive. This is useful in choosing plant extracts in treating dermatophytes, which confirms their importance and their containment of beneficial active compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the Malva sylvestris L. (MS) plant on the cutaneous fungus (Trichophytosis, Ringworm) in cattle. The research was carried out on a total of 20 cattle of 6 to 20 months of different races and genders in the Ardahan region. Animals diagnosed with Trichophytosis were divided as control (n=10) and experimental (n=10) groups. No substances were used in the control group. The extract of MS was sprayed with an atomizer onto the lesions of the experimental group. Spraying was done to cover the area where the lesions were located and wet enough. The procedure was conducted twice daily (morning and evening) and for 15 days. Starting from the pre-application (0th day) until the 36th day at intervals of two days, the lesion diameters of the cattle in the control and the experimental group were measured and recorded. At the end of the monitoring period (36th day), the diameter of the lesion was enlarged (29.20±3.58 mm) in the control group and reduced (6.60±5.16 mm) in the experimental group. This difference between the lesion diameters of the control and the experimental groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). In this study, it was concluded that the MS extract applied to the bovine skin fungus inhibited the growth of lesions and reduced their size. It is thought that MS extract can be used locally in the treatment of Trichophytosis in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exclusive physicochemical and biological properties of carbon allotrope graphene have attracted the peer attention of researchers for the synthesis and development of newer topical remedies including films, scaffolds, microspheres, and hydrogels. Here, graphene nanoplatelets (GN) were embedded into a different ratio of polymeric ERL100/ERS100 solution and fabricated in the form of a scaffold through the electrospinning process. FTIR spectra displayed characteristic similar peaks present both in GN and GN-loaded scaffold owing to the compatibility of GN and polymeric mixture. XRD curve revealed a distinct GN peak at nearly 26° whereas from DSC/TGA thermal stability was observed between polymers and graphene nanoplatelets. FESEM images showed ultrathin architecture of GN-loaded scaffold in a range of 280 ± 90 nm. The fabricated scaffold exhibited hydrophilicity (contact angle 48.8 ± 2.8°) and desirable swelling index (646% in skin pH media) which were desired criteria for the scaffold for topical application. In vitro, antifungal activity was conducted through the broth microdilution method against different virulent dermatophytes i.e., Microsporum gypseum, M. canis, M. fulvum, and Trychophyton rubrum. For in vivo evaluation, T. rubrum inoculum was applied on the dorsal surface of each group of Swiss albino mice, and the degree and intensity of mycelial growth or erythema on skin surfaces was visually investigated. The study depicted complete signs of cure after 14 days of application of G3-loaded scaffold on the infected dorsal site. Hence graphene-loaded scaffold represented a possible alternative for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by dermatophytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Microsporum canis complex consists of one zoophilic species, M. canis, and two anthropophilic species, M. audouinii and M. ferrugineum. These species are the most widespread zoonotic pathogens causing dermatophytosis in cats and humans worldwide. To clarify the evolutionary relationship between the three species and explore the potential host shift process, this study used phylogenetic analysis, population structure analysis, multispecies coalescent analyses, determination of MAT idiomorph distribution, sexual crosses, and macromorphology and physicochemical features to address the above questions. The complex of Microsporum canis, M. audouinii and M. ferrugineum comprises 12 genotypes. MAT1-1 was present only in M. canis, while the anthropophilic entities contained MAT1-2. The pseudocleistothecia were yielded by the mating behaviour of M. canis and M. audouinii. Growth rates and lipase, keratinolysis and urea hydrolytic capacities of zoophilic M. canis isolates were all higher than those of anthropophilic strains; DNase activity of M. ferrugineum exceeded that of M. canis. The optimum growth temperature was 28 °C, but 22 °C favoured the development of macroconidia. Molecular data, physicochemical properties and phenotypes suggest the adaptation of zoophilic M. canis to anthropophilic M. ferrugineum, with M. audouinii in an intermediate position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We assessed the performance of the Seegene Novaplex™ Dermatophyte Assay for diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Methods: Sixty‐one clinical samples from skin, nail, hair and culture were selected based on RT‐PCR according to Wisselink et al. Of these samples, 26 samples were negative and 35 samples were positive with 39 dermatophytes strains. Emerging fungal strains harbouring terbinafine resistance (i.e. T. indotineae and T. mentagrophytes) were included. Results: The specificities of the Novaplex™ Dermatophyte Assay ranged between 94.3% and 97.9%. The sensitivities for the detection of T. rubrum complex, T. mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale species complex and C. albicans were 94.1% (95% CI: 71.3–99.9), 78.6% (95% CI: 49.2–95.3) and 100% (95% CI: 69.2–100), respectively, with Cohen's kappa of at least 72.9%. Conclusions: The Seegene Novaplex™ Dermatophyte Assay can be used for reliable screening of dermatophytes, including emerging strains in a routine laboratory setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis, which is usually linked to mutations in the TGM1 gene, includes a more frequent lamellar form and a more severe erythrodermic form. At birth, the patient has thickened, shiny skin resembling a collodion membrane; this then detaches and turns into ichthyotic hyperkeratosis. Ichthyotic skin predisposes to fungal infections, sometimes extensive and persistent. A patient suffering from lamellar ichthyosis who underwent extensive and persistent for 13 years tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton rubrum was presented and a review of the cases present in the literature was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective We aimed to study and define "difficult dermatophytosis" encountered frequently; as well as examine demography, patient practices and clinico-etiological pattern among these patients. Methods A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted to include 93(n) cases (after informed consent) from the patients attending the outpatient department in the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology between August 2019 and August 2020. The inclusion criteria were: - age >12 years and fulfilling one or more criteria defining "difficult dermatophytosis" i.e. multiple/large lesions, multifocal, recurrent therapy, multiple relapses, clustering and chronicity. The clinico-demographic data was recorded in a pre-designed pro forma, a KOH examination for skin scraping and fungal culture was done for all cases. Data was analysed with SPSS version 20. Results Males outnumbered females (M: F =1.2:1) and majority (67.8%) of patients were <40 years (Mean=34.13±11.5; Median=31yrs.). Body Mass Index (BMI) was higher than 25 in 55.9% cases; mean BMI seen in the study was 25.17±4.60. Multiple/large lesion (90.3%) was most common inclusion criteria followed by multifocal lesions (84.9%). All patients had tinea cruris; tinea corporis was most commonly associated followed by tinea faciei lesions. A significant proportion (76.3%) of cases had =4 family members cohabiting with them (Mean=5.07±0.03); more than half (56.98%) had an affected family member (Mean=0.90±1.00). The most common co-morbid condition seen was atopy seen in 16 (17.2%) patients. Presentation for dermatology consult was delayed by >1 month in 81.7% cases; >6 months in 47.3% cases and >1 year in 26.9% cases. A strong statistical association was found of multiple relapses with „delay in dermatology consults" (p value=0.002). A significant association of delay was also seen with chronicity (p value=0.046) was also seen. Nearly three-fourth study participants (72%) reported prior use of topical corticosteroid; oral (11.8%) and parental (20.4%) use were also reported. Prior use of luliconazole (40.8%) was most commonly reported among topical drugs, whereas itraconazole was used by 46% patients previously. Irrational use of anti-fungals was seen in 75%; including inappropriate doses (18%), inappropriate duration (34%), poly-pharmacy (6%) and non-compliance (1%). A statistically significant association of irrational use was found with multiple/large lesions (p value=0.008). Conclusion We propose this definition for the unusual presentations of the disease, particularly in the Indian sub-continent. Better access to clinical dermatology services and rational use of systemic anti-fungals as a means to mitigate difficult dermatophytosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feline dermatophytosis is a commonly encountered fungal skin disease in cats. Skin scrapings from cats with varying degrees of clinical signs were collected and subjected to microscopic and cultural examination. The clinical samples were stained with three different stains, lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB), Chicago sky blue (CSB) and Calcofluor white (CW) and were subjected to microscopic examination for fungal spores. The results of this microscopic examination were analysed and compared with growth of dermatophytes in Dermatophyte test medium (DTM). Based on cultural isolation, dermatophytosis was confirmed in 36 out of 82 cases tested. Comparison of staining techniques revealed that CW staining had better sensitivity (97.22 per cent), specificity (65.22 per cent) and overall agreement with cultures in DTM. Occurrence was found to be higher in kittens less than six months of age and long-haired breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichophyton verrucosum is the most commonly dermatophyte involved in cattle ringworm. This work reported a case of bovine dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton verrucosum detected from the clinical sample by SYBR-Green real-time PCR. The strategy was based on the DNA extraction directly from the infected hair followed by real‐time PCR and melting‐point analysis. A faster and differential diagnosis was observed when compared to the conventional mycological methodology for detection and identification of Trichophyton verrucosum.

Coriandrum sativum L. is a most important essential oil-bearing spice (belonging to family Apiaceae) as well as medicinal plant extensively refined all over the world. The C. sativum seed essential oil was extracted through the hydrodistillation method using Clevenger's apparatus. GC and GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of 35 compounds among 99.9% of essential oil. Linalool was the major component (81.83%) followed by geranyl acetate (5.59%), α-pinene (3.55%), estragole (1.53%), trans-anethole (1.18%) and fenchone (1.17%). MIC and MFC of essential oil and its fractions were determined through semi solid agar antifungal susceptibility method. MIC ranged from 0.2±0.000 μl/ml to 0.4±0.577 μL/mL while MFC was found to be 0.23±0.033 μL/mL to 0.567±0.047 μL/mL. Candida albicans (MTCC 3018) was found to be the most resistant strain for present investigation. Trichophyton mentagrophytes (MTCC 7687) was found to be most susceptible fungus while Microsporum gypseum was found to be most resistant fungus. Essential oil was further subjected to glass oven equipment for the separation of fractions at different boiling temperature. Five fractions were separated and labeled as CI-CV. Due to very less amount, CV fraction could not be used for the screening of antidermatophytic activity. Among all these fractions, CII was found to be most effective fraction against all selected fungi. Toxicological properties of essential oil were determined tropically on swiss albino mice. Low concentration of upto 3% did not show any irritation on mice's skin. At 5% concentration, 1 mice showed mild erythema, which was disappeared on 48 hours observation. While on 7% concentration, all five mice exhibited well defined erythema up to 24 hours of the observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diyala Journal of Medicine is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dermatophytoses are caused by fungi in the genera Microsprum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton. Africans use extracts of medicinal plants to treat dermatophytosis. This study aimed to determine the in vitro antifungal activity of crude leaf extract of Cassia alata on fungal isolates from dermatophytosis lesions. Subjects with suspected lesions of dermatophytosis were recruited for the study. Skin scrapings were obtained from lesions for microscopy and culture. Isolates were identified macroscopically and microscopically. Fresh Cassia alata leaves were plucked and authenticated by a Botanist. Aqueous and alcohol extraction was done using the Soxhlet extractor. Isolates were subjected to in vitro leave extracts antifungal testing using disc diffusion methods. A total of 50 subjects were recruited for the study comprising 28(56.0%) males and 22(44.0%) females with a male to female ratio of 2.5: 1. The prevalence of dermatophytes infection in the study was 14(28.0%). Trichophyton rubrum was the most encountered isolates (42.8%). Males 10(71.4%) were more infected than females 4(28.5%). The susceptibility rates of dermatophytes to anfungals range between 0 -100% with 30(78.6%) susceptibility to Griseofulvin. The aqueous extract was more effective with susceptibility rates 33.3% - 83.3% than ethanolic extract 16.7% - 50.0%. The dermatophytes were more susceptible to the 50µg/mL aqueous extract with rates between 50% - 83.3% while the range for the 50µg/mL ethanolic extract was 25.0% - 50.0%. Trichophyton veruccosum and E. floccosum were resistant to extracts. Cassia alata leaf extracts had antifungal activities against dermatophytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tinea capitis and tinea corporis are highly prevalent fungal skin infections, which globally are mainly caused by Microsporum canis and Trichophyton rubrum, respectively. While in the United States and Great Britain Trichophyton tonsurans is widely prevalent as a causative pathogen, it so far only plays a minor role in Germany. Objectives: Since the frequency of pathogenic species varies regionally and temporally, this study assesses the proportion of Trichophyton tonsurans infections in the dermatology department of a large university hospital in Germany from 2019 to 2022 and thoroughly characterises the affected patient population. Patients/Methods: This retrospective study at the Technical University of Munich analyses mycological culture results regarding the identified dermatophyte and infection site. Detailed patient and disease‐related information on Trichophyton tonsurans positive patients was obtained. Results: In 2022, 23 patients of 111 dermatophyte culture‐positive patients tested positive for Trichophyton tonsurans. This accounted for 20.7% and represented a tenfold increase from 2.1% in 2019. Contact sports were only practiced by 21.7% of patients, and no common hotspot or other linkage could be identified between the cases. Additionally, 47.8% of the patients received a systemic treatment, with 30.4% visiting the clinic more than three times. In 2022, 21.7% were diagnosed with a simultaneous infection of the capillitium and body, whereas this was only observed in 7.1% of cases in 2019 to 2021. Conclusions: This study suggests an increase of Trichophyton tonsurans infections via several routes of transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of dermatophytes to live in communities and resist antifungal drugs may explain treatment recurrence, especially in onychomycosis. Therefore, new molecules with reduced toxicity that target dermatophyte biofilms should be investigated. This study evaluated nonyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (nonyl) susceptibility and mechanism of action on planktonic cells and biofilms of T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes. Metabolic activities, ergosterol, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were quantified, and the expression of genes encoding ergosterol was determined by real-time PCR. The effects on the biofilm structure were visualized using confocal electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes biofilms were susceptible to nonyl and resistant to fluconazole, griseofulvin (all strains), and terbinafine (two strains). The SEM results revealed that nonyl groups seriously damaged the biofilms, whereas synthetic drugs caused little or no damage and, in some cases, stimulated the development of resistance structures. Confocal microscopy showed a drastic reduction in biofilm thickness, and transmission electron microscopy results indicated that the compound promoted the derangement and formation of pores in the plasma membrane. Biochemical and molecular assays indicated that fungal membrane ergosterol is a nonyl target. These findings show that nonyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate is a promising antifungal compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infections affecting the superficial keratinized layer of the skin, nails, and hair are referred to as dermatophytosis and dermatomycoses, which constitute the most common type of fungal infection that affects people. This clinical ailment has a prevalence of between 30 and 60% and is more common in India's hot, muggy, tropical climate. Examining the prevalence of superficial mycoses (SM), their clinical symptoms, and the fungal species that were identified as the disease-causing agents were the main objectives of the current study. This study comprised 250 clinically confirmed patients with SM who visited our dermatology department over the course of a year. Skin scrapings, nail clippings, and hair samples were gathered, mounted, and cultured using KOH. Macroscopic examination of culture, tease mount, and phenotypic tests were used to identify the species. The age group of 11–20 years (29%) had the highest prevalence of SM out of the 250 clinically verified cases of the condition that were included in our study, followed by 21–30 years (20%) and 31–40 years (18%). Candida albicans, dermatophytes, and non-dermatophytic moulds were the three most prevalent fungal isolates. The most typical dermatophyte isolate was T. rubrum, which was primarily found in Tinea corporis (TCo), Tinea cruris (TCr), and Tinea faciei (TFa). T. mentagrophytes was the second most frequent isolate. According to our investigation, it was determined that non-dermatophytic moulds constitute a significant contributor to the development of SM in addition to dermatophytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dermatophytes are the most common skin infections mainly treated with itraconazole. However, the persistent nature of the disease has emerged as the major concern over the last few years. Oral isotretinoin, a keratolytic drug is also used along with itraconazole in the management of dermatophytosis. Aim: To evaluate safety and efficacy of oral itraconazole versus combination with oral isotretinoin in the treatment and recurrence prevention of superficial dermatophytosis. Materials and Methods: The randomised clinical trial was conducted in the Dermatology Outpatient Department (OPD) of Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki district of Uttar Pradesh over 12 months period. A total of 180 adult patients clinically diagnosed with superficial dermatophytosis were recruited and randomised into group A and B. Patients in group A were treated with oral itraconazole 200 mg daily and patients allotted in group B received oral itraconazole 200 mg plus oral isotretinoin 20 mg daily. Both groups were evaluated after every 15 days for two months and followed-up for next two months to assess relapse rate. Treatment efficacy was assessed by potassium hydroxide (KOH) test done on skin scrapings, erythema score, scaling score and 5D pruritus scale and safety by evaluating for adverse reactions noticed at each sequential visit during study period of two months. The data were analysed by using Chi-square tests and unpaired t-tests and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 26.0. A p-value <0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Out of 180 patients enrolled, 162 patients (83 in group A and 79 in group B) completed the trial. The patients in group B had early and complete mycological cure, seen in 77/79 (97.5%) patients as compared with 74/83 (89.2%) group A patients (p=0.06) with significantly low recurrence rate (p=0.01). At each follow-up, both groups were assessed on the clinical signs of erythema and scaling rated on 4 points scale (0, 1, 2, 3) and clinical symptom of itching on 5D pruritus scale ranging from 5-25. There was statistically significant difference in the treatment response between studied groups (p<0.05). Hepatic derangements were the most common adverse effects observed in both groups. Conclusion: Oral isotretinoin can be an effective add on therapy in superficial dermatophytosis management as it induces early remission with significantly less recurrence rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Veterinarska Stanica is the property of Croatian Veterinary Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dermatophytoses are caused by fungi in the genera Microsprum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton. Africans use extracts of medicinal plants to treat dermatophytosis. This study aimed to determine the in vitro antifungal activity of crude leaf extract of Cassia alata on fungal isolates from dermatophytosis lesions. Subjects with suspected lesions of dermatophytosis were recruited for the study. Skin scrapings were obtained from lesions for microscopy and culture. Isolates were identified macroscopically and microscopically. Fresh Cassia alata leaves were plucked and authenticated by a Botanist. Aqueous and alcohol extraction was done using the Soxhlet extractor. Isolates were subjected to in vitro leave extracts antifungal testing using disc diffusion methods. A total of 50 subjects were recruited for the study comprising 28(56.0%) males and 22 (44.0%) females with a male to female ratio of 2.5:1. The prevalence of dermatophytes infection in the study was 14(28.0%). Trichophyton rubrum was the most encountered isolates (42.8%). Males 10 (71.4%) were more infected than females 4 (28.5%). The susceptibility rates of dermatophytes to anfungals range between 0-100% with 30 (78.6%) susceptibility to Griseofulvin. The aqueous extract was more effective with susceptibility rates 33.3% - 83.3% than ethanolic extract 16.7% - 50.0%. The dermatophytes were more susceptible to the 50µg/mL aqueous extract with rates between 50% - 83.3% while the range for the 50µg/mL ethanolic extract was 25.0% - 50.0%. Trichophyton veruccosum and E. floccosum were resistant to extracts. Cassia alata leaf extracts had antifungal activities against dermatophytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatophytosis is one of the most frequent superficial mycoses in the world. They are mainly caused by the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis. Biofilm production is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of dermatophytes; it confers drug resistance and significantly impairs antifungal effectiveness. Therefore, we evaluated the antibiofilm activity of an alkamide-type alkaloid called riparin 1 (RIP1) against clinically relevant dermatophytes. We also produced synthetic nor (NOR1) and dinor (DINOR1) homologs for pharmacological evaluation, with a 61–70% yield. We used invitro (96-well polystyrene plates) and ex vivo (hair fragments) models to verify the effects of these compounds on the formation and viability of biofilms. RIP1 and NOR1 showed antifungal activity against strains of T. rubrum and M. canis, but DINOR1 showed no significant antifungal activity against the dermatophytes. Furthermore, RIP1 and NOR1 significantly reduced the viability of biofilms invitro and ex vivo (P < 0.05). RIP1 was more potent than NOR1, possibly due to the distance between the p-methoxyphenyl and the phenylamide moieties in these compounds. Due to the significant antifungal and antibiofilm activities observed for RIP1 and NOR1, we suggest that they could be useful in the treatment of dermatophytosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichophyton verrucosum is the most commonly dermatophyte involved in cattle ringworm. This work reported a case of bovine dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton verrucosum detected from the clinical sample by SYBR-Green real-time PCR. The strategy was based on the DNA extraction directly from the infected hair followed by real‐time PCR and melting‐point analysis. A faster and differential diagnosis was observed when compared to the conventional mycological methodology for detection and identification of Trichophyton verrucosum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study was to investigate the features and agents in patients with dermatophytosis and to evaluate the dermatophyte flora changes in our area in recent years. Patients and Methods: Patients with dermatophytosis were included in our study. The age, gender, social life area, animal contact history of the patients and the clinical types of dermatophytosis were recorded. 443 native preparation positive species were cultured and their pathogens were investigated. There were 367 cases with an age range between 1-79 years. The animal contact history was present in 23,7% and rural area living anamnesis was present in 21.2% of the species having dermatophytosis diagnosis. The ratio of clinical type distributions were determined as follows; T.pedis %41.5, T.unguium on foot+hand %29.2, T.capitis %9.9, T.inguinalis %7.2, T.corporis %6.1, T.manum %3.6, T.facialis %2.0 and T.barba %0.5. The agent could be identified in 76.5% of the species with the rates of T.rubrum 62.5%, T.mentagrophytes 16.8%, T.verrucosum 9.4%, M.canis 4.7%, E.floccosum 3.2%, T.violaceum 1.8%, T. tonsurans 0.9%, M.nanum 0.3 % and T.schonlein 0.3 %. T.rubrum was the most frequent agent causing T.pedis, T.unguium, T.inguinalis. Also T.verrucosum was the most frequent agent in T.capitis, T.corporis and T.barba and it was considered that this could be arised from our animal husbandry region. There have been differentiations in dermatophytosis and their agents today versus their status in 20 years ago in our region. Although they were decreased in comparison to the past, cases with T. capitis have remained their importance at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most inflammatory dermatophytoses in humans are caused by zoophilic and geophilic dermatophytes. Knowledge of the epidemiology of these fungi in animals facilitates the prevention of dermatophytosis of animal origin in humans. We studied the prevalence of dermatophyte species in domestic animals in Switzerland and examined the effectiveness of direct mycological examination (DME) for their detection compared to mycological cultures. In total, 3515 hair and skin samples, collected between 2008 and 2022 by practicing veterinarians, were subjected to direct fluorescence microscopy and fungal culture. Overall, 611 dermatophytes were isolated, of which 547 (89.5%) were from DME-positive samples. Cats and dogs were the main reservoirs of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis, whereas Trichophyton benhamiae was predominantly found in guinea pigs. Cultures with M. canis significantly (p < 0.001) outnumbered those with T. mentagrophytes in DME-negative samples (19.3% versus 6.8%), possibly because M. canis can be asymptomatic in cats and dogs, unlike T. mentagrophytes, which is always infectious. Our data confirm DME as a reliable, quick, and easy method to identify the presence of dermatophytes in animals. A positive DME in an animal hair or skin sample should alert people in contact with the animal to the risk of contracting dermatophytosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection of keratinized tissue caused by dermatophytes. The dermatophytes are included in three fungal genera: Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton. The infections caused by dermatophytes are known as ringworm or tinea infections. Although there are increasing numbers of antifungals available for the treatment of dermatophytes, some cases and relapses have been unresponsive to treatment. The aim and objectives of the present study are to identify the dermatophyte species causing superficial fungal infections and study their susceptibility to antifungals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 clinically diagnosed cases of dermatophytosis of patients attending the dermatology outdoor patient department were studied. The samples of these patients were collected and processed for microscopic examination and fungal culture. The causative dermatophytes were isolated and identified. Antifungal susceptibility testing of dermatophytes was done by Epsilometer strip minimum inhibitory concentration method against antifungal agents - fluconazole, itraconazole, and terbinafine. RESULTS: The most common clinical presentation in patients found was tinea corporis. Maximum dermatophyte isolates obtained on culture were Trichophyton rubrum. On antifungal susceptibility testing, terbinafine showed good results compared to azoles. CONCLUSION: Antifungal susceptibility testing of dermatophytes could be performed to study response and assist clinicians in choosing an effective therapy for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective-To find the prevalence of dermatophytes and non-dematophytes in cases of clinically diagnosed cases of superficial mycoses. Material and methods-The study was conducted on the patients attending OPD of Skin and Venereology department for various dermatological complaints. It is an observational study. A total of 200 samples of skin, hair and nail were taken from patients clinically diagnosed as superficial mycoses. Results- There were 200 clinically diagnosed cases of superficial mycoses of which male were 138 (69%) and female were 62(31%). Commonest age group affected was 21-30 years (51%) followed by 31-40 years (18.75%). Among 200 cases, 20(10%) patients were diabetic. Conclusion- Our study emphasizes the need of knowing the prevalence of various fungal species causing superficial mycoses in an area soas to choose treatment accordingly and to study the role of non dermatophytes along with dermatophytes in the pathogenesis of superficial mycoses andnot merely discarding them as contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ringworm of domestic animals (dogs, cats, and other animals) could be a potential source of zoonotic infections and causing a major health problems. Almost 20–50% human skin infections were from zoonotic dermatophytes mainly found in pet animals which can be easily spread to other animals and humans also. The pet owners are more susceptible to get this infection from their pets, because of the close contact with them as dermatophytosis is very much prevalent in those pets. So, this study was aimed to study the effect of essential oils on the dermatophytes isolated from dogs, cats, and in pet owners to control the dermatophytosis. The essential oil was obtained from rhizome of Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa by standard hydrodistillation method, Clevenger's apparatus. Chemical composition of C. longa and Z. officinale essential oil was determined by Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In C.longa, thirty four compounds and Z. officinale essential oil, fourty three compounds were identified by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. The antidermatophytic activity of Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa were screened against two zoonotic dermatophytes isolated from the domestic pet owners namely Trichophyton verrucosum and Microsporum canis by using Disc Diffusion and modified micro dilution method. Combination of essential oils showed excellent additive, synergistic and antidermatophytic activity as compared to single oils and references antibiotics i.e. Clotrimazole and Ketoconazole. These results conclude that mixture of oils can be used as excellent antidermatophytic agent for the treatment of zoonotic dermatophytosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Dermatophytoses, one of the most ancient diseases, is becoming a menace in recent times. This has made the knowledge of antifungal susceptibility a priority in today's times. Material and Methods This is a prospective study conducted over 18 months including all dermatophytes isolated during the period. Dermatophytes were identified by routine phenotypic methods. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed for griseofulvin, terbinafine, and itraconazole as per the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute M38 A2, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were read after 5 days. Results Patient details and associated risk factors were recorded. Fixed dose combinations with steroids were associated with 79.3% (46 out of 58) of patients with dermatophytosis of skin. Among the 72 dermatophytes isolated during the study period, 58 (80.5%) were isolated from skin scrapings and 14 (19.4%) from nail samples. Tinea corporis with cruris was the most common presentation. The most common dermatophyte isolated from skin scrapings was Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex (70.6%, 41 out of 58), while from nail samples it was Trichophyton rubrum complex (78.57%, 11 out of 14). Based on the MIC 50 and MIC 90 results, itraconazole showed the lowest MICs, followed by terbinafine and then griseofulvin. Conclusion With the changing epidemiology of species distribution and antifungal resistance, there is a need for continuous surveillance of these parameters of dermatophytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dermatophytoses are superficial mycoses, and the identification of their etiological agents is routinely performed by culture and microscopic features, which is time-consuming and relies on personnel expertise. Molecular approaches have been developed to provide faster and reliable results; therefore, this study aimed to identify dermatophytes isolated from Alagoas state patients, employing phenotypical and molecular methods. Methodology: Clinical samples for morphological identification were collected from private and public laboratories and cultivated on Sabouraud dextrose agar. DNA extraction was followed by ITS amplicon analysis after restriction enzyme digestion DdeI (ITS-RFLP). Results: Out of fourteen representative strains, ITS-RFLP with DdeI efficiently identified Microsporum canis, Nannizzia gypsea, and Trichophyton rubrum, while species of the complex T. tonsurans/T. mentagrophytes presented the same restriction pattern. After genotyping, 2 T. tonsurans and 1 Microsporum sp. strain were reclassified as T. rubrum. Conclusions: RFLP of ITS-region followed by DdeI digestion produced faster and relatively reliable results than classic methods; however, this method has not been as efficient for closely related dermatophytes cryptic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]