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Background: Food insecurity (FI) often co-exists with other social risk factors, which makes addressing it particularly challenging. The degree of association between FI and other social risk factors across different levels of income and before and during the COVID-19 pandemic is currently unknown, impeding the ability to design effective interventions for addressing these co-existing social risk factors. Objective: To determine the association between FI and other social risk factors overall and across different levels of income-poverty ratios and before (2019) and during (2020–2021) the pandemic. Design: We used nationally representative data from the 2019–2021 National Health Interview Survey for our cross-sectional analysis. Social risk factors available in NHIS included difficulties paying for medical bills, difficulties paying for medications, receiving income assistance, receiving rental assistance, and "not working last week". Subjects: 93,047 adults (≥18 years old). Key Results: Individuals with other social risk factors (except receiving income assistance) were more likely to report FI, even after adjusting for income and education inequalities. While poverty leads to a higher prevalence of FI, associations between FI and other social risk factors were stronger among people with higher incomes, which may be related to their ineligibility for social safety net programs. Associations were similar before and during the pandemic, perhaps due to the extensive provision of social safety net programs during the pandemic. Conclusions: Future research should explore how access to a variety of social safety net programs may impact the association between social risk factors. With the expiration of most pandemic-related social supports, further research and monitoring are also needed to examine FI in the context of increasing food and housing costs. Our findings may also have implications for the expansion of income-based program eligibility criteria and screening for social risk factors across all patients and not only low-income people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite considerable focus on predictors of attitudes towards economic inequality, there is less psychological research into attitudes towards other unequal outcomes between the rich and poor, including differences in health and life expectancy. Two studies examine whether causal attributions for these socioeconomic health inequalities predict attitudes towards them. A cross‐sectional study of 332 UK and US respondents showed that most respondents indicate a preference for some degree of income inequality but no life expectancy inequality between the richest and poorest in society. These preferences for equal life expectancy for the rich and poor were significantly less likely for respondents who viewed health inequalities to be caused by dispositional factors (e.g., self‐control, ability or effort). In a second pre‐registered cross‐sectional study (n = 602), dispositional attributions negatively predicted self‐reported concern about health inequality, whilst endorsing situational attributions (e.g., discrimination and prejudice, wages) was positively associated with concerns on this issue. Moreover, situational attributions positively predicted support for six policy proposals for reducing health inequality, while dispositional attributions were associated with increased support for some of these interventions and decreased support for others. Despite very distinct distribution preferences for income and life expectancy outcomes, causal attributions continue to predict attitudes towards health inequality and associated policy interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the encounter between the poor and those with privilege emphasizing the transformative potential of this interaction in shaping spirituality and social responsibilities. Topics include St. Ignatius of Loyola's foundation for exploring the encounter with the poor, Pope Francis's concept of mutual evangelization between the poor and non-poor, and the importance of direct service to the poor and addressing social justice issues in Ignatian spirituality.

The present study expands previous research on the effects of power on stereotyping by investigating the impact of two types of power (social power and personal power) on two universal dimensions of social perception; warmth and competence. Results from an experiment (N = 377) in which participants were randomly assigned to provide their impression of either (1) poor people or (2) rich people, suggest that the two types of power produce different effects on perceptions of warmth and competence. Personal power increased stereotype consistent perceptions of warmth whereas social power increased stereotype consistent perceptions of competence as well as agency, which was identified as a separate dimension. The pattern of results is discussed in view of previous work on power effects and stereotyping, and potential explanations and suggestions for future research are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes business owners' complaints about fiscal relations in a specific conjuncture. After decades of radicalizing productivism in Germany, the entrepreneurs' narratives are infused with ideas of an endangered fiscal community. Threats are perceived as coming from the undeserving poor and wealthy people who presumably both trick the system. The pivot of fairness and justice centers on imaginaries of productivist deservingness. The business owners' reactions to those they portray as unproductive or undeserving range from cynical resignation to fantasies of coercion. Critical to understanding why the complaints play out in specific ways is, as we argue, the entanglement of imaginaries of reciprocity in processes of redistribution that accompanied neoliberal welfare retrenchment. We analyze two forms of entangled understandings: solidary redistribution as owing others and fair reciprocity as willingness to perform. Productivist deservingness becomes the central element of bargaining about the legitimacy of tax avoidance, the necessity to enforce the productivity of the poor, and the police as the last barrier against class warfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout history, Turks have shown kindness, cooperation, generosity, etc., with the influence of their religions and certain formations. They tried to adopt positive concepts such as As a result of this, the spoken language, Turkish, has had a rich formation in terms of these conceptual fields over time. The concept of generosity, which is among these positive concepts and which is the subject of our study, has an important place even among the rulers of the state. In the periods before and after Islam, the rulers gave importance to the concept of generosity as a reflection of both the social state understanding and divine quality, made the poor people rich, clothed the naked people and fed the hungry people. This work; In Turkish, which is a language in which an expression can be expressed with more than one word, the concept of 'generosity', which has been used since its historical periods, and other expressions used in the same sense with this concept, and to evaluate it in terms of morphology and semantics. The expressions obtained were ordered according to historical periods, the places where the expressions were used were referenced and exemplified. The necessary etymological dictionaries were consulted for the etymologies of the words taken per item. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate how parental income during an individual's upbringing relates to his or her effectiveness as a leader after entering an organization. Drawing on research on the psychological effects of income, social learning theory, and the integrative trait-behavioral model of leadership effectiveness, we propose a negative, serially mediated association between higher parental income and lower future leader effectiveness via high levels of narcissism and, in turn, reduced engagement in behaviors that are viewed as central to the leadership role .We test our model using multisource data collected from active soldiers in the United States Army. Results reveal that parental income exerts indirect effects on leadership effectiveness criteria because (a) parental income is positively related to narcissism as an adult, (b) narcissism relates negatively to engaging in task-, relational-, and change-oriented leadership behaviors, and (c) reduced engagement in these behaviors relates to lower leader effectiveness. Our investigation advances theory by identifying pathways through which parental income relates to the effectiveness of leaders in organizations, and by illuminating the origins of a trait--narcissism--that predicts the behavior and effectiveness of leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have discovered remarkable inequalities in who gets represented in electoral democracies. Around the world, the preferences of the rich tend to be better represented than those of the less well‐off. In this paper, we use the most comprehensive comparative dataset of unequal representation available to answer why the poor are underrepresented. By leveraging variation over time and across countries, we study which factors explain why representation is more unequal in some places than in others. We compile a number of covariates examined in previous studies and use machine learning to describe which mechanisms best explain the data. Globally, we find that economic conditions and good governance are most important in determining the extent of unequal representation, and we find little support for hypotheses related to political institutions, interest groups or political behaviour, such as turnout. These results provide the first broadly comparative explanations for unequal representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islam is a universal religion and it is a complete code of life. It contain teachings about every aspect of life. It has kept some people rich and some people poor. There is no society on earth where there are no rich and poor people. In the human world, some people will be rich and some people will be poor. Poverty will not be eradicated by force. The path of Islam is separate and distinct from both communism and capitalism. It mentions the rights of rich and poor alike. They also take steps but still poverty is increasing day by day and it is not decreasing. Pakistan is also a state on earth and poor people are also found in abundance in it. The government of Pakistan takes steps to eradicate poverty but still poverty is increasing day by day. The main reason is distance from Islamic economic system. This article mentions the steps taken by the Government of Pakistan and Islamic measures to alleviate poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: One of the reasons why people develop a materialistic attitude may be their desire to compensate for economic deprivation. Poor people experience negative emotions as a result of deprivation, and this translates into low self-esteem. It is argued that, as a means of dealing with low self-esteem, people often use material goods, and thus become more materialistic. However, this idea has only previously been tested in studies of adolescents. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between financial status (both objective and subjective), self-esteem and materialism. Method: The study was conducted using a representative sample of Polish working adults (N = 1138) recruited from an online panel. Data were analysed through correlation, regression and mediation analyses. Results: The study found no significant relationship between financial status and general materialism. However, relationships between both measures of financial status and two separate dimensions of materialism were observed (positive correlations with centrality, and negative correlations with happiness). Moreover, the study showed self-esteem to be a mediator of the relationship between financial status and the happiness dimension of materialism, and that self-esteem acts as a suppressor of the relationship between financial status and the centrality dimension of materialism. Conclusion: These results show that particular dimensions of materialism may be related to financial status in completely different ways. While poorer people more closely associate material goods with their happiness, richer people consider ownership to be more central in their lives. KEY POINTS What is already known about the topic: Previous theoretical considerations indicated that low financial status can promote materialism. Children and teenagers belonging to poorer families exhibit higher levels of materialism than their peers belonging to richer families. Previous research on children and adolescents found that lower affluence was associated with greater materialism, and that this was explained by lower self-esteem among the poorer participants. What this topic adds: Among adults, financial status (both objective and subjective) does not correlate with general materialism but is significantly related to two of the three dimensions of materialism (happiness and centrality). Financial status (both objective and subjective) correlates negatively with happiness dimension of materialism and positively with centrality dimension of materialism. Self-esteem is a mediator of the relationship between financial status and the happiness dimension of materialism, and a suppressor of the relationship between financial status and the centrality dimension of materialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a number of Western democracies, it has been observed that the preferences of poor and rich citizens are unequally represented in political institutions and outcomes. Yet, the causes of this phenomenon are still under debate. We focus on the role of elections in this process, by disentangling biases towards different income groups that stem from the party system and from voters' behaviour. Our aim is to uncover whether elections as selection mechanisms contribute to unequal representation by analysing factors of the supply and demand sides of the electoral process. On the supply side, we focus on the congruence of parties' policy offers and voters' preference distributions. This shapes citizens' possibilities to express their policy preferences. On the demand side, we are interested in the extent to which citizens from different income groups base their vote decisions on their policy preferences. The empirical analysis relies on the European Social Survey and the Chapel Hill Expert Survey and covers 13 Western European countries. Our results indicate, first, that the economic and cultural preferences of poor and rich citizens differ significantly, and second, that party systems in the countries under investigation represent the lowest income groups the worst, and the middle income groups the best. This makes it difficult for citizens at both the lower and the higher end of the income distribution to voice their preferences in elections. Additionally, we show that low income citizens tend to take policy less into consideration when making an electoral choice than richer citizens. Thus, while the rich make up for their representation bias by taking policy more into account in their voting behaviour, the electoral stage poses another obstacle for the poor to overcome the representation bias. In summary it can be said that already on the supply side there is an unbalanced disadvantage in terms of representation for the very poor and the very rich, but the pattern leads to an even more asymmetrical misrepresentation of the poor due to the election act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why are high-income and low-income earners not significantly polarized in their support for progressive income taxation? This article posits that the affluent fail to recognize that they belong to the high-income income group and this misperception affects their preferences over progressive taxation. To explain this mechanism theoretically, I introduce a formal model of subjective income-group identification through self-comparison to an endogenous reference group. In making decisions about optimal tax rates, individuals then use these subjective evaluations of their own income group and earnings of other groups. Relying on ISSP data, I find strong evidence for the model's empirical implications: most high-income earners support progressive taxation when they identify themselves with a lower group. Additionally, individuals who overestimate the earnings of the rich are more likely to support progressive taxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of The Iraqi University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Çalışma ve Toplum is the property of Calisma ve Toplum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Why do the rich and poor support different parties in some places? We argue that voting along class lines is more likely to occur where states can tax the income and assets of the wealthy. In low bureaucratic capacity states, the rich are less likely to participate in electoral politics because they have less to fear from redistributive policy. When wealthy citizens abstain from voting, politicians face a more impoverished electorate. Because politicians cannot credibly campaign on antitax platforms, they are less likely to emphasize redistribution and partisan preferences are less likely to diverge across income groups. Using cross-national survey data, we show that there is more class voting in countries with greater bureaucratic capacity. We also show that class voting and fiscal capacity were correlated in the United States in the mid-1930s when state-level revenue collection and party systems were less dependent on national economic policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2001, Norwegian tax records became easily accessible online, allowing everyone in the country to observe the incomes of everyone else. According to the income comparisons model, this change in transparency can widen the gap in well-being between richer and poorer individuals. Using survey data from 1985–2013 and multiple identification strategies, we show that the higher transparency increased the gap in happiness between richer and poorer individuals by 29 percent, and it increased the life satisfaction gap by 21 percent. We provide back-of-the-envelope estimates of the importance of income comparisons, and discuss implications for the ongoing debate on transparency policies. (JEL D31, H24, I31, K34) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Arjun Appadurai (1996), global flows are both economic and cultural, forming what he calls "scapes": financescapes, mediascapes, technoscapes, ethnoscapes, and ideoscapes. Within these scapes, spaces are created and reproduced to give visibility to luxury lifestyles, creating the idea of a cosmopolitan city with places accessible only to a specific group of people, the upper classes. But the visibility of luxury through mediascapes promotes awareness of and desire for global fashion symbols by all social classes. The lifestyles of the wealthy attract more attention because of their travels to well-known international tourist cities and their greater interaction with people from other cultures, which allows them to develop an aesthetic perspective of cosmopolitanism (Cicchelli 2016). Among São Paulo's landscapes, the Marginal Pinheiros zone has been developed since the 1990s as a modern business center connected to the global market and an area with a high concentration of luxury spaces for the internationally sophisticated elite. In this article, I discuss how elites in São Paulo project an image of the city as a cosmopolitan, global urban center, embodied in certain luxury spaces—notably, shopping malls restricted to the wealthy—and how thousands of impoverished, marginalized youths recently poured into these malls en masse to appropriate these luxury spaces and claim membership in the global city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although humans display inequality aversion, many people appear to be untroubled by widespread economic disparities. We suggest that such indifference is partly attributable to a belief in the fairness of the capitalist system. Here we report six studies showing that economic ideology predicts self-reported and physiological responses to inequality. In Studies 1 and 2, participants who regard the economic system as justified, compared with those who do not, report feeling less negative emotion after watching videos depicting homelessness. In Studies 3–5, economic system justifiers exhibit low levels of negative affect, as indexed by activation of the corrugator supercilii muscle, and autonomic arousal, as indexed by skin conductance, while viewing people experiencing homelessness. In Study 6, which employs experience-sampling methodology, everyday exposure to rich and poor people elicits less negative emotion among system justifiers. These results provide the strongest evidence to date that system-justifying beliefs diminish aversion to inequality in economic contexts. Beliefs that justify the economic system buffer against the aversive emotional impact of inequality. Here the authors show that system-justifying economic ideology predicts dampened negativity, measured using self-reported and physiological responses, to manifestations of poverty and wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do people evaluate fairness of redistributive policies when redistribution is considered multidimensional? We estimate the effect of distributive policies on the top- and bottom-income groups, as well as the effects of general wealth, social mobility, and origin of wealth on people's perceived fairness of the policies. Findings reveal that policies that encourage upward social mobility and an increase in general wealth and reward effort and upward mobility are seen as fair. Yet, what is seen as fair or unfair differs substantially across party and income groups. Policies that promote an increase of the status of the wealthiest, and policies that do not change or deteriorate the status of the poorest, generate different fairness perceptions. But there is room for agreement, as policies that make the poorest wealthier, while keeping the status of the wealthiest, are seen as fair by both Democrats and Republicans and among high- and low-income individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to present the actions taken by the Cracow Charitable Society in order to protect the altar and the painting in the Florian Gate. The image of Our Lady was handed over to the Society for care in 1817, which it provided until the communist authorities disbanded the Society in 1951. In order to renovate the painting and altar, the Society mainly raised funds through public sacrifices and donations of individual people. Among the benefactors there were many affluent and well-known people from Cracow, as well as anonymous individuals. Source materials reveal that the image was revered both by the inhabitants of Cracow and its surroundings and that the religious services held there in the 19th century were infused with patriotic spirit. Next to the painting an alms box was placed for financial donations to the poor who were cared for by the Society - it had the highest income among all the poor boxes in Cracow. Today, the Florian Gate still houses an altar with a painting, which is currently under the care of the Daughters of Charity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atebetü'l-Hakâyık, which is one of the most important pieces after Kutadgu Bilig within Turkish Literature in the Islamic period, is written by Edip Ahmed in the first part of the 12th century. In addition to being advice and propriety book, this piece strongly addresses the disappointment and protest of the poet towards his age. Atebetü'l-Hakâyık discusses the approved and unapproved characteristics of the individual ideal, it additionally makes a moral criticism on the religious life of his society by mentioning about all parts of the social structure: “The worship became a show, and the devout converted to a metaphor. Pub districts got developed and masjids got ruined. The scholar gave up the actions and the ascetic quitted taqwa. Wise people make sama prayer by inventing a new dance. Right people cannot find a way to defend themselves. However, wrong people have all the opportunities. Public enslave themselves to rich people by deeming them important, and however, when seeing poor people, they go another way by ignoring the poor ones…" In this regard, this piece has two essential themes as follows: (a) his recommendations towards being the individual ideal and (b) his warnings which emphasize that not having a deeply religious life comes with moral problems. Atebetü'l-Hakâyık strongly describes the social life of that period. It can be clearly seen that the advice and related feelings such as hurt, protest, hope, hopelessness, acquiescence have an influence on the content of the book and give an impression which makes us say that Edip Ahmed also lived what we lived. The poet seeks the individual ideal eveiywhere in his book. He wants to see the individual ideal; however, when pursuing this aim, he also knows that goodness can increase via the good people. Therefore, he draws attention to the subject of good friend, which is the last characteristic of the individual ideal. The poet says that whoever has a good friend becomes a good person by himself and acknowledges that people would have more favor because of having a good friend. However, he emphasizes that the most important thing in friendships is goodness: it is not about doing something wrong. No matter how careful and master the individual is, he or she might do wrong or might have shortcomings. For this reason, the poet points out the importance of realizing the difference between wrong and evil in the friendships while stating that people who leave their friends because of their faults will not find a person around. According to Edip Ahmed, being knowledgeable, keeping the language strong, considering the meaning of life: being helpful-generous, humble, and benign, and having good friends are the minimum necessary characteristics which make people reach die goal of the individual ideal. Even in a minimum level, it is not easy to reach this goal because Edip Ahmed addresses that the individual should keep himself/herself away from ignorance, having big mouth, absurdity, stinginess, arrogance, and greed. As moral life does not require a certain time, circumstance, and level, it comes with attention, concentration, and permanent dynamism. Since weakness will make the individual and the society to have problems with attention, concentration, and dynamism, it will bring with many religious and socio-psychological problems like freeloading, laziness, making a fast buck, self-seeking, and so on. The path of the individual ideal is possible to follow; however, it is also quite difficult to practice and maintain despite all as this way conflicts with the interests of the human being. Moral life is not like other parts of life because moral lifestyle initially keeps the personal interests waiting, does not reward immediately, and makes people lose in a short time. When people cannot get the rewards of their moral behaviors in the short time, they might have misgivings which are stated with the following adages: "Sickness is stemmed from the goodness," "Do good things so that you can find evil." Thereby, these people might lose the superior moral life's source, which is the belief referring to that goodness is essential and the evil is temporary. Such weakness of belief might lead both individuals and societies to a stalemate which may also be called as moral deadlock. By this stalemate, the individual loses his/her belief in justice, compassion, fidelity, and trust. In the view of Edip Ahmed, the individual ideal who finds own value within the tradition of Islamic thought is a developmental existence who is taught the names of the things by Allah, has the power of getting knowledge, has the divine support for getting knowledge, and is the responsible (Khalifa). Therefore, in the tradition of Islamic thought, the individual is a being who does not go beyond the scope of the divine, develops within its boundaries, and aims to mature. However, in the tradition of Western thought, the development of humanity occurs in the consideration of Prometheus. Nonobedience to God and stealing the knowledge, power, and freedom from the G ods a re s ymbolized w ith t he s tealing o f t he f ire. W ith t his r egard, Prometheus represents insurrection and repudiation. In the case of Christian theology, the primitive man is the symbol of the fall, sinful, and even could not atone for his sin. Even though all human beings are similar, Edip Ahmed's proposal of the human style who goes between being the individual ideal and having protested moral corruption is different in the context of the meaning and the goal than one who is offered by the tradition of Western thought. Namely, this human-style differs regarding what to do and where to get the power to do it throughout life. Human being neither is an insurgent nor an existence who is exiled to the earth as a sinful. Within the life course, his preferences will determine if he is good or bad. Consequently, the individual ideal and the moral corruption discussed in Atebetü'l-Hakâyık represent the tradition of Islamic thought. This study aims to examine Atebetü'l-Hakâyık in the context of the individual ideal and moral corruption. The main problem of the study comprises the needed characteristics of the individual ideal who is in the moral corruption deadlock. By a socio-psychological approach, this research discusses the themes of the individual ideal and the moral corruption within the consideration of value, religion, world life, and the search for meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are there mechanisms by which the advantaged can see the perspectives of the disadvantaged? If advantaged individuals have prolonged engagement with disadvantaged populations and confront issues of inequality through national service, do they see the world more through the lens of the poor? We explore this question by examining Teach For America (TFA), as TFA is a prominent national service program that integrates top college graduates into low-income communities for two years and employs a selection model that allows for causal inference. A regression discontinuity approach, utilizing an original survey of over 32,000 TFA applicants and TFA's selection data for the 2007–2015 application cycles, reveals that extended intergroup contact in a service context causes advantaged Americans to adopt beliefs that are closer to those of disadvantaged Americans. These findings have broad implications for our understanding of the impact of intergroup contact on perceptions of social justice and prejudice reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how transparency from the monetary authority can affect the income inequality. The contribution is twofold. In the first part, we develop a theoretical model that considers heterogenous agent shopping‐time economy with a lack of transaction technology between rich and poor to observe the effect of central bank transparency on income inequality. The second part provides empirical evidence through panel data methodology that draws on 37 developing countries for the period 1992 to 2012. Our findings indicate that, in general, the monetary authority's transparency is an important tool to reduce income inequality between rich and poor when there are some advantages for the first group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the contrasting aspects of recreation for the rich and poor. Factors that contribute to increased recreational participation includes more people, increased amounts of leisure, better education, greater mobility, more money to spend and more favorable attitudes toward leisure and recreation. Money spent on recreational activities includes boating, bowling, television and radio purchases and maintenance, cultural activities and travel. It is commented that leisure is contributing to a classless society in the U.S.

The paper investigates the relationship between income inequality and future income growth rates of households at different points of the income distribution. The analysis uses micro-census data from U.S. states covering the period from 1960 to 2010, and controls for exposure to imports from China and share of routine jobs, among other variables. It finds evidence that high levels of inequality reduce the income growth of the poor but, if anything, help the growth of the rich. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaps between the educational attainment of pupils from higher and lower income families are widespread and persistent. Teacher quality is amongst the most important school-based determinants of pupil attainment, making the allocation of teachers to pupils a potentially important reason for this attainment gap. We use a range of well-evidenced indicators of teacher quality from the School Workforce Census and the Teaching and Learning International Survey to investigate the extent of social inequalities in access to teacher quality in England. Looking at the allocation of teachers between schools, we find that disadvantaged pupils are more likely to have unqualified, inexperienced or out-of-subject teachers. We present evidence that this reflects both demand from early-career teachers to work in such schools and a greater supply of vacant positions in these schools, due to poor staff retention. We find some evidence of an inequitable allocation of teacher quality to classes within schools, though this is limited to our teacher experience indicator. This is in part due to teachers with more experience at a specific school being better able to influence their allocation to less disadvantaged classes. Implications for policy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the author's argument on the essay "Complex Ethical Consequences of Simple Theoretical Choices" by Robert Frank. He argues with Frank's statement that there is no persuasive evidence that rising inequality strengthens economic growth or enhances well-being of anyone. The author emphasizes inequality among rich and poor people.

Previous research has identified nonmaterial considerations as especially important in shaping the political views of affluent Americans. While other scholars have focused on social issues like abortion or gay rights, or on collective goods like environmental protection, we explore the role of altruism in shaping the economic policy preferences and partisan identification of high-income Americans. We argue that altruistic concern for the well-being of the less well-off leads many affluent Americans to support antipoverty policies and the Democratic Party. Using measures based on actual giving behavior, we document that altruism matters little for low-income Americans' preferences and partisanship, but has substantively large effects on the affluent, leading altruistic high-income Americans to be substantially more supportive of antipoverty policy and the Democratic Party than their less altruistically inclined high-income peers. These findings help explain why a government that responds primarily to the wishes of the well-off may still pursue policies designed to help the poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For over a decade, all three‐year‐olds in England have been entitled to a free part‐time early education place. One aim of this policy is to close developmental gaps between higher‐income and low‐income children. However, the success of the initiative depends on children accessing the places. Using the National Pupil Database, we examine all autumn‐born four‐year‐olds attending in January 2011, and ask whether they started attending when first eligible, in January 2010. One in five children did not access their free place from the beginning, and the proportion is much higher among children from families with persistently low incomes. We also find differences by ethnicity and home language, but these factors explain only a small share of the income gradient. We go on to explore associations between non‐take‐up and local area factors. In areas with higher child poverty rates, take‐up is lower overall, but the gap between low‐income and other families is smaller. There are also various associations between take‐up and local proportions of different provider types (maintained, private, voluntary, Sure Start). In particular, the voluntary sector seems to have more flexibility than maintained provision to offer places in January, and more success than private providers in reaching children from lower‐income backgrounds. The analysis also highlights how take‐up overall is relatively high and the gap by income level is smaller in areas with more Sure Start provision. This suggests that aspects of Sure Start facilitated access among low‐income families, and could perhaps be replicated as implementation of the free entitlement continues to be expanded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the validity of trickle‐down effect by using unbalanced panel data analysis for 65 countries in the period of 1995–2011. The estimation results point out that an increase in the incomes of the rich raises the incomes of the poor and vice versa. Nevertheless, it can clearly be seen that the contribution of the income transfer of the poor to the rich is more dominant than vice versa. Therefore, the invalidity of trickle‐down effect can be stated for 65 countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the impact of the growing division between the wealthy and the poor on veterinary students and graduates in the U.S. The said wealth disparity has created two distinct classes of students, those with no debt and those with insurmountable debt. Lisa Greenhill of the Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges is critical to the disproportioned amount of scholarship funds awarded to students with more diversified funding portfolios.

In 14 focus group interviews, sixth- to eighth-grade high-ability students from high- (n = 36) and low-income (n = 45) families were asked to describe the barriers they perceived to their academic success. Three themes were identified through the qualitative analysis: Constraining Environments, Integration versus Isolation, and Resource Plenty versus Resource Poor. Students in both groups experienced environments not conducive to learning, inhibiting peers, and teachers as a barrier. Students in the low-income group described mayhem in their schools, which interfered significantly with learning. These students were highly integrated in their school community, whereas the students in the high-income group were socially isolated from both peers and teachers. Both groups exhibited issues of poor fit within their schools: autonomy and competence for both, relatedness for students in the high-income group. Attention to these issues will help support these students in achieving their potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

According to Thomas Pogge, rich people do not simply violate a positive duty of assistance to help the global poor; rather, they violate a negative duty not to harm them. They do so by imposing an unjust global economic structure on poor people. Assuming that these claims are correct, it follows that, ceteris paribus, wars waged by the poor against the rich to resist this imposition are morally equivalent to wars waged in self-defense against military aggression. Hence, if self-defense against military aggression is just, then, ceteris paribus, so are defensive wars against the imposition of economic injustice. While I do not think Pogge’s analysis of the causes of global poverty is correct, I defend these inferences against various challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary It is well known that consumption patterns change with income. Relative price changes would therefore affect rich and poor consumers differently. Yet, the standard price indices are not income-specific, and hence, they cannot account for such differences. In this paper, we study consumption inequality in India, while fully allowing for non-homotheticity. We show that the relative price changes during most of the period from 1993 to 2012 were pro-poor, in the sense that they favored the poor relative to the rich. As a result, we also find that conventional measures significantly overstate the rise in real consumption inequality during this period. The main lesson from our study is the importance of accounting for non-homotheticity when measuring inequality. The price index literature has, as of yet, paid relatively little attention to this. In our application, however, it turns out that the allowance for non-homotheticity is quantitatively much more important than much discussed adjustments, such as those for substitution in consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the unequal standards of living, citing the lack of access to food, clothing and shelter for poor people. It cites on the gap of the rich and the poor in Europe in which more people were able to enjoy what to their ancestors had been luxuries. The article also discusses the difference in standards in accommodation by westerners or poor-by-any standard in different countries.