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[Display omitted] Phenolamides (PAs), a diverse group of specialized metabolites, including hydroxycinnamoylputrescine (HP), hydroxycinnamoylagmatine, and hydroxycinnamoyltryptamine, are important in plant resistance to biotic stress. However, the genes involved in the biosynthesis and modulation of PAs have not been fully elucidated. This study identified an HP biosynthetic gene cluster in rice (Oryza sativa) comprising one gene (OsODC) encoding a decarboxylase and two tandem-duplicated genes (OsPHT3 and OsPHT4) encoding putrescine hydroxycinnamoyl acyltransferases coexpressed in different tissues. OsODC catalyzes the conversion of ornithine to putrescine, which is used in HP biosynthesis involving OsPHT3 and OsPHT4. OsPHT3 or OsPHT4 overexpression causes HP accumulation and cell death and putrescine hydroxycinnamoyl acyltransferases (PHT) activity-dependent resistance against the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. OsODC overexpression plants also confer enhanced resistance to M. oryzae. Notably, the basic leucine zipper transcription factor APIP5, a negative regulator of cell death, directly binds to the OsPHT4 promoter, repressing its transcription. Moreover, APIP5 suppression induces OsPHT4 expression and HP accumulation. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the HP biosynthetic gene cluster is conserved in monocots. These results characterized a previously unidentified monocot-specific gene cluster that is involved in HP biosynthesis and contributes to defense and cell death in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins play critical roles in plant immunity. However, how NLRs are regulated and activate defense signaling is not fully understood. The rice (Oryza sativa) NLR receptor Piz-t confers broad-spectrum resistance to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae and the RING-type E3 ligase AVRPIZ-T INTERACTING PROTEIN 10 (APIP10) negatively regulates Piz-t accumulation. In this study, we found that APIP10 interacts with two rice transcription factors, VASCULAR PLANT ONE-ZINC FINGER 1 (OsVOZ1) and OsVOZ2, and promotes their degradation through the 26S proteasome pathway. OsVOZ1 displays transcriptional repression activity while OsVOZ2 confers transcriptional activation activity in planta. The osvoz1 and osvoz2 single mutants display modest but opposite M. oryzae resistance in the non- Piz-t background. However, the osvoz1 osvoz2 double mutant exhibits strong dwarfism and cell death, and silencing of both genes via RNA interference also leads to dwarfism, mild cell death, and enhanced resistance to M. oryzae in the non- Piz-t background. Both OsVOZ1 and OsVOZ2 interact with Piz-t. Double silencing of OsVOZ1 and OsVOZ2 in the Piz - t background decreases Piz-t protein accumulation and transcription, reactive oxygen species-dependent cell death, and resistance to M. oryzae containing AvrPiz-t. Taken together, these results indicate that OsVOZ1 and OsVOZ2 negatively regulate basal defense but contribute positively to Piz-t-mediated immunity. The E3 ligase APIP10 interacts with transcription factors OsVOZ1 and OsVOZ2 and promotes their degradation through the 26S proteasome pathway. OsVOZ1 and OsVOZ2 function synergistically to negatively regulate basal resistance but positively contribute to the NLR Piz-t-mediated immunity to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium (K+) is required by plants for growth and development, and also contributes to immunity against pathogens. However, it has not been established whether pathogens modulate host K+ signaling pathways to enhance virulence and subvert host immunity. Here, we show that the effector protein AvrPiz-t from the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae targets a K+ channel to subvert plant immunity. AvrPiz-t interacts with the rice plasma-membrane-localized K+ channel protein OsAKT1 and specifically suppresses the OsAKT1-mediated K+ currents. Genetic and phenotypic analyses show that loss of OsAKT1 leads to decreased K+ content and reduced resistance against M. oryzae. Strikingly, AvrPiz-t interferes with the association of OsAKT1 with its upstream regulator, the cytoplasmic kinase OsCIPK23, which also plays a positive role in K+ absorption and resistance to M. oryzae. Furthermore, we show a direct correlation between blast disease resistance and external K+ status in rice plants. Together, our data present a novel mechanism by which a pathogen suppresses plant host immunity by modulating a host K+ channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]