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Qat (Catha edulis, Celastraceae) is a woody evergreen species with great economic and cultural importance. It is cultivated for its stimulant alkaloids cathine and cathinone in East Africa and southwest Arabia. However, genome information, especially DNA sequence resources, for C. edulis are limited, hindering studies regarding interspecific and intraspecific relationships. Herein, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of Catha edulis is reported. This genome is 157,960 bp in length with 37% GC content and is structurally arranged into two 26,577 bp inverted repeats and two single-copy areas. The size of the small single-copy and the large single-copy regions were 18,491 bp and 86,315 bp, respectively. The C. edulis cp genome consists of 129 coding genes including 37 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, 8 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 84 protein coding genes. For those genes, 112 are single copy genes and 17 genes are duplicated in two inverted regions with seven tRNAs, four rRNAs, and six protein coding genes. The phylogenetic relationships resolved from the cp genome of qat and 32 other species confirms the monophyly of Celastraceae. The cp genomes of C. edulis, Euonymus japonicus and seven Celastraceae species lack the rps16 intron, which indicates an intron loss took place among an ancestor of this family. The cp genome of C. edulis provides a highly valuable genetic resource for further phylogenomic research, barcoding and cp transformation in Celastraceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we sequenced the entire mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Ectropis oblique using PCR amplification and sequencing methods The entire mitogenome is 15,356 bp long, including 13 protein coding genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and A + T rich element. The base composition and gene arrangement are identical to those of other lepidopterans. Of these 37 genes, twenty three are resided on heavy strand, while fourteen located on light strand. The newly sequenced mitogenome displayed a biased Adenine/thymine 84.94% usage versus guanine/cytosine. The AT skewness is 0.030 and the GC skewness is −0.180. Twelve out of 13 PCGs initiated with canonical start codon (ATN), while cox1 started with CGA. The A + T rich element of E. oblique is 363 bp long and contains of many features common to lepidopteran insects, including the ‘ATAGA’ motif, a 22 bp poly (T) stretch and a microsatellite-like (AT) 8 element upstream of trnM . Further, this mitogenome comprises 15 intergenic spacer and overlapping regions. Phylogenetic analyses showed that E. oblique belongs to Geometridae, and that the monophyly of Lepidoptera superfamilies is well supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Daphnis nerii (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) is described. The mitogenome (15,247 bp) of D.nerii encodes13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs) and an adenine (A) + thymine (T)-rich region. Its gene complement and order is similar to that of other sequenced lepidopterans. The 12 PCGs initiated by ATN codons except for cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene that is seemingly initiated by the CGA codon as documented in other insect mitogenomes. Four of the 13 PCGs have the incomplete termination codon T, while the remainder terminated with the canonical stop codon. This mitogenome has six major intergenic spacers, with the exception of A+T-rich region, spanning at least 10 bp. The A+T-rich region is 351 bp long, and contains some conserved regions, including ‘ATAGA’ motif followed by a 17 bp poly-T stretch, a microsatellite-like element (AT)9 and also a poly-A element. Phylogenetic analyses based on 13 PCGs using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) revealed that D. nerii resides in the Sphingidae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We determined the complete mitochondrial genome (Mitogome) ofCtenopharyngodon idella var. gold grass carp (C. idella var.) (Accession No.:KT894100) and compered it with a previously published mitogenome (Accession No.:NC010288.1) of Chinese common grass carp. The total length of mitogenome is 16 609 bp with 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region. The nucleotide compositions of the L-strand are 31.87% for A, 26.20% for T, 15.68% for G, 26.26% for C. Most of the protein-coding genes began with an ATG start codon except for COX1 and ND3 gene. The sequence similarity was 99.81% between each other. There were 32 variation loci obtained, including of 23 transitions, 7 transversions and 2 INDELs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Saxaul Sparrow (Passer ammodendri) was 16 782 bp in length. The Genbank accession number was KT895996. And the content of A, T, C, and G were 30.08% (5048 bp), 22.91% (3845 bp), 32.08% (5384 bp), and 14.93% (2505 bp), respectively. It contained 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, 1 control region and was similar to most of the other Passeridae birds in gene arrangement and composition. All protein-coding genes used the typical initiation codon ATG, except GTG forCOIand ATA forND3which was the same to the Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) but different from the House Sparrow (Passer domestic). Most of the stop codons were consistent with the Tree Sparrow and the House Sparrow except forND1,ND3, andND6genes, which were terminated with AGG, TAA, and TAG codons, respectively. Besides, the phylogenetic relationship of Passeriformes based on complete mitochondrial genomes showed that the genetic distance among Passeridae, Emberizidae, and Fringillidae was closer than the others. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome of the Greater Mouse-Eared Bat,Myotis myotis.The mitogenome is 17 213 bp with base composition A (34.2%), G (13%), C (22.4%), and T (30.5%). The genome shows conserved synteny with other mammalian mitogenomes, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and 1 control region (D-Loop). The majority of the genes are encoded on the H-Strand, except forND6and eight tRNAs. All protein-coding genes start with the ATG start codon, except forND2,ND3,andND5which begin with ATT or ATA. Seven protein-coding genes terminated in a canonical stop codon, TAA or TAG, five contain incomplete stop codons, T or TA.Cytochrome bterminates in the mitochondria specific stop codon AGA. This mitogenome provides a valuable resource for future studies ofM. myotisand other bat and mammal species. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) ofMegachile sculpturalis(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) has been reported in this study. This is the first sequenced mitogenome from the family Megachilidae. The sequenced region of this mitochondrial genome is determined to be 16 581 bp in length, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs, and a partial sequence of the AT-rich region, and the AT-rich region contains several characteristic repeated sequences. Additionally, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis using all the mitochondrial genomes of Apoidea that are available in Genbank. Bayesian method supported the monophyly of both Apidae and Colletidae. And Megachilidae was inferred as the sister group of Apidae. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the serpent mudskipperParapocryptes serperasterwas first determined in this study. The circle genome was 17 243 bp long and consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 1 control region. The nucleotide composition of the heavy strand ofP. serperasteris 28.65% for A, 30.07% for C, 25.31% for T, and 15.97% for G, with a slight A + T bias of 53.96%. Only the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) and eight tRNA genes were encoded on the light strand, all other mitochondrial genes were encoded on the heavy strand. A 178-bp tandem repeat, which started from the 827-bp site of the control region, was identified. Like most other gobies,P. serperasteralso has the typical vertebrate mitochondrial gene arrangement. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the kinship betweenParapocryptesandBoleophthalmusis closer than those betweenParapocryptesand other selected genera. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Odontamblyopus rubicundus is a species of gobiid fishes, inhabits muddy-bottomed coastal waters. In this paper, the first complete mitochondrial genome sequence of O. rubicundus is reported. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence is 17119 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, a control region and an L-strand origin as in other teleosts. Most mitochondrial genes are encoded on H-strand except for ND6 and seven tRNA genes. Some overlaps occur in protein-coding genes and tRNAs ranging from 1 to 7 bp. The possibly nonfunctional L-strand origin folded into a typical stem-loop secondary structure and a conserved motif (5-GCCGG-3) was found at the base of the stem within the tRNA gene. The TAS, CSB-2 and CSB-3 could be detected in the control region. However, in contrast to most of other fishes, the central conserved sequence block domain and the CSB-1 could not be recognized in O. rubicundus, which is consistent with Acanthogobius hasta (Gobiidae). In addition, phylogenetic analyses based on different sequences of species of Gobiidae and different methods showed that the classification of O. rubicundus into Odontamblyopus due to morphology is debatable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To investigate the features of the control region (CR) and the gene rearrangement in the mitochondrial (mt) genome of Thysanoptera insects, we sequenced the whole mt genome of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). The mt genome is a circular molecule with 14,889 nucleotides and an A+T content of 76.6%, and it has triplicate putative CRs. We propose that tandem duplication and deletion account for the evolution of the CR and the gene translocations. Intramitochondrial recombination is a plausible model for the gene inversions. We discuss the excessive duplicate CR sequences and the transcription of the rRNA genes, which are distant from one another and from the CR. Finally, we address the significance of the complicated mt genomes in Thysanoptera for the evolution of the CR and the gene arrangement of the mt genome. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The complete mitochondrial genome of theEpinephelus tukulawas presented in this study. The mitochondrial genome is 16,503 bp long and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region. The gene order and composition ofEpinephelus tukulamitochondrial genome was similar to that of most other vertebrates. The nucleotide compositions of the light strand are 28.37% of A, 29.00% of C, 26.36% of T and 16.26% of G. With the exception of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) and seven tRNA genes, all other mitochondrial genes are encoded on the heavy strand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue-throated Macaw (Ara glaucogularis) is Critically Endangered species of parrot endemic to small Bolivian area. In this study, full mitochondrial genome of considered species was sequenced. It is 16,983 bp long and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and a control region. It`s comparison with publishedAra macaomitogenome revealed their high degree of identity. On the other hand, analysis of both the genome compositions showed incompleteness ofAra macaoCYTB gene. Hence, mitogenome ofAra macaospecies occurred only partial sequence. In consequence,Ara glaucogularismitogenome is the first complete Macaw sequence, which will be indispensable to refine the phylogenetic relationships within the tribeAriniand will enrich the resource of markers for systematic, phylogenetic and population genetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of theParastromateus niger. The mitochondrial genome is 16,561 bp long and contains 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region. The gene order and composition ofParastromateus nigermitochondrial genome is similar to that of most other vertebrates. The nucleotide compositions of the light strand are 28.23% of A, 29.51% of C, 26.01% of T and 16.16% of G. With the exception of five tRNA genes, all other mitochondrial genes are encoded on the heavy strand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of the fat-nose goby Pseudogobius javanicus has been amplified. P. javanicus is widely contributed species in Southeast to East Asia. The complete mitochondrial genome is 16,493 base pairs (bp) in total length, had the typical vertebrate mitochondrial gene arrangement, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, 1 control region (CR) and 1 light-strand replication origin (OL). The overall base composition of P. javanicus is 27.1% for A, 27.3% for T, 28.6% for C, 17.0% for G, with higher AT content of 54.4%. This study will contribute for understanding the phylogenetic approach in genus Pseudogobius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the swallowtail butterfly Papilio maackii has been completed. It is 15,357 bp in length, and contains the typical complement of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA), and 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Two A+T-rich regions are included in this mitogenome. Gene order in P. maackii mitogenome is basically identical to that of the inferred ancestral insect genome, with the exception of translocations of trnM, which is shared by some Papilios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome of a stream-dwelling frog species Paramegophrys oshanensis was determined. This mitogenome was 17,747 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and a control region (D-loop). The base composition of the light strand was 28.77% A, 29.85% T, 26.26% C, and 15.11% G. Compared with most other vertebrates, this mitogenome has some different features: a non-tandem duplication of tRNA-Met gene (forming tRNA-Met1 and tRNA-Met2 genes), the replacement of tRNA-Trp gene by a 72-bp noncoding region translocated from the cluster of WANCY to the back of Cytb gene, the translocation of tRNA-Val gene from the front of 16S rRNA to the back of tRNA-Met1 gene, and the translocation of tRNA-Pro gene from the front of D-loop region to the front of tRNA-Met2 gene. Three kinds of tandem repeats with size ranging from 71 to 92 bp were detected within D-loop region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long polymerase chain reaction and primer walking methods were employed for the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of Japanese Konosirus punctatus. The mitogenome is a circular molecule 16,698 bp in length, including the typical structure of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and 2 non-coding regions (L-strand replication origin and control region), the gene contents of which are identical to those observed in most bony fishes. Within the control region, we identified the termination-associated sequence domain, the central conserved sequence block domains (CSB-F, CSB-E, CSB-D, CSB-C, and CSB-B), and the conserved sequence block domains (CSB-2 and CSB-3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lamprotula tortuosa is the endemic species of freshwater pearl mussel in China. The complete F-type mitochondrial genome of L. tortuosa was first determined. This circle genome (15,722 bp in size) comprises 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, except for COI, CYTB, ND6, and ND4L, with TTG, ATT, ATT, and ATA start codon, respectively; the remaining protein-coding genes initiated with the orthodox ATG start codon. There were 25 noncoding regions found throughout the mitogenome of L. tortuosa, ranging in size from 1 to 241 bp, the largest of which is between ND5 and tRNAGln (241 bp), but is shorter than the control region sequences(about 280 bp) of freshwater mussels from Poland and South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of Channa maculate (Taiwan snakehead). The mitogenome of Taiwan snakehead was determined to be 16,558 bp in length. It contains 13 typical vertebrate protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, 1 OL (putative light-strand origin of replication), and 1 putative control region (D-loop). This is the first report on the complete mitogenome sequence of Channa maculata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the hybrid of Ctenopharyngodon idella (♀) ×  Squaliobarbus curriculus (♂) was determined using PCR-based method. The total length of the mitogenome is 16,609 bp. It contains the typical structure as that of most other vertebrates, including 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and 1 non-coding control region (D-loop region). The overall composition of the mitogenome was estimated to be 31.86% for A, 26.08% for T, 26.38% for C, and 15.68% for G, respectively, indicating that an A+T (57.94%)-rich feature occurs in the hybrid mitogenome. Both the termination-associated sequence and three conserved sequence blocks (CSB1, CSB2, and CSB3) were also detected in the D-loop region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Cryptocentrus yatsui was first determined. The genome was 16,584 bp in length and consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 2 main noncoding regions (the control region and the origin of the light strand replication), the gene composition and order of which were similar to most other vertebrates. The overall base composition values of the heavy strand are 26.0% for T, 29.9% for C, 26.4% for A, and 17.7% for G, with a slight A+T bias of 52.4%. To clarify the phylogenetic relationships of C. yatsui within the genus Cryptocentrus, 18 sequences, which were generated from COI region of six species, were used to construct the neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree. And we found that C. yatsui was rooted with the other Cryptocentrus species and has a distant relationship with others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we reported the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the hybrid of Squaliobarbus curriculus (♀) ×  Ctenopharyngodon idella (♂), which was obtained by artificial hybridization. The total length of the mitochondrial genome is 16,616 bp, with the base composition of 31.15% A, 25.02% T, 27.66% C, and 16.17% G. It contains 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a major non-coding control region (D-loop region). The arrangement of these genes is the same as that found in the teleosts. All the protein initiation codons are ATG, except for COX1 that begins with GTG. The complete mitogenome of the hybrid of S. curriculus (♀) ×  C. idella (♂) provides an important data set for the study in genetic mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of squaretail coralgrouper Plectropomus areolatus was determined with long PCR approach. The genome was 16,770 bp in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and 2 non-coding regions, with the gene content and order being similar to most other teleosts. The overall base composition of the mitogenome was estimated to be 28.81% A, 27.63% T, 27.24% C, and 16.33% G, with a high AT content of 56.44%, indicating an obvious anti-guanine bias commonly observed in fishes. It shared 90.7%, 78.8%, and 78.7% mitogenome sequence with Plectropomus leopardus, Epinephelus moara, and Epinephelus coioides, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liobagrus nigricauda is endemic to the Yangtze River system (Ding 1994, The fishes of Sichuan province. pp. 470-78) and listed as an endangered species (IUCN 2012, Red list of threatened species. ). In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of L. nigricauda has been obtained with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a noncoding control region with the total length of 16,512 bp. The gene arrangement and composition are similar to that of other vertebrates. Most of the genes are encoded on heavy strand, except for eight tRNA and ND6 genes. Just like most other vertebrates, the bias against G has a universality in different statistics results. The mitogenome sequence of L. nigricauda would contribute to better understand population genetics and to protect its genetic diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome of a Korean Ussurian tube-nosed bat, Murina ussuriensis, was determined. The mitochondrial genome of M. ussuriensis is 17,285 bp in length with a total base composition of 33.8% A, 28.9% T, 23.8% C, and 13.4% G. All the protein-coding genes (total length of 11,401 bp) were encoded in H-strand except for ND6 in L-strand. The total length of 22 tRNA genes was 1516 bp varying from 62 bp ( tRNA Ser ( AGY)) to 74 bp ( tRNA Leu ( UUR) and tRNA Gln). The 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes were 972 and 1558 bp in length, respectively. The D-loop region was 2496 bp in length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the complete mitochondrial genome of Luciogobius platycephalus was first determined. The genome is 16,478 bp in length and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 2 main non-coding regions (the control region and the origin of the light-strand replication). The overall base composition of L. platycephalus is 29.1% for T, 26.7% for C, 29.2% for A, and 15.1% for G, with a slight A+T bias of 58.3%. It has the typical vertebrate mitochondrial gene arrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amazona barbadensis is an endangered species of parrot living in northern coastal Venezuela and in several Caribbean islands. In this study, we sequenced full mitochondrial genome of the considered species. The total length of the mitogenome was 18,983 bp and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, duplicated control region, and degenerate copies of ND6 and tRNA Glu genes. High degree of identity between two copies of control region suggests their coincident evolution and functionality. Comparative analysis of both the control region sequences from four Amazona species revealed their 89.1% over a region of 1300 bp and indicates the presence of distinctive parts of two control region copies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete sequence (14,751 bp) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the opisthobranch gastropod Placida sp. was determined using long PCR and genome-walking techniques. The genome contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCG), 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes that are typical of metazoan mtDNA, and 2 lengthy noncoding regions with a total length of 1441 bp. All the tRNA genes have general secondary structures without reduced T or D stems. The mitochondrial gene arrangement of Placida sp. is almost identical to that of sea slugs, whereas the tRNA gene arrangement is different from other animals outside Sacoglossa in the Euthyneura. A phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial genome of Euthyneura indicated that Placida sp. and Placida dendritica are closely related to Elysia chlorotica as a sister taxon, which strongly supports their close phylogenetic affinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined the complete mitogenome sequence of Squalidus multimaculatus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). The mitogenome of S. multimaculatus is 16,597 bp in length, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and a non-coding control region. NCR is 925 bp in length, is located between tRNApro and tRNAphe. The overall base composition of S. multimaculatus is 27.9% for A, 18.9% for G, 25% for T, 28.2% for C, with a slight AT bias (52.9%). These results will provide the data required for phylogenetic studies of the Squalidus species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our research, 16 sets of primers were used to amplify contiguous, overlapping segments of the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ofOdontobutis obscura.The aim of our research was to provide some important genetic background information for conservational practice of these valuable fish species. The total length of the mitochondrial genome is 16 864 bp and deposited in the GenBank with accession numbers KT438552. The gene arrangement and transcriptional direction were similar to other bony fishes which contained 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA, and 22 transfer RNAs) and a major non-coding control region. The nucleotide skewness for the coding strands ofO. obscura(GC-skew = −0.26) is biased toward G and the negative GC-skew ranges from −0.51(ND2) to −0.24(CO1). The phylogenetic analysis showed that the Gobiiformes could be divided into three groups, Eleotridae, Odontobutidae and Rhyacichthyidae. TheO. ObscuraandO. Potamophilaare sister species and clustered together. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The complete chloroplast sequence ofGnetum montanum(GenBank accession number: NC_021438.1) was determined and characterized in this study. The size of the chloroplast genome ofGnetum montanumis 115 019 bp. Including a large single copy (LSC) region of 66 697 bp and a small single copy (SSC) region of 9494 bp separated by a pair of identical inverted repeat regions (IRs) of 19 414 bp each. A total of 108 genes that were successfully annotated contains 65 protein-coding genes, 40 tRNA genes and 3 rRNA genes. The GC content of the chloroplast genome ofGnetum montanumis 38.16%. Twelve genes contain one introns. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The complete sequence of the Neotropic cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) mitochondrial DNA was obtained by the shotgun sequencing approach. The mitogenome is 19 042 bp in length and includes 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal subunit genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, a control region and a duplicated region of 2418 bp. The base composition is 32.1% for C, 31.8% for A, 22.6% for T and 13.4% for G, with an overall GC content of 45.5%. This is the first mitogenome of theP. brasilianusdescribed and will be a useful tool for further phylogenetic and population genetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The complete nucleotide sequence ofJuglans regiachloroplast genome (cpDNA) was carried out using Illumina Hiseq 2500. The genome is 160 537 bp in length, and the overall base composition of H-strand is 31.59% for A, 18.35% for C, 17.76% for G and 32.30% for T. Similar to the other higher plants, cpDNA have a large single copy (LSC) region of 90 059 bp and a small single copy(SSC) of 18 412 bp, is separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb) of 26 033 bp. There are 113 genes in the cpDNA, including 80 protein-coding genes, 4 ribosomal RNA genes (4 rRNA species), 36 transfer RNA genes (19 tRNA species). To further investigate the evolution status ofJ. regiain the level of chloroplast genome, tree constructed using MEGA 6.0 with NJ and ML methord demonstratedJ. regiawas clustered inFagales, which was identical with APG III. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Asian badger (Meles leucurus amurensis) is widely distributed throughout the northeast of China, and plays an important role in regulating the prey population stability of forest eco-system as mesopredators. We first determined and annotated the whole mtDNA genome of the Asian badgerMeles leucurus amurensisto better understand the evolutionary relationship of this subspecies. The complete mitogenome is 16 497 bp in length, includes 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and 1 control region. We built the phylogenetic tree of Asian badger and other 10 most closelyMustelidaespecies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The complete mitochondrial genome ofParacheirodon innesiwas determined using the next-generation sequencing (NGS). The mitochondrial genome was 16 962 bp long and consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region. The gene arrangement and composition ofP. Innesimitochondrial genome was similar to that of most other vertebrates. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the complete mitogenomes of the species and closely related 13 teleost species to assess their phylogenetic relationship and evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, we assembled two individuals’ complete chloroplast genomes with one male and one female from the dioecious plant species white campion (Silene latifolia). The two chloroplast genomes have an identical composition with each other as a circular molecule of 150 931 bp in length, with an overall GC content of 36.4%. The genomes consist of a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 25 503 bp, separated by a large single-copy (LSC) region and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 82 708 and 17 217 bp, respectively. The genomes contain 111 single copy genes, including 77 protein-coding genes, 4 ribosomal RNA genes and 30 transfer RNA genes. In these protein-coding genes, eight genes (rpl16,rpoC1,rps16,petD,petB,ndhB,ndhAandatpF) contain a single intron and three genes (rps12,clpPandycf3) contain two introns. The two newly sequenced chloroplast genomes provide valuable information for detecting polymorphisms within species and between sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence ofHyla ussuriensis(Anura: Hylidae) is first determined using long PCR. It is a circular molecule of 18 023 bp in length (GenBank accession no. KT964710). Similar to the typical mtDNA of amphibians, the complete mtDNA sequence ofHyla ussuriensiscontained two rRNA genes (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA), 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), and a control region (D-loop). The nucleotide composition was 29.9% A, 25.4% C, 14.5% G, and 30.2% T. Mitochondrial genomes analyses based on NJ method yield phylogenetic trees, indicating 13 reported Anura frogs belonging to five families (Hylidae, Bufonidae, Microhylidae, Ranidae, and Rhacophoridae). These molecular data presented here provide a useful tool for systematic analyses of genusHylaand family Hylidae. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The complete nucleotide sequence of theSinopodophyllum hexandrumYing chloroplast genome (cpDNA) was determined based on next-generation sequencing technologies in this study. The genome was 157 203 bp in length, containing a pair of inverted repeat (IRa and IRb) regions of 25 960 bp, which were separated by a large single-copy (LSC) region of 87 065 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18 218 bp, respectively. The cpDNA contained 148 genes, including 96 protein-coding genes, 8 ribosomal RNA genes, and 44 tRNA genes. In these genes, eight harbored a single intron, and two (ycf3andclpP) contained a couple of introns. The cpDNA AT content ofS. hexandrumcpDNA is 61.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

ThePlacidochromis longimanus(P. longimanus), one species of Cichlidae, resides in the Lake Malawi in East Africa. In present study, for the first time, we reported the complete mitochondrial genome ofP. longimanus,which has 16 581 bp in length, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA, 22 transfer RNA genes, and 1 control zone. Moreover, its GC content is 45.99% (27.44% A, 26.58% T, 30.11% C, and 15.87% G), similar to that ofAstatotilapia calliptera(the GC content of 45.90%). We further made the phylogenetic tree on the complete mitochondrial genomes of the above two species and other 11 closely related species to show their phylogenic relationship. The above results would facilitate our understanding of the evolution of Cichlidae mitochondrial genome. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Here we sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) ofAnthopleura midorifrom Weihai, China. This is the first species with sequenced mitogenome of genusAnthopleura.TheA. midorimitogenome is 20 039 bp in length (GenBank accession no. KT989511). The overall base composition of the H-strand is 26.81% A, 17.45% C, 21.52% G, and 34.22% T. The base composition clearly showed the A–T skew. Similar to most other sea anemone in family Actiniidae, it contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs, 2 tRNAs, and some non-coding regions. The circular mitogenome codes entirely on the heavy strand andND5andCOIgenes were embedded by an intron. Phylogenetic analyses show thatA. midoriis related most closely toPhymanthus crucifer. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Hedgehog Seahorse (Hippocampus spinosissimus) is 16 530 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and a control region. The gene organization ofH.spinosissimus was similar to that observed in most vertebrate creatures. All protein-coding genes use the typical initiation codon ATG, except forCOX1that uses GTG. The overall base composition ofH.spinosissimus is 32.2% for A, 22.72% for C, 30.19% for T, and 14.89% for G, with a slight AT bias of 62.39%.Hippocampus spinosissimusshowed a closer genetic relationship withH. kelloggiaccording to the phylogenetic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The complete mitochondrial genome ofDrepanidotaenia lanceolatawas sequenced. The complete mtDNA sequence is 13 573 bp long and contains 12 protein-coding genes (cox1–3,nad1–6,nad4L,atp6, andcytb), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 2 non-coding regions (NCR). Phylogenetic analysis using three methods (Bayesian inference, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood) demonstrates with high statistical support thatD. lanceolatais closely related to the genusHymenolepis. This study reports the first complete mt genome sequence of a representative species of the genusDrepanidotaeniaand should provide novel genetic data for further studies of the taxonomy, systematics, and population genetics of these and other related cestodes of socio-economic significance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The complete mitochondrial genome ofCentropus sinensisis determined in this study. The circle genome with the 17 159 bp total length contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 1 control region. Phylogenetic tree shows thatC. sinensiswas sister toC. unirufus. The mitogenome ofC. sinensiswill contribute to researches of mitogenomic evolution, phylogenetic relationship, and conservation genetics. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Acer morrisonense(Aceraceae) is an important forest tree species and is endemic to Taiwan area. In this study, we determined the complete nucleotide sequence ofA. morrisonensechloroplast genome (cpDNA) by using next-generation sequencing. The cpDNA was 157 197 bp in size, contained a pair of 26 728 bp inverted repeat (IR) regions, which were separated by a large single copy region (LSC) and a small single copy (SSC) region of 85 655 and 18 086 bp, respectively. The cpDNA contained 134 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes (78 PCG species), 8 ribosomal RNA genes (four rRNA species), and 40 transfer RNA genes (31 tRNA species). The most of gene species occur as a single copy, while 21 gene species occur in double copies. The overall AT content ofA. morrisonensechloroplast genome were 62.2%, while the corresponding values of the LSC, SSC, and IR regions were 64.0%, 67.9%, and 57.3%, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that the cpDNA ofA. morrisonenseis closely related to that of congenericA. buergerianumsubsp. ningpoense. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The complete mitochondrial genome of the orange-spotted spinefootSiganus guttatus(Perciformes, Siganidae) is presented in this paper. The entire sequence, 16,505 bp in length, is comprised of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and 1 control region. Structurally, the composition and order of genes are same as those found in other rabbitfishes. ExceptND6and 8 tRNA, all other mitochondrial genes were encoded on the heavy strand. Overall base compositions of mitogenome are 29.3% of A, 29.3% of C, 25.7% of T, and 15.7% of G, showing an obvious anti-G bias which was commonly found in fishes. Three conserved sequence blocks (CSB-1, CSB-2 and CSB-3) and long series of di- and mono-nucleotide microsatellite repeats in 3′ end are observed in the putative control region. The complete mitogenome sequence ofS. guttatuscould provide useful information for further phylogenetic and population genetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mitogenome of the tropical gar,Atractosteus tropicus,(GeneBank accession number KJ531198) has a total length of 16,280 bp, and the arrangement consist of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and 22 transfer RNA similar to other Lepisosteidae family mitogenomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an Illumina platform, we shot-gun sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes of two sister chiton species (Sypharochiton pelliserpentisandSypharochiton sinclairi) to an average coverage of 172× and 60×, respectively. We performed ade novoassembly using SOAPdenovo2 and determined the total mitogenome lengths to be 15,048 and 15,028 bps, respectively. The gene organization was similar to that of other chitons, with 13 protein-coding genes, 24 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs. These data will contribute for resolving the taxonomy and population genetic structures of these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome ofPazala timur(Lepidoptera: Papilionodae) is a circular molecule of 15,226 bp in length, containing 37 typical animal mitochondrial genes: 13 protein coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a non-coding AT-rich region. Its gene order and arrangement are identical to all other available butterfly mitogenomes. All PCGs initiate with typical ATN codons, except for COI, which is initiated by the CGA codon. Ten PCGs use complete termination codon (TAA), whereas the COI, COII and ND5 genes end with single T. Twelve intergenic spacers (82 bp in total), and 11 overlapping regions (30 bp in total) are dispersed throughout the whole genome. The non-coding AT-rich region is 403 bp long and contains some conserved structures characteristic of the butterfly mitogenomes, such as the motif ATAGA followed by a 13-bp poly-T stretch and a microsatellite-like (AT)12element preceded by the ATTTA motif. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence ofAleuroglyphus ovatus(Acarinae:Aleuroglyphus) was determined by long PCR and primer walking methods. The complete mitochondrial genome is 14,305 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes as well as a displacement loop (D-loop). The overall base composition of the genome is A (23.61%), T (44.60%), C (13.03%) and G (18.76%) respectively. Stop codon was missed for the CYTB gene and the gene overlaps were suggested between ten pairs of the contiguous genes inA. ovatus.The mitogenome would contribute to resolving phylogenetic position and interrelationships ofAleuroglyphus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome from an Africanized honey bee population (AHB, derived fromApis mellifera scutellata) was assembled and analyzed. The mitogenome is 16,411 bp long and contains the same gene repertoire and gene order as the European honey bee (13 protein coding genes, 22 tRNA genes and 2 rRNA genes). ND4 appears to use an alternate start codon and the long rRNA gene is 48 bp shorter in AHB due to a deletion in a terminal AT dinucleotide repeat. The dihydrouracil arm is missing from tRNA-Ser (AGN) and tRNA-Glu is missing the TV loop. The A + T content is comparable to the European honey bee (84.7%), which increases to 95% for the 3rd position in the protein coding genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]