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In the period following the military operation against insurgents in the Swat district during 2009-10, the Pakistani government, with support from international organizations, initiated a comprehensive program aimed at the rehabilitation and reintegration of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). This research study utilizes the Delphi method to gather data through face-to-face interviews with officials involved in the rehabilitation efforts. The analysis revealed a range of challenges, such as security threats, infrastructural deficiencies, bureaucratic complexities, educational system revival, unmet donor commitments, financial constraints, weakened local governance, and communication breakdowns. Despite these obstacles, strategic interventions have ameliorated the IDPs' conditions, including enhanced security, temporary infrastructure, international partnerships, makeshift educational provisions, and a dedicated rehabilitation budget. Nevertheless, the full rehabilitation of IDPs remains an unachieved goal. This article suggests that successfully reintegrating affected communities requires innovative strategies tailored to Pakistan's unique sociostructural context, which could serve as a model for similar situations globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informed by Bourdieu's conceptualisation of habitus and its relation with social class, this study explores the construction and negotiation of middle-class identity among a group of urban overseas returnees in China. Using ethnographic interviews and online observational data, the study found that participants built a compliant identity conforming to their parents' expectations and metrics of being 'middle-class'. However, they resisted their families' positioning and the ideal class role images imposed upon them. In their workplace, participants negotiated this middle-class identity mainly by exhibiting professional qualities drawing upon their linguistic capital and new habitus gained through their overseas educational experiences. The privileged identity that the participants exhibited, however, was not without dilemmas and struggles due to their different set of habitus and linguistic practices. Finally, participants were found to project a new middle-class image with translanguaging practice and distinctive lifestyles by co-constructing a 'returnees circle'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feminist research has highlighted both the emancipatory components of sex work on women's lives, as well as the problematic nature of an overly romanticised reading of women's sexual labour. In Ethiopian cities, including the capital, Addis Ababa, rural migrant women and returnee women from the Gulf States are confronted with layered forms of structural disadvantage that narrow the scope of their prospects for economic empowerment and deepen their vulnerability. Consequently, women relate to the street as a connector to capital, despite clashing claims for access and proximity that govern the street economy. This paper explores the everyday lived experiences of rural migrant women and returnee women streetworkers in Addis Ababa. Drawing on qualitative data collected in 2022 and 2023, the findings of this study show that women resort to sex work under conditions of protracted economic strain and an absence of viable alternatives for self-employment. Due to the marginalisation they face as part of the informal labour market, women exercise sex work both in the form of streetwalking and through routine engagements in transactional sexual relationships; both activities representing a central component of women's ability to get by in the city. This paper argues that despite being the site of consequential transformation, women's economic empowerment through sex work takes place within an entrenched patriarchal order that reproduces disenfranchising power inequalities through the practice of sex work itself, while reasserting the way women's bodily integrity, safety, aspirations, and social standing are governed on – and by – the street. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ethiopia as far as the livelihood and survival strategies pursued by international returnees is concerned, such scientific study is scanty or non-existent. The study was devoted to explore the livelihoods and survival strategies chased among the returnees in Addis Ababa to provide scientific evidences and insights for decision making and future intervention efforts. Data were collected from 402 randomly drawn sample returnees via a cross-sectional survey. The supplementary data were collected from purposively selected focus group discussion and semi-structured interview participants. Descriptive statistics and Ordinal Logistic Regression Model (OLRM) were employed to analyze the data. The study revealed that while unemployment was found to be the most categorized livelihood strategy by which returnees were hallmarked and rated above the scale mean on the three-point likert scale (mean = 2.18, Standard Deviation/SD = 0.91); wage-employment and self-employment were rated below the scale mean (mean = 1.41, SD = 0.61; and mean = 1.39, SD = 0.56) respectively, which reflects that majority of the study population weren’t involved in livelihood strategies common in urban settings. OLRM results confirmed that educational attainment and age of the returnees made the first and the second largest contributions in predicting wage-employment in the positive and negative directions with beta coefficients (β = 0.985; and β = |-0.611| respectively at (p ≤ 0.000) level of significance. A notable proportion of Ethiopian returnees deemed to be unemployed and not engaged in any urban livelihood activities and deprived of enjoying the potential benefits obtained from self-employment and wage-employment activities in the study area.

Over recent years, with the support of international NGOs, many thousands of irregular migrants were 'returned' to West Africa from Libyan detention centres. Through extensive ethnographic fieldwork with different groups of returnees in Benin City, Nigeria, I studied the establishment and evolution of the 'returnee' identity. Making use of labelling, social identity and performativity theories, I found that the performance of the returnee identity for Western donors, researchers and the media creates opportunities for the returnees to regain respect in their communities. Emphasising the role of performativity in identity formation, I use the metaphor of a theatrical play. Initially scripted by the EU border-externalisation policies, the return-migration play has evolved to fit in local political realities. On the frontstage, returnees were adjusting to the EU counter-migration agenda, testifying about the risks of irregular migration. Backstage, however, they kept pursuing their migration aspirations, also using the returnee identity to establish themselves in the city and gain some level of political recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's city governments compete to achieve or maintain importance in today's globalised economy. Corresponding governmental strategies seek to attract and retain high-skilled Chinese return migrants, a group that is expected to stimulate and carry forward economic upgrading. The cities' competition for those high-skilled return migrants is closely related to the development of high-tech development zones. In addition to industrial activities in the development zones, local governments create urban amenities by constructing specially designed living spaces as well as facilities in the development zones. Considering the tense housing situation in China, efforts to provide appealing and affordable housing solutions are considered a promising strategy for attracting high-skilled return migrants. Against this background, the article analyses, using the example of the two cities of Guangzhou and Dongguan (Pearl River Delta, China), two research questions: (1) What strategies do the municipal governments use to attract high-skilled return migrants - with what spatial consequences? (2) What are the most important factors and reasons for high-skilled return migrants when choosing their place of residence for resettlement? The empirical study uses a mixed methods analysis of government and media reports, secondary data as well as qualitative interviews with experts and high-skilled return migrants. Results show that despite the fact that both cities apply similar strategies to attract high-skilled return migrants, Guangzhou as a first-tier city remains more attractive to settle down permanently. The case of Dongguan's Songshan Lake Science and Technology Industry Park provides relevant insights into a prevalent municipal strategy for attracting high-skilled return migrants by providing indemnificatory housing solutions. The strategy of providing dedicated housing estates can lead to a tendency towards spatial segregation. Further, the authors raise awareness to the importance of underlying demands and preferences in resettlement behaviour when trying to attract high-skilled return migrants permanently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ethiopia as far as the livelihood and survival strategies pursued by international returnees is concerned, such scientific study is scanty or non-existent. The study was devoted to explore the livelihoods and survival strategies chased among the returnees in Addis Ababa to provide scientific evidences and insights for decision making and future intervention efforts. Data were collected from 402 randomly drawn sample returnees via a cross-sectional survey. The supplementary data were collected from purposively selected focus group discussion and semi-structured interview participants. Descriptive statistics and Ordinal Logistic Regression Model (OLRM) were employed to analyze the data. The study revealed that while unemployment was found to be the most categorized livelihood strategy by which returnees were hallmarked and rated above the scale mean on the three-point likert scale (mean = 2.18, Standard Deviation/SD = 0.91); wage-employment and self-employment were rated below the scale mean (mean = 1.41, SD = 0.61; and mean = 1.39, SD = 0.56) respectively, which reflects that majority of the study population weren't involved in livelihood strategies common in urban settings. OLRM results confirmed that educational attainment and age of the returnees made the first and the second largest contributions in predicting wage-employment in the positive and negative directions with beta coefficients (β = 0.985; and β = |-0.611| respectively at (p ≤ 0.000) level of significance. A notable proportion of Ethiopian returnees deemed to be unemployed and not engaged in any urban livelihood activities and deprived of enjoying the potential benefits obtained from self-employment and wage-employment activities in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of international returnees is increasing in emerging economies. However, very little has been known about their career development in their home country. This study explored how Vietnamese returnees from Australia developed their career after returning to Vietnam. The study deployed a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews with 15 returnees of Australian universities. The findings revealed the returnees faced a range of barriers hindering their career progression amongst which 'the rigid working culture' was the most significant and 'stereotyped perceptions about Australian qualifications' was an emerging issue due to recent changes in economy and society in Vietnam. The findings revealed three main strategies that the returnees utilised to negotiate their employability including being 'navigator', being 'rebels, and being 'retreatist'. The findings also revealed that there was not a simple answer to whether Australian education outcomes were useful and applicable in Vietnam or not because the usefulness and application were determined by the extent to which the returnees could be able to use their overseas skills and knowledge. The study provided insights about constraints and opportunities in the home market and enrich the current literature about the returnee phenomenon. These insights would support international students to better support their plans for career development upon their return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws on qualitative interview data with 42 New Zealanders returning to New Zealand after living overseas, finding they feel more like a 'migrant' than someone coming 'home'. This is in part because New Zealand people and institutions demonstrate an intolerance to difference, theorised here as a form of xenophobia that inhibits the economic, social and political integration of participants. However, the same experiences and ideas that lead many New Zealanders to frame returnees as an 'out-group' can be regarded as a national resource. The article concludes that we should embrace – not ignore or disparage – returnees' awareness of integration issues, transnational networks and cross-cultural experiences as we attempt to maintain social cohesion in an increasingly superdiverse world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the dynamic nature of childhood bilingualism by analyzing oral speech from returnee heritage speakers (HSs) of Portuguese, who grew up in Germany, but moved to Portugal in childhood/adolescence. The first dataset from 14 speakers showed that the length of exposure to German predicted the rate of (in)accurate production of nominal inflection, indicating that the speakers' morphological knowledge had not been sufficiently stabilized due to the return. The second dataset is from one returnee HS who was reimmersed in the German environment after a 4‐year stay in Portugal. The comparative analysis of the speaker's performance 13 months after moving away from Germany and 11 months after being reexposed to German revealed a significant decrease of inaccurate case, gender, and plural marking, which supports the hypothesis of restabilization of linguistic knowledge. Overall, the findings emphasize the effects of lack of exposure on the development of HSs' bilingual competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Basic Education College Magazine For Educational & Humanities Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the reintegration needs of the returnee there is important to design reintegration program, reintegrate and enable them to become independent and productive members of the community; the identification of these needs are often neglected in academic studies. The objective of the study was to explore the reintegration needs sought by returnees to Omo Nada district after return. To this end, I conducted a resourceful study in Omo Nada district in 2017. I collected the data by means of in-depth interviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. I used thematic analysis to analyze the findings. The study identified the need for support in the form of health services, counselling, housing, employment, skills training, finances, loans and social support as the major reintegration needs sought by the study participants. Despite the many needs identified, the returnees could not get reintegration support. Due to this, they were not able to reintegrate into their communities. Returning to the pre-migration conditions which drove them to migrate 'illegally' in the first place, with no hope of any reintegration assistance, led some returnees to intend re-migrate illegally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the back-to-Haiti movement, a phase of return migration from France to Haiti in the early nineteenth century. The upheaval caused by the Haitian revolution between 1791 and 1804 led thousands of colonists to seek refuge around the Atlantic basin. Although many then chose to remain in their host countries, some decided to return to the country of their birth. The life trajectories of these returning migrants provide critical insights into free black agency within the shifting definitions of race and mobility in the Atlantic world. The diplomatic non-recognition of Haiti by Atlantic powers meant that the migrants developed strategies to secure their travels, using their networks to obtain travel papers and taking circuitous routes via the USA or Saint Thomas to return to Haiti. The back-to-Haiti movement had a significant impact on the construction of post-independence Haiti: the returning migrants capitalized on skills and connections acquired abroad to secure and enhance their status in Haiti, notably through the promotion of migration and education. By following one prominent family, the Granvilles, this essay provides insights into patterns of mobility across linguistic and geographical boundaries. They helped organize and transport migrants from the USA and they – and this was especially true of women – played a key role in the development of education. The Granvilles' integration in both France and Haiti depended on two key strategies: the establishment of extended transnational networks and their image as a family of education and influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is estimated that as a result of decolonization between 500,000 and 800,000 Portuguese settlers left their residence in Africa between 1974 and 1979. For the most part, these people came to Portugal, where they were called "retornados", a name that acquired a pejorative connotation used to identify a population of colonial migrants, mostly white, suddenly displaced due to the collapse of the Portuguese colonial system. Based on bibliographic and archival sources, as well as data from interviews with this population, this article addresses issues of identity and dis-identification related to the arrival of returnees and their integration into Portuguese society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The region of Iraqi Kurdistan (KRI) has undergone to a great change in the economic and social aspects in the last 10 years, the reason and the determinants that brought this modifications has been slightly explored by past scholars. One of the new aspect that touched the region has been the increasing number of returnees, which started after a specific date, the 2013, year of the economic boom in the KRI. This article analyzes how in the region of Iraqi Kurdistan, the improvement of the economic sectors and number of returnees are interconnected, and how when these two data grow, the condition of quasi-state and independence (mainly economic) from the central government also increases. While, when these two data fall, the condition of quasi-state and the conflictual condition with Baghdad stabilized, transforming the situation into a prolonged conflict. For this research four key factors have been analyzed in the period from 2013 till mid-2017: 1) number of returnees, 2) economic growth, 3) business in the energy sector and 4) quasi-state condition. The peculiarity of this article is that thanks to this specific analysis we can understand why and when the KRI reached an higher level of independence from the Iraqi state and why and how this dependence failed. In this article we can see how the condition of quasi-state stopped to improve not because of the September Referendum (which is not mentioned in the study because the time frame detected do not take it into consideration), but because the Kurdish Regional Government made a decisional mistake regarding its economic vision. The results helps us in obtaining a more detailed idea of how the Iraqi Kurds reality can change based on a triadic model: returnees, economic investments and quasi-state condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Historical Population Register (HPR) of Norway gives rise to new research opportunities on a large array of topics spanning medicine, social sciences and humanities. This introductory article outlines the contents of the register, the periods it covers, and its use, particularly with respect to the study of geographic mobility. This article introduces the articles in this issue, which concentrate on the emigration to the US and the returnee emigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This paper aims to focus on a special group of people in family firms in China, the second generation who are returnees, and to study their impact on family ownership and corporate entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approach Survey data from China’s private enterprises in 2015 were used to test the hypotheses. Data were collected through a joint effort by the China Federation of Industry and Commerce and the School of Management of Zhejiang University. The authors used a stratified sampling method, and questionnaires were distributed to 12 provinces in East, Central and West China. Two sets of questionnaires were distributed and answered.Findings Compared with those family firms without second-generation returnees, the relationship between family ownership and corporate entrepreneurship is significantly enhanced in family firms that have second-generation returnees. Furthermore, compared with the second-generation returnees who stay overseas for a short time, returnees who stay overseas longer are more likely to promote corporate entrepreneurship.Originality/value This study explores the unique characteristics of second-generation returnees and explores these returnees’ impact on family ownership and corporate entrepreneurship in the Chinese context. This could generate a new value to the family entrepreneurship literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how geographic mobility is implicated in the process of bonding with place. By using data collected from a survey of a group of college graduates who grew up in Chaohu and left their hometown in their young adulthood, four types of migrants (Translocals, Departers, Aliens, and Settlers) and three types of returnees (the Trapped, the Bonded, and the Rooted) are classified. This research acknowledges the significance of traditional influences in people's bonds with places; meanwhile, it challenges the conservative view of seeing attachment/belonging to the homeland as universal and unconditioned. The findings also show that educated young migrants tend to have a greater desire to be integrated into the host city, and they are more prone to be accepted by the new socio-spatial environment. Taken together, this study corroborates the idea that geographic mobility does not undermine place-based attachment/belonging but tends to attenuate its intensity. Attachment/belonging is not necessarily limited to one single place; yet, attachment/belonging ascribed by birth still has an advantage over the attachment/belonging acquired by residence. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT We investigate post-war economic activity choices of displaced and just-returned individuals. In particular, the effect of living in an internally displaced persons camp on the choice of economic activities is analysed. Because individuals relocating away from camps may be different from those staying in them, a recursive bivariate probit procedure is used to control for selection on unobservables. The empirical procedure also relies on merging survey data with the micro-level dataset on conflict events. This allows us to incorporate conflict in the framework, but also to use a bivariate probit procedure to control for endogeneity (selection of households out of camps). This work contributes to literature on household labour allocation and economics of conflict. Results show that residing in a camp has varied effects on the choice of economic activities. Individuals in camps may be more inclined than those who choose to return home, to engage in certain economic activities. One of the key lessons that could be drawn from this paper is that internally displaced persons may possess important livelihood skills that post-conflict development interventions need to take advantage of, in order to fast-track recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we show that heritage speakers and returnees are fundamentally different from the majority of adult second language learners with respect to their use of collocations (Laufer & Waldman, 2011). We compare the use of lexical collocations involving yap- “do” and et- “do” among heritage speakers of Turkish in Germany (n = 45) with those found among Turkish returnees (n = 65) and Turkish monolinguals (n = 69). Language use by returnees is an understudied resource although this group can provide crucial insights into the specific language ability of heritage speakers. Results show that returnees who had been back for one year avoid collocations with yap- and use some hypercorrect forms in et-, whilst returnees who had been back for seven years at the time of recording produce collocations that are quantitatively and qualitatively similar to those of monolingual speakers of Turkish. We discuss implications for theories of ultimate attainment and incomplete acquisition in heritage speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper uses census and survey data to identify the wage earning ability and the selection of recent Romanian migrants and returnees on observable characteristics. We construct measures of selection across skill groups and estimate the average and the skill-specific premium for migration and return for three typical destinations of Romanian migrants after 1990. Once we account for migration costs, we find evidence that the selection and sorting of migrants are driven by different returns to skills in countries of destination. Our identification strategy for the effects of work experience abroad permits a cautious causal interpretation of the premium to return migration. This premium increases with migrants' skills and drives the positive selection of returnees relative to non-migrants. Based on the compatibility of the results with rationality in the migration decisions, we simulate a rational-agent model of education, migration and return. Our results suggest that for a source country like Romania relatively high rates of temporary migration might have positive long-run effects on average skills and wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Silogismo is the property of Revista Silogismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Adopting a knowledge-based perspective and embeddedness theory, this study examines the impact of reverse knowledge spillovers from local Chinese firms to foreign firms using a sample of high-tech firms in Zhongguancun Science Park in China. It also investigates whether returnees in foreign firms help bridge knowledge gaps between local firms and foreign firms. The results show that the presence of returnee CEOs and returnee employees enhances the impact of reverse technological and marketing spillovers on the innovation and financial performance of foreign firms. The findings call for more studies on the social dimensions of knowledge spillovers across international boundaries and have important theoretical and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 1990s, the former Yugoslavia became synonymous with ethnic cleansing, internal displacement and refugee movements. Two decades later, significant problems and challenges remain. This article focuses on two important issues confronting post-conflict Croatia – namely Serb returnees and Croat settlers. The purpose of this research is to demonstrate that in the case of both returnees and settlers, (re)integration has been heavily neglected and must now be a priority. Arguing that returnees and settlers will not enjoy fully normal lives in Croatia until they have been (re)integrated, the threefold purpose of this article is to explore some of the problems that both groups continue to face; to reflect on ways of facilitating their (re)integration; and to draw much-needed attention to the settler issue, including how it impacts upon inter- and intra-ethnic relations. The article is based on fieldwork in and around Knin, in western Croatia, in April 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose – Drawing on career and self-initiated expatriation/repatriation literatures, this paper aims to examine the career experiences of Chinese self-initiated repatriates after their return to China. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted an exploratory, qualitative study involving in-depth interviews with 20 Chinese individuals who returned to China after spending at least three years living, studying and/or working in a range of "host" countries. Findings – This study shows that the career agency of Chinese returnees reflects both independent and interdependent factors. It provides specific empirical support for Tams and Arthur's argument that career agency is impacted by both individual and contextual factors. Research limitations/implications – The findings indicate the central role played by individual proactivity and contextual influences during self-initiated repatriation. The small sample size allows for rich data, but limits the generalizability of the findings. Practical implications – Managerial practices that address the unique career values and expectations of self-initiated repatriates can facilitate the application of skills and knowledge acquired abroad to the local context. Policy makers should provide more institutional support to encourage and facilitate the return of overseas Chinese. Originality/value – This study is among only a small number to explore the experiences of self-initiated repatriates in developing countries. Recent research has addressed the importance of recognizing and identifying the boundaries that constrain and enable global careers. This study identifies a number of such boundaries and also adds to the understanding of the challenges and difficulties of repatriation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the links among identity, belonging and cultural practices within the context of migration, and pays particular attention to the cultural assets accumulated by a group of Argentine migrants to Spain and returnees. Relying on the asset accumulation framework, we analyse 49 interviews conducted in the cities of Barcelona and Buenos Aires. Both the quantitative and qualitative data presented in this paper suggest that, for Argentine migrants, 'language and culture' represents a significant reason for choosing Spain as destination. These findings lead us to introduce the notion of cultural assets to refer to investments and savings in cultural capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the syntactic competence of bilingual Portuguese-German returnees who have lost regular contact with their L2 (German). The main criterion which distinguishes the participants is the age of input loss. This allows their division into two main groups: speakers who lost German input during early childhood (between ages seven and ten) and speakers who were eleven or older when they moved away from the German environment. Focusing on verb placement in main and embedded clauses, the available data show strong evidence of the existence of a stabilization phase following the acquisition period. The speakers who lost L2 input earlier than age eleven show significantly more syntactic deficits than the other speakers. However, the observed attrition effects seem to be the result of insufficient L2 activation, rather than the expression of undergoing competence loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, I explore the experiences of five Japanese returnees (kikokushijo). The participants recorded taped monologues or wrote narratives reflecting on their time spent living abroad and of returning to Japan. These retrospective life stories revealed four prominent themes of conflict: group orientation; bullying and victimisation; identity issues; and modes of classroom interaction. A detailed discussion of these themes includes various implications for how changes in the Japanese education system can assist in the integration of returnees at both the high school and university level. [image omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compulsory return of the Portuguese settlers from Africa was the largest European repatriation in terms of proportion in the metropolis population, representing a 5% increment within an economic deceleration and a political and social agitation period, in a post-revolutionary context in Portugal. A previous comparative approach seems obvious, taking into account the parallels, but also the differences, with other repatriation processes, especially with the pieds-noirs return from the French Algeria since it shares three characteristics with the Portuguese repatriation: an unexpected significant population displacement, focused on a short period of time, from which resulted a massive chaotic exodus. However, they are allegedly distinctive when comparing the social integration dynamics: a quick and supposedly 'peaceful' social inclusion of the Portuguese returnees and a conflicting one of the pieds-noirs, not yet fully achieved. The mass exodus, the reception and the integration of about half million returnees had considerable demographic, economic, political and sociocultural impacts in the Portuguese society, perceived by the returnees and by the host community. Therefore, intending to identify and analyze the social representations regarding this particular migration movement, the survey included 1293 news, collected from two newspapers, Primeiro de Janeiro e Diário de Notícias, both with national coverage and considerable influence, between May 1974 and August 1979, a period that contemplates the first exodus, in 1974, up to the apparent 'peaceful' and total integration of the returnees, in 1979. Social perceptions were framed and conveyed by the press, and dominant discourses can be reinforced and shaped by editing choices: the news framework and organization, the issues addressed and the vocabulary preferences which embody valuation positions. The survey results, crossed with the bibliographical research, mainly aims to contribute to a greater knowledge about an historic event that has not yet been significantly explored by the Social Sciences, especially in the historiography field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We identify a causal mechanism of returnee policies in China on innovation. • Returnee policies promote innovation by linking returnee firms with financial institutions. • Returnee policies also moderate the positive effect of external resources on innovation. • Returnee policies have much less of a promotion effect on the sale of new products of firms. • The causal mechanism of returnee policies is complex and needs further investigation. The role of returnee entrepreneurs is an alternative mechanism in stimulating innovation in Chinese firms. However, after years of living abroad, returnee entrepreneurs encounter difficulty in financing due to the lack of local connections. Therefore, creating a resource-munificent context to alleviate the above difficulty becomes an emerging strategy of returnee policies. With this study, we try to explain whether and how such kind of policies promote innovation. By drawing on panelized data from 30,890 firm-year observations in the Zhongguancun Science Park, and based on a causal mediation analysis framework, this study presents a comprehensive view of relationships between returnee policies, corporation financing, and innovation performance. Our findings reveal that the policies promote innovation through the mediation effect of corporate financing, and the policies moderates the promotion effect of corporate financing on innovation performance. The study also offers evidence-based implications for policymakers and has practical meaning for returnee entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Migration to India is a common livelihood strategy for poor people in remote Western Nepal. To date, little research has explored the degree and nature of healthcare access among Nepali migrant workers in India. This study explores the experiences of returnee Nepali migrants with regard to accessing healthcare and the perspectives of stakeholders in the government, support organizations, and health providers working with migrant workers in India.Methods: Six focus group discussions (FGDs) and 12 in-depth interviews with returnee migrants were conducted by trained moderators in six districts in Western Nepal in late 2017. A further 12 stakeholders working in the health and education sector were also interviewed. With the consent of the participants, FGDs and interviews were audio-recorded. They were then transcribed and translated into English and the data were analysed thematically.Results: The interviewed returnee migrants worked in 15 of India's 29 states, most as daily-wage labourers. Most were from among the lowest castes so called-Dalits. Most migrants had had difficulty accessing healthcare services in India. The major barriers to access were the lack of insurance, low wages, not having an Indian identification card tied to individual biometrics so called: Aadhaar card. Other barriers were unsupportive employers, discrimination at healthcare facilities and limited information about the locations of healthcare services.Conclusions: Nepali migrants experience difficulties in accessing healthcare in India. Partnerships between the Nepali and Indian governments, migrant support organizations and relevant stakeholders such as healthcare providers, government agencies and employers should be strengthened so that this vulnerable population can access the healthcare they are entitled to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This thesis proposes to examine why the decolonisation's exodus of Portuguese Africa that started in 1974 was felt and described by many Portuguese who had been living in Angola and Mozambique as a psychologically painful experience and also intend to identify the most influent factors in their negative feelings on this displacement's consequences in their lives. Considering that the departure of the colonies has represented a social and cultural rupture and an identity disruption that caused a transitional trauma in these former settlers who have felt the displacement as an 'existential amputation'. The beliefs, experiences, perceptions and emotional states which are reported in epistolary and institutional testimonies on the transition to the independences, during the departure and after the arrival at Portugal allow to state that these narratives of the exodus (of recent memories) are grounded on legitimisation, complaint, victimization and accountability discourses. The first two are based on colonial beliefs, realities and experiences as the definitive establishment, the luso-tropical mystifications, the physical and emotional distance from the metropolis and the strong connection of belonging and ownership claimed by the 'shed sweat' and by the 'umbilical affection' to Africa. In addition to the ending of a collective identification reality and of life projects, the 'African dream' ended with material losses and moral and emotional damages which generated abandonment, panic and indignation feelings. The practical difficulties of installation into Portugal (financial and to satisfy basic needs such as housing and food) and psychological ones (of maladjustment) reinforced a victimization discourse anchored in an injustice feeling and on a deserved compensation claim and accented the accountability discourse of national powers marked by disbelief, resentment and betrayal feelings. Upon the arrival, these discourses have been produced by the clash of the categorization's anathema of 'returnees', at that time associated to stereotypical prejudices, of the conflicting relationship with residents and their judicial and of their accusatory perspective about decolonization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]