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The purpose of this study was to examine the shear fatigue strengths of a resin composite bonded to dentin. Three adhesive systems - a two-step self-etch adhesive (OptiBond XTR; Kerr) and two universal adhesives [Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE) and G-Premio Bond (GC)] - were used in self-etch mode to bond a resin composite to dentin at a physiologic frequency of 2 Hz over 50,000, 100,000, and 1,000,000 cycles. A staircase method of fatigue testing was used. Twenty specimens were used for each test condition. There was no significant difference in shear fatigue strength across the cycling periods for the three individual adhesives. Differences in shear fatigue strength were found among the three adhesives within each cycling period. Regardless of the adhesive used in self-etch mode for bonding a resin composite to dentin, shear fatigue strength was not influenced by the number of cycles used for testing., (© 2018 Eur J Oral Sci.)

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of different smear layers on enamel and dentin bond durability of various types of self-etch adhesives., Methods: Two universal adhesives, Scotchbond Universal (SU) and Prime & Bond elect (PE); a conventional single-step self-etch adhesive, G-ænial Bond (GB); and two two-step self-etch adhesives, Optibond XTR (OX) and Clearfil SE Bond (SE) were used in this study. Shear bond strengths (SBS) and shear fatigue strengths (SFS) to human enamel and dentin were determined with different smear layer conditions. The prepared specimens were divided into three groups. The bonding surfaces were prepared by grinding with either (1) #180, (2) #600, or (3) #4000-SiC papers before making the bonded assemblies. For each group, 15 specimens were prepared for the SBS and 30 specimens for the SFS., Results: The two-step self-etch adhesives showed significantly higher SFS values than the single-step self-etch adhesives, regardless of the smear layer condition or substrate. Although most of the tested adhesives showed no significant differences in enamel SFS values among the smear layer groups, SU, GB, and SE showed significantly lower SFS values in the #180 in dentin groups than the #600 and #4000 groups., Conclusion: The influence of different smear layer conditions on bond durability was adhesive dependent. Furthermore, the smear layers generated on different substrates also influenced the bond quality of the self-etch adhesives., Significance: Smear layer conditions of enamel and dentin influence the bond durability of universal adhesives and conventional single and two-step self-etch adhesives., (Copyright © 2017 The Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of double-layer application of universal adhesives on the bond quality and compare to other adhesive systems., Methods: Two universal adhesives used were in this study: Scotchbond Universal (SU), [3M ESPE] and Prime & Bond elect (PE), [Dentsply Caulk]. The conventional single-step self-etch adhesives G-ӕnial Bond (GB), [GC Corporation.] and BeautiBond (BB), [Shofu Inc.], and a two-step self-etch adhesive, Optibond XTR (OX), [Kerr Corporation], were used as comparison adhesives. Shear bond strengths (SBS) and shear fatigue strengths (SFS) to human enamel and dentin were measured in single application mode and double application mode. For each test condition, 15 specimens were prepared for SBS testing and 30 specimens for SFS testing., Results: Enamel and dentin SBS of the universal adhesives in the double application mode were significantly higher than those of the single application mode. In addition, the universal adhesives in the double application mode had significantly higher dentin SFS values than those of the single application mode. The two-step self-etch adhesive OX tended to have lower bond strengths in the double application mode, regardless of the test method or adherent substrate., Conclusion: The double application mode is effective in enhancing SBS and SFS of universal adhesives, but not conventional two-step self-etch adhesives., Significance: These results suggest that, although the double application mode may enhance the bonding quality of a universal adhesive, it may be counter-productive for two-step self-etch adhesives in clinical use., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of different frequency rates on of bond durability of self-etch adhesives to enamel using shear fatigue strength (SFS) testing., Methods: A two-step self-etch adhesive (OX, OptiBond XTR), and two single step self-etch adhesives (GB, G-ӕnial Bond and SU, Scotchbond Universal) were used in this study. The shear fatigue strength (SFS) to enamel was obtained. A staircase method was used to determine the SFS values with 50,000 cycles or until failure occurred. Fatigue testing was performed at frequencies of 5Hz, 10Hz, and 20Hz. For each test condition, 30 specimens were prepared for the SFS testing., Results: Regardless of the bond strength test method, OX showed significantly higher SFS values than the two single-step self-etch adhesives. For each of the three individual self-etch adhesives, there was no significant difference in SFS depending on the frequency rate, although 20Hz results tended to be higher., Conclusions: Regardless of the self-etch adhesive system, frequencies of 5Hz, 10Hz, and 20Hz produced similar results in fatigue strength of resin composite bonded to enamel using 50,000 cycles or until bond failure., Significance: Accelerated fatigue testing provides valuable information regarding the long term durability of resin composite to enamel bonding using self-etch adhesive system., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To use shear bond strength (SBS) and shear fatigue strength (SFS) testing to determine the influence of phosphoric acid pre-etching times prior to application of self-etch adhesives on enamel bonding., Materials and Methods: Two single-step self-etch universal adhesives (Prime&Bond Elect and Scotchbond Universal), a conventional single-step self-etch adhesive (G-ӕnial Bond), and a conventional two-step self-etch adhesive (OptiBond XTR) were used. The SBS and SFS were obtained with phosphoric acid pre-etching for 3, 10, or 15 s prior to application of the adhesives, and without pre-etching (0 s) as a control. A staircase method was used to determine the SFS with 10 Hz frequency for 50,000 cycles or until failure occurred. The mean demineralization depth for each treated enamel surface was also measured using a profilometer., Results: For all the adhesives, the groups with pre-etching showed significantly higher SBS and SFS than groups without pre-etching. However, there was no significant difference in SBS and SFS among groups with > 3 s of preetching. In addition, although the groups with pre-etching showed significantly deeper demineralization depths than groups without pre-etching, there was no significant difference in depth among groups with > 3 s of pre-etching., Conclusion: Three seconds of phosphoric acid pre-etching prior to application of self-etch adhesive can enhance enamel bonding effectiveness.

Objective: Etch and resin infiltration morphologies were compared for three self-etch adhesive (SEA) systems and eleven model etch-and-rinse (ERA) systems using various phosphoric acid (PA) concentrations with Adper Single Bond Plus (SB) adhesive. Matches for the morphologies were made between each SEA system and one of the PA/SB systems and bond strength measurements were made for all the systems. The hypothesis was that similar morphology would result in similar bond strength assuming micro-mechanical bonding is the mechanism of adhesion., Methods: Three specimens were prepared on polished (4000 grit) human enamel for each adhesive system to examine etch and resin infiltration morphology by SEM. For the latter, the adhesive systems were bonded using recommended methods and the enamel was dissolved in acid to reveal the resin. The etch patterns for the SEA systems were determined by rinsing off the material with water and acetone. Polished (4000 grit) human enamel was used with each adhesive system to determine 24-h resin composite to enamel shear bond strengths (SBS). A minimum of 10 specimens were used for each group. Data were analyzed by a one factor ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD post hoc test., Results: The SBS to polished enamel for two of the three SEA systems were statistically significantly greater (p<0.05) than the PA/SB matched systems, indicating that chemical bonding might be partly responsible for the measured bond strength. All three SEA systems provided statistically lower (p<0.05) SBS values than the PA/SB systems with PA concentrations between 2.5% and 40%., Significance: Although chemical bonding may be present for some SEA systems it does not provide enough increase in bond strength to compete with the bond produced by ERA systems using phosphoric acid etching of enamel.

Objective: Bond strengths of composite resin to enamel using four self-etch adhesive (SEA) systems were compared with the bond strength of an etch-and-rinse adhesive (ERA) system, for both polished enamel and enamel pre-etched with phosphoric acid. The objective was to determine if the pre-etching would increase the bond strengths of the SEA systems to match the ERA system., Methods: Ten specimens were used for each adhesive to determine 24-h resin composite to enamel shear bond strengths (SBS) to polished (4000 grit) human enamel and this was repeated for the SEA systems for enamel that was pre-etched with phosphoric acid for 15s. SEM analysis was made to assess the degree of etching and resin penetration into enamel for each of the adhesive systems. Data were analyzed by a two factor ANOVA with a Tukey HSD post hoc test., Results: The SBS to polished enamel for all four SEA systems were statistically significantly lower (p<0.05) than the ERA control, but with pre-etched enamel there were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) between any of the adhesive systems. All four of the SEA systems demonstrated statistically significant increases in bond strength between bonding to polished and pre-etched enamel, ranging from 27% to 86%. The results of SEM analysis showed no differences in the resin penetration patterns of any of the adhesives for enamel that was etched with phosphoric acid., Significance: Pre-etching enamel may enhance the bond strength of SEA systems to values comparable with those found with ERA adhesive systems, which may improve their overall performance in clinical use.

Objective: Fatigue testing of adhesive bonds to tooth structures in conjunction with bond strength testing can provide more useful information for examining the effectiveness of dental adhesives. The purpose of this study was to determine the shear bond strength (SBS) and shear fatigue limit (SFL) of composite to enamel bonds using modern adhesive systems., Methods: Twelve specimens each were used to determine 24-h resin composite (Z100-3M ESPE) to enamel shear bond strengths with an etch-and-rinse system (ERA), Adper Single Bond Plus (SB), and four self-etch adhesives (SEA)--Adper Prompt-L-Pop (PLP), Clearfil SE (CSE), Clearfil S(3) (CS3) and Xeno IV (X4). A staircase method of fatigue testing was used in a four-station fatigue cycler to determine the SFL of composite to enamel bonds with the adhesives (16-20 specimens for each adhesive) at 0.25 Hz for 40,000 cycles. ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used for the SBS data and a modified t-test with Bonferroni correction was used for comparisons of the SFL., Results: The SBS and SFL of the etch-and-rinse system were significantly greater (p<0.05) than those of the four self-etch adhesives. The SBS and SFL of CSE were also significantly greater than for the other three self-etch systems. The ratio of SFL to SBS was highest with the etch-and-rinse system and the ratio became increasing smaller in the same order that the values for SBS decreased with the self-etch systems., Significance: The lower fatigue limits for composite to enamel bonds obtained with the self-etch adhesive systems may indicate that greater enamel margin breakdown will occur with restorations where these systems are used for bonding.

Objective: A previous study found that the shear bond strength (SBS) to bovine enamel for the self-etching adhesive Adper Prompt-L-Pop (PLP) was 75% of that found with the etch-and-rinse material SingleBond, while the comparative value for the shear fatigue limit (SFL) was only 58% at 10(5) load cycles. Resin penetration into the enamel surface was substantially less for PLP but it was not conclusive that this was the reason for the lower results cited above. The objective of this study was to determine if pre-etching enamel would substantially improve the SBS and SFL of the PLP adhesive over those found in the previous study., Materials and Methods: All test methods were the same as for the previous study. SBS measurements were conducted for composite bonds to bovine enamel using a phosphoric acid pre-etch with the PLP adhesive (PLP-10) and for a conventional enamel-bonding adhesive (EB). Fatigue testing was done with the same test fixtures, load cycling at 2Hz up to a maximum of 10(5) cycles at four selected peak load values between 35 and 60% of the respective bond strengths. Fatigue limits were determined from the data obtained. SEM analysis of resin penetration of the enamel surface was carried out for each adhesive., Results: A significantly greater SBS and SFL were found for EB (SBS: 30.4MPa; SFL: 15.6MPa) than for PLP-10 (SBS: 20.2MPa; SFL: 9.9MPa). Compared with previously found results, the pre-etching of enamel had no significant improvement in SBS and only slight improvement in SFL. Resin tag penetration of the enamel surface for PLP-10 was similar to that previously found for PLP alone, suggesting that the porosity created by phosphoric acid was effectively removed by the acidic PLP adhesive., Significance: Unlike some self-etching adhesives reported in the literature, pre-etching enamel did not improve the performance of the Prompt-L-Pop adhesive.

Objective: Etching of enamel by self-etching adhesive systems is not as pronounced as with phosphoric acid employed with most total-etch adhesive systems. This may result in differences in the effectiveness of the bonds for the two types of systems. The aim of this study was to compare two such systems by bond strength and fatigue testing., Materials and Methods: Shear bond strengths for Single Bond (SB) and Adper Prompt-L-Pop (PLP) were obtained on bovine enamel surfaces. Fatigue measurements were made with the same test fixtures using cyclical loading at 2 Hz for a maximum of 10(5) cycles or until the bond failed. Four selected loads between 40 and 70% of the shear bond strength were tested for each adhesive and the number of cycles to failure was recorded. S-N curves were constructed from the data and fatigue stress limits were determined. The Mann-Whitney U-test and t-tests were used for statistical comparisons of the results. SEM analysis of resin tag formation into enamel surfaces was carried out., Results: A significantly greater bond strength was found for SB (25.3 MPa) than for PLP (19.2). Sustainable stresses after 10(5) load cycles were substantially lower than the corresponding shear bond strengths and fatigue limits were found to be 8.4 MPa for PLP and 14.6 MPa for SB. The ratio of fatigue limit to bond strength was less for PLP (44%) than for SB (57%). Resin tag penetration into enamel was substantially less for PLP than for SB., Significance: Fatigue testing in conjunction with bond strength testing can provide a better means for assessing the performance of adhesive systems used for bonding to enamel.