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The German-born American scientist Jacques Loeb (1859-1924) was one of the most important promoters of experimental biology around 1900. He was best known for his physico-chemical explanations of psychological processes and his biotechnological approach to artificial parthenogenesis. At the start of the First World War, Loeb was deeply troubled by the deterioration of the international scientific community and the growing alienation of his German and American colleagues. The aim of this paper is to examine Jacques Loeb's activities aimed at advancing scientific internationalism before, during, and after the war. Loeb, for example, tried to negotiate the publication of German authors in American journals during the war, at a time when this was categorically rejected by publishers. Immediately after the war, he tried to create a specific system aimed at disseminating scientific literature and funding selected European colleagues, in order to overcome what he considered reactionary and hegemonic forces within German scientific institutions. His correspondence with eminent scientists from all over the world (amongst them Albert Einstein, Richard Goldschmidt, Otto Meyerhof, Otto Warburg, Paul Ehrlich, Wolfgang Ostwald, Wilhelm Roux, and Ross Harrison) will serve as a source for the analysis. Special emphasis will be placed on the question how Jacques Loeb integrated epistemology, his particular world view, and his social commitment into the workings of his own life and how he tried to extend his scientific goal of controlling biological systems to the sphere of international science.

Reviews the recent history of successful international cooperative scientific projects. Considers the present level of international science, and supports the notion that the best context for all of science is the global community. Promotes participation by scientists in international scientific organizations. (CS)

The article discusses the highlights of the 2011 Singapore International Science Challenge (SISC) co-organized by the National Junior College and the Ministry of Education. Components of the competitive element of SISC 2011 are presented including the Research Project Poster Challenge, the Design and Build Challenge, and the Future Problem Challenge. Activities are focused on five sub-themes. The highlight of the students' programmes involved learning journeys to the Biopolis and Fusionopolis.

The article discusses about the Tenth International Science and Technology Conference on "Knowledge-Intensive Chemical Technologies," that was held on September 7-10, 2004, at Volgograd State Technical University, Volgograd, Russia. All the reports submitted to the section Chemistry and Technology of Drugs and Biologically Active Substances were distinguished by a high scientific level and combination of fundamental and applied aspects of the works. Participants in the work of the section Technology of Production of Inorganic Materials were researchers from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Solikamsk, Ufa, Sterlitamak, Stavropol, Ivanovo, Novomoskovsk, and Perm.

The unregulated discharge reams of food waste (FW) causes severe resource loss and environmental pollution. In the present study, a bibliometric analysis was used for research activities and tendencies of food waste from 1991 to 2015. The results indicated that the amount of FW research continually grew by the years, and the number of publications rose significantly from 2012. Bioresource Technology and Waste Management were the two most frequently published journals in the field of FW research. China took a leading position and had a high h-index (38) out of 94 countries/territories, followed by the USA and South Korea. Presently, anaerobic digestion for methane and dark fermentation for hydrogen production are the mainstream techniques in FW disposal. Lactic and ethanol fermentation from FW received more and more attention in recent years. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was an ever-increasingly popular evaluation method for FW-related research. Moreover, cluster analysis indicated microbial community structure, food security, leachate, and pathogens were also the research hotspots.

Scientific inquiry has been the hottest topic in international science education area for a long time, and this paper is based on the National Science Education Standards of the United States to discuss about the development of scientific inquiry and to reflect on the transformation of its content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that the India International Science Festival (IISF) 2015 was held recently that signified a collective effort towards nurturing scientific temper at the global level. The event was inaugurated by Harsh Vardhan, Union Minister for Science and Technology, and Earth Sciences of India.

Understanding the nature of science (NOS) has long been a desired outcome of science education, despite ongoing disagreements about the content, structure, and focus of NOS expectations. Addressing the concern that teachers likely focus only on student learning expectations appearing in standards documents, this study examines the current state of NOS in science education standards documents from nine diverse countries to determine the overt NOS learning expectations that appeared, NOS statements provided near those learning expectations, but not identified as learning outcomes (such as chart column headers or footnotes), and NOS statements found in ancillary text (e.g., introductory material or appendices). Findings indicate that NOS ideas rarely occur as expectations for student learning and are far more commonly found in ancillary material. Moreover, consensus was not apparent in the overt learning outcomes for students. Given the well-documented poor state of NOS instruction and the consistent lack of NOS appearing in published curriculum materials, the NOS standards appearing in nearly all documents analyzed are unlikely to provide sufficient conceptual or pedagogical support for NOS to be accurately interpreted or translated into meaningful experiences for students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the notion of Science Policy from a postcolonial perspective. It examines the theoretical implications of the recent trend to include emerging and developing countries in international Science Policies by way of the case study of Switzerland. This country's new international science policy instruments and measures have challenged the classical distinction between international scientific cooperation and development cooperation, with consequences on standards and evaluation criteria. The analysis reveals that the underlying assumptions of the concept of Science Policy perpetuate traditional asymmetries in the global political economy of science. The paper suggests that the present legacy of Science Policy institutions and practices needs to be transformed to reflect an increasingly diverse spectrum of scientific purposes and traditions. It offers a revised set of foundational assumptions on Science Policy and, more broadly, proposes a fresh point of entry for the field of Science & Technology Studies (STS) to contribute to the Science Policy discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author comments on the importance of implementing space program, providing support to basic research, and the development of an international science foundation in the U.S. The author argues that enough allocation of funds and the availability of technically trained manpower can help combat the economic problems encountered by the country. Furthermore, the establishment of science foundation contributes to the improvement and progress of the country's technology.

Reports that Nanjing University, southern China, is still the country's most productive source of scientific papers. How other universities compare with Nanjing; Statistics from `Science Citation Index'; Reasons for Nanjing's leadership; Skepticism about Nanjing's performance.

Reports on the election of the International Union of Psychological Science as a member of the International Council of Scientific Unions. Implication of the election on the field of psychology; History of the Union.

Research, technological development and innovation contribute directly to Europe's prosperity and well-being of citizens and society. The European Union has a leading role in the international science and technology. In terms of innovation, Romania belongs to the group of emerging innovative countries in the European Union. Its RDI system has interrelated shortcomings, being at a considerable distance even from the countries in the group of emerging innovators. Against this background, this paper analyses key factors that hinder innovative activities in Romania, as well as the position occupied in the European rankings as compared to the group of innovative leader countries, but also with the group of emerging innovative countries. The methodology used in the research topic is qualitative, with specific methods (document analysis, comparative analysis), but also quantitative. The objective of the paper is to identify, present and analyse innovation barriers in Romania compared to other member states of the European Union. The work also has certain limitations, and the most important one is that the data available at this moment in the European databases are up to the level of the years 2020-2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research is a highly competitive profession where evaluation plays a central role; journals are ranked and individuals are evaluated based on their publication number, the number of times they are cited and their h -index. Yet such evaluations are often done in inappropriate ways that are damaging to individual careers, particularly for young scholars, and to the profession. Furthermore, as with all indices, people can play games to better their scores. This has resulted in the incentive structure of science increasingly mimicking economic principles, but rather than a monetary gain, the incentive is a higher score. To ensure a diversity of cultural perspectives and individual experiences, we gathered a team of academics in the fields of ecology and evolution from around the world and at different career stages. We first examine how authorship, h -index of individuals and journal impact factors are being used and abused. Second, we speculate on the consequences of the continued use of these metrics with the hope of sparking discussions that will help our fields move in a positive direction. We would like to see changes in the incentive systems, rewarding quality research and guaranteeing transparency. Senior faculty should establish the ethical standards, mentoring practices and institutional evaluation criteria to create the needed changes.

Objective: This paper aims to evaluate the quality of scientific production in family medicine in Mexico and identify gaps in the development of research in this medical discipline. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed original articles, reviews, case reports, and editorials published from Mexico, from the year 2014 to 2023, in the three family medicine journals edited in the country. Several bibliometric indicators were evaluated. Attributes that confer validity in original articles were analyzed, and through random sampling, 10% were selected to determine their quality using checklists. Results: A total of 627 articles were analyzed; among these, 57.89% were original, 19.61% reviews, 17.06% editorials, and 5.42% case reports. Our analysis revealed significant disparities in research activity across regions in Mexico. Productivity, transience, and isolation indices were 2.79, 78.58%, and 54.05%, respectively, while the Price index was 42.74%. A small percentage of articles received funding and followed guidelines for medical research reporting (0.47% and 0.63%, respectively). The analysis of validity attributes in original articles revealed that 92.83% were observational, 88.98% were unicentric, in 47.38%, no sample size calculation was performed or specified, while in 12.12%, sampling was probabilistic. In the evaluation of the original articles, more than 60% showed limitations that compromised their quality. Conclusions: The number of published articles, along with their bibliometric, validity, and quality attributes, reflect significant gaps in the generation and dissemination of knowledge in family medicine in Mexico. This shows a transgenerational problem, identified in many countries, where the advancement of family medicine as a specialty is limited by low research productivity and methodological weaknesses in reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's discussion regarding the two new thrusts for science in the future, first scientists must learn to participate in the solution of problems and second, scientists must help to demonstrate the value of international science. He states that predicting the future of Antarctica, a region primarily dedicated to science, might seem to be mainly a task of extending the existing patterns, but the world consists of the sum of all its parts. He stresses that it should not be assumed that even remote areas such as Antarctica do not or should not play some part in the shaping of the future of mankind.

The article describes the nonmilitary program in science carried out under the aegis of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Advanced Studies Institute Program has been the most successful of the NATO scientific programs and in some respects it is outstanding among the generally recognized international science programs. A number of institutions for the support of particular branches of applied science have been established within NATO. international collaborative projects in fields such as oceanography and meteorology and international collaborative projects in other fields are included in the programs.

The article looks at some general trends that are observable during the first half of the twentieth century. Nearly all scientific research was done in the universities. The decline of international science before the first world war is described. From 1919 to 1934 there was a fifteen year period in which science was unhampered by national boundaries, in which many great advances were made and in which cooperation of all kinds flourished so well that this was not a subject for special comment. This was the period that American science began to mature.

Transnational research networks (TRN) are becoming increasingly complex. Such complexity may have both positive and negative effects on the quality of research. Our work studies the evolution over time of Chinese TRN and the role of complexity on the quality of Chinese research, given the leading role this country has recently acquired in international science. We focus on the fields of geriatrics and gerontology. We build an original dataset of all scientific publications of China in these areas in 2009, 2012 and 2015, starting from the ISI Web of Knowledge (ISI WoK) database. Using Social Network Analysis (SNA), we analyze the change in scientific network structure across time. Second, we design indices to control for the different aspects of networks complexity (number of authors, country heterogeneity and institutional heterogeneity) and we perform negative binomial regressions to identify the main determinants of research quality. Our analysis shows that research networks in the field of geriatrics and gerontology have gradually become wider in terms of countries and have become more balanced. Furthermore, our results identify that different forms of complexity have different impacts on quality, including a reciprocal moderating effect. In particular, according to our analysis, research quality benefits from complex research networks both in terms of countries and of types of institutions involved, but that such networks should be "compact" in terms of number of authors. Eventually, we suggest that complexity should be carefully taken into account when designing policies aimed at enhancing the quality of research., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Despite being coined only in the early 1970s, 'peer review' has become a powerful rhetorical concept in modern academic discourse, tasked with ensuring the reliability and reputation of scholarly research. Its origins have commonly been dated to the foundation of the Philosophical Transactions in 1665, or to early learned societies more generally, with little consideration of the intervening historical development. It is clear from our analysis of the Royal Society's editorial practices from the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries that the function of refereeing, and the social and intellectual meaning associated with scholarly publication, has historically been quite different from the function and meaning now associated with peer review. Refereeing emerged as part of the social practices associated with arranging the meetings and publications of gentlemanly learned societies in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Such societies had particular needs for processes that, at various times, could create collective editorial responsibility, protect institutional finances, and guard the award of prestige. The mismatch between that context and the world of modern, professional, international science, helps to explain some of the accusations now being levelled against peer review as not being 'fit for purpose'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Autologous blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) have been proposed to induce therapeutic angiogenesis for treating cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The aim of the present study was to investigate the proliferative potential and angiogenic characteristics of BOECs among middle-aged and older adults, the population particularly susceptible to CVDs. Methods BOECs were isolated from 48 peripheral blood samples of subjects aged 56 ± 4 years. The cells were then distinguished based on their proliferative abilities, and their phenotype, tube formation capacity, and migratory activity were compared using immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, tube formation assay, and wound healing assay, respectively. Correlations between demographic, clinical, and dietary parameters with the number of BOECs were also assessed. Results A total of 132 BOEC colonies with different proliferative potentials were obtained, including colonies lost proliferative ability before passage 3 (named LPA), stopped proliferating during passage 3–8 (HPA (3–8)), and proliferated after passage 8 (HPA (> 8)). LPA cells appeared later and displayed abnormal morphology, while HPA (3–8) cells exhibited alterations in von Willebrand factor morphology and lower KDR expression. HPA (> 8) cells obtained higher branching intervals and individual cell migration velocity compared with those of HPA (3–8) cells. Correlation analysis showed that the number of both LPA and HPA colonies were positively associated with several CVD risk factors. Additionally, the number of LPA colonies was positively associated with servings of meats and alternatives, fruits, fruits and vegetables, as well as the protein intake. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence that the middle-aged and older populations possess BOECs with different proliferative and angiogenic potentials, exhibiting distinctions in cell morphology, appearance dates, VWF morphology, and KDR expression. Strikingly, a higher number of BOECs is likely associated with an increased risk of CVDs, while the number of BOECs with low proliferative ability may be regulated by diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese President Xi Jinping has advocated for scientific and technological self-reliance amid increasing global tensions over emerging technologies. So far though, reforms to China's innovation ecosystem have fallen short of the goal of developing domestic versions of many of the technologies at the center of U.S.-China competition. The Ministry of Education's new program called "organized scientific research" seeks to address this shortcoming. In so doing, the ministry aims to channel research resources toward strategically relevant sectors—especially in technologies susceptible to U.S. restrictions—while maintaining space for free scientific exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the functional similarities and differences of four-word chunks in the academic discourse of aquaculture by Chinese and international scholars based on Hyland's functional classification method within a corpus-driven approach. The findings reveal that, compared to their international counterparts, Chinese scholars significantly utilize more four-word chunks. Functionally, Chinese scholars frequently employ quantification, structure, framing, and engagement chunks, underscoring the importance they assign to the logic of discourse and the interaction between authors and readers. The infrequent use of description chunks suggests that it is essential for Chinese scholars to fully appreciate the significance of describing research objects, methods, and results in order to convey the foundational and experimental nature of hard science research. Furthermore, the structures of chunks used by Chinese and international scholars to express the same discourse functions differ. The expression of data indication among Chinese scholars appears more solidified. These research results can offer valuable references for academic writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is often advocated as a tool to assist decision-making in conservation investment and research focus. It is frequently suggested that research efforts should prioritize species in higher threat categories and those that are Data Deficient (DD). We assessed the linkage between IUCN listing and research effort in DD and Critically Endangered (CR) species, two groups generally advocated as research priorities. The analysis of the change in the research output following species classification indicated a listing effect in DD species, while such effect was observed in only a minority of CR species groups. DD species, while chronically understudied, seem to be recognized as research priorities, while research effort for endangered species appears to be driven by various factors other than the IUCN listing. Optimized conservation research focus would require international science planning efforts, harmonized through international mechanisms and promoted by financial and other incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on serving of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching community by the editorial team of the "Journal of Research in Science Teaching." Interaction with science educators at several international conferences by the editorial team; Focus on the international science education community; Definition of publication backlog.

The article describes the development of the history of studying the discipline "Methods of ecological research". Three periods are conventionally distinguished, which demonstrate the gradual progress of the formation of this teaching. The first stage (before the 1850s) - scientists began to study the relationship between vegetation, animals and the environment. During this time, such fundamental research methods as detection, tagging, and monitoring of animal dynamics, population monitoring, measurement of biological parameters, and analysis of the impact of human activity on the environment were created. The second stage (1850-1970) - during this period, scientists began to use more sophisticated methods, such as soil and water chemical analysis, gas analysis, radioisotope methods and satellite technology. Standardization of research methods also took place. New areas of research are emerging, such as environmental genetics, molecular ecology, and environmental biochemistry. The third stage (after 1970) is the period when scientists use more precise and advanced research methods, including molecular and genetic methods. Quantitative research methods are being developed, such as mathematical modeling of ecosystems and statistical data analysis. Special attention is paid to the problems of preserving biodiversity, the impact of climate change on ecosystems, and environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Low- and middle-income countries face the dual problem of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) are also at risk of cardiovascular diseases. Hence, we did this study to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) among PLHIV and to find the factors associated with it. Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional analytical study among all adults aged ≥18 years registered at a facility-integrated anti-retroviral therapy center in Puducherry, India, from September 2016 to February 2018. After obtaining informed consent, we interviewed the participants to assess physical activity, alcohol, and tobacco use. We measured weight, height, abdominal circumference, and blood pressure, with biochemical investigations such as blood glucose and lipid profile. Results: Of the total 316 adults PLHIV studied, the most common cardiovascular risk factor found was dyslipidemia (82.7%), followed by inadequate physical activity (74.4%). Other behavioral risk factors studied, such as current tobacco use and current alcohol use, showed a prevalence of 12.8% and 5.4%, respectively, among male participants. The prevalence of hypertension among adult PLHIV studied was 15.8%, and diabetes was 12.3%. In the multivariate analysis, diabetes, and hypertension were significantly associated with age and literacy. Obesity was found to be associated with diabetes and abdominal obesity with dyslipidemia. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia was the most common cardiovascular risk factor, followed by inadequate physical inactivity among PLHIV. Regular screening with blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid profile, and timely cross-referrals can help in the early detection of CVRF among PLHIV and hence improve their quality of life through appropriate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]