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Pacific Island Countries (PICs) advocate for greenhouse gas emissions reductions but face many barriers in transitioning from fossil fuels. Despite these obstacles, PICs aim to shift to renewable energy to meet ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Research suggests that this is limited by state and regulatory capacity, market structures, and access to finance. While these problems are salient, this article argues that discussions remain overly focused on technical solutions. We argue that socio-cultural factors also hinder the transition, including international actors conducting program and project development in the Pacific that insufficiently reflect local context. Drawing on recent decarbonisation policy and renewable energy project examples we argue that PICs are more likely to meet their NDC targets if the transition is fostered through cultural practices for deliberative decision making, such as Talanoa, Talanga, and community-based approaches. Such practices will deliver maximum benefits to communities and ensure a just and sustainable transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU policymakers have adopted legislation to support communities taking responsibility for the energy transition. However, their development and integration are still in their early stages: many studies are performed without considering the overlapped social, economic, political, electrical, and information technology tasks simultaneously. This paper is the first to look at energy communities in their entirety, from the roles of the actors to the organisation, regulation, technical solution, and the market, to the use and business cases. The waterfall methodology was used throughout the work. The results show that energy communities can be viable by becoming reliable players so DSOs can better integrate the acquired flexibility and other services into their processes without compromising power supply. Their technical integration requires a coordinated operation and control of the entire power grid, including transmission and distribution, and the end-users, as proposed by the LINK holistic solution. The suggested fractal-based market structure, with the national, regional and local markets harmonised with the grid, facilitates the direct participation of small customers and distributed resources to the energy market. The results of this work may help policymakers, regulators, and industry representatives define new energy policies and processes related to research and development programs for implementing fully integrated renewable energy communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy communities have been designed to empower consumers while maximizing the self-consumption of local renewable energy sources (RESs). Their presence in distribution systems can result in strong modifications in the operation and management of such systems, moving from a centralized operation to a distributed one. In this scope, this work proposes a distributed community-based local energy market that aims at minimizing the costs of each community member, accounting for the technical network constraints. The alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is adopted to distribute the market, and preserve, as much as possible, the privacy of the prosumers' assets, production, and demand. The proposed method is tested on a 10-bus medium voltage radial distribution network, in which each node contains a large prosumer, and the relaxed branch flow model is adopted to model the optimization problem. The market framework is proposed and modeled in a centralized and distributed fashion. Market clearing on a day-ahead basis is carried out taking into account actual energy exchanges, as generation from renewable sources is uncertain. The comparison between the centralized and distributed ADMM approach shows an 0.098% error for the nodes' voltages. The integrated OPF in the community-based market is a computational burden that increases the resolution of the market dispatch problem by about eight times the computation time, from 200.7 s (without OPF) to 1670.2 s. An important conclusion is that the proposed market structure guarantees that P2P exchanges avoid the violation of the network constraints, and ensures that community agents' can still benefit from the community-based architecture advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Development of intermittent wind generation has necessitated the inclusion of several creative approaches in modeling the deregulated power market with presence of wind sources. The uncertain nature of wind resources will cause the private companies meet several risks in their medium and long term planning in a restructured power market. In addition to considering the uncertainties such as load, fuel costs, wind power generation and technical actions of rivals for modeling the restructured power market, the regulatory policies i.e. incentive policy for wind resources and Carbon tax should be assumed in this approach. Methods: The first contribution of this article is to propose a developed mathematical model in order to evaluate the medium term deregulated power market by assuming the hybrid wind-thermal power plants. The second contribution is to evaluate the impact of different types of Feed in Tariff supports on Market Clearing Price, Expected Cost for Government, profits and contribution of each firm in electricity generation in the restructured power market. Also, the scenario based method has been used to generate the scenarios for wind uncertainties and then their reliability validate based on the statistical methods. Results: The proposed mathematical model in the first contribution is calculated for each season and load levels based on the proposed wind scenarios. The functionality and feasibility of this model is demonstrated by simulation studies. Conclusion: The proposed model in this article can be so useful for evaluating the different types of incentive policies for renewable energies. Moreover, this study confirms the previous researches that selected the Feed in Tariff as an efficient approach for developing the wind resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

District heating and cooling systems have been present on the European market for more than a century, constantly evolving into more efficient energy infrastructures important for decarbonization of the heating and cooling sectors. With roughly 17,000 operational district heating systems, serving over 70 million citizens, currently, the final energy consumption attributed to district heating in Europe is estimated at over 450 TWh. As the European district heating and cooling sector varies extensively in every analyzed aspect, there are vast differences between European countries regarding technical preferences, technological development, market structure and regulatory frameworks of these systems. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the present status of the district heating and cooling systems in Europe with insight(s) and suggestions into future trends. In addition, the provided data serves as a valuable baseline for future research. Finally, this paper draws attention to the new socio-demographic approach, observed when analyzing the district heating and cooling systems, that has been recently introduced into the scientific community. This new approach also reveals the opportunity for creating new indicators that will influence the modeling of existing and future district heating and cooling systems. • Provides a review on ongoing trends in European district heating and cooling sector. • Analyses European DHC systems from technological, market, and regulatory aspect. • Provides an overview on commonly used performance indicators and energy models. • Discusses the possibility of creating new DHC indicators. • Discusses the trends in future DHC development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a cooperative approach aimed at distributed energy resources sizing in a renewable energy community, with considerations of the community's optimal operation, impact on the electrical grid and an allocation of the benefits to its members. To this purpose, multiple investment modes are evaluated via a two-step procedure. In the first step, the size of renewable energy sources is determined by solving an optimization problem that maximizes community welfare, considering network and investments. In the second step, an optimization problem maximizing additional community member profit with price regularization is solved. This step shares benefits among community members. The potential of the proposed procedure is illustrated using a benchmark Dickert-LV network. This is a full y cooperative framework where the community operator is ensuring adequate grid operation, operational planning and sizing of new investments. • Energy communities are a good enabler for energy transition and prosumer empowerment. • The incentive for DER investment that they provide needs quantification. • Intra-community exchanges and co-investments have effects on the grid. • What are the benefits of an energy communities with and without co-investments? • How could these benefits and return on investments be computed? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we provide an in-depth analysis of factors determining energy import demand of EU countries. We suggest a novel approach to study the role of renewable versus non renewable energy sources in shaping the demand for energy imports. The aim of the paper is twofold. First, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the EU energy market structure using country-by-country I–O tables to show the rate of interdependency between EU member states in terms of renewable and non renewable energy flows. Second, we investigate on the role of renewable energy sources in reducing energy dependency in EU countries. The econometric analysis uses data from 26 EU countries observed between 2007 and 2016 available from the Eurostat energy statistics database. The descriptive analysis of I–O electricity tables shows some degree of heterogeneity between countries in terms of energy in- and out-flows. Such heterogeneous market structure suggests the use of panel models in the econometric analysis. Moreover, a lasso regression method has been employed for variables selection to avoid the collinearity. The results show that benefits may arise from replacing energy imports with domestic energy production and from reducing energy dependency rate. Moreover, if import substitution occurs with domestic renewable energy sources additional positive effects are produced in terms of either energy dependency, energy security and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to identify the renewable energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE) policy and regulatory risks and barriers in the Palestinian Territories (PT). An accurate insight into the market structure and normative frameworks for RE and EE investments in the PT is performed. For this purpose, a survey has been conducted through two questionnaires and interviews addressed to public decision-makers and local and foreign sectoral companies to study the market confidence in the field of renewable energy sources (RES) and EE. The questionnaire was designed to investigate the attractiveness of RE and EE in the country by directly involving the various market players and to identify what could encourage or hinder investment. RE and EE are, in fact, a valid response to the needs of the PT to guarantee independence and security of supply, ensure access to energy throughout the territory, and reduce emissions. The climate-related issues are listed in the Palestinian political agenda. National subsidies and grants are offered for investment in RES and EE but are still the main barriers. Developments towards further utilization of RES are in progress continually. Marketing campaigns are stimulating the production of RE and EE promotion. RES and EE laws and regulations are continually issued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adding renewable energy sources (RES) to an electricity market has an ambiguous effect on wholesale prices. The merit order effect (MoE) has a downward pressure on prices while, with market power, higher inframarginal rents will tend to increase prices. We quantify the interaction of the two effects in the Ontario electricity market. We identify the market power effect by simulating transfers of RES capacity from the fringe to larger firms: these transfers increase prices by up to 24%. We then add RES capacity and allocate it to players with varying levels of market power. Following a net expansion of RES capacity of 5% relative to total capacity, prices decrease by 30% when new capacity is assigned to the fringe, but only by 7% when assigned to the largest firm. Our findings show that the MoE is largely mitigated by market power, hence the importance of the market structure in the design of uniform incentives for RES adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable hydrogen is enjoying increasing political and business momentum. But taking full advantage of it will require scaling technologies, reducing costs, deploying enabling infrastructure, and defining appropriate policies and market structures. Since renewable hydrogen could be an important piece in the carbon-free energy puzzle, it is relevant to explore its geopolitical implications as it enables policy makers to navigate a new energy world. Key variables to consider are technology, infrastructure, environment, finance, global markets, and geopolitics. Focusing on renewable hydrogen, this paper provides a methodology to frame these variables, address the challenges they cause, and the potential opportunities. If adopted at scale, we believe the dynamics of future hydrogen markets would be similar to today's natural gas markets - with the potential for similar geopolitical dynamics. Our analysis shows that countries are likely to assume specific roles in future renewable hydrogen systems based on their resource endowment and infrastructure potential. As a result, future geopolitical realities of resource-poor countries in Europe and South-East Asia might look very similar to the present realities, as energy import dependency might continue. We may also witness an emergence of new export champions, such as Australia and North Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve the carbon-neutral goal set for 2060, China has promoted renewable energy development for more than two decades. Meanwhile, China's electricity market is undergoing a new round of reform by introducing more market-oriented mechanisms and changing the market structure. This paper investigates the impact of three electric utility market structures experimented with in China on promoting renewable energy through a simulation model. The three market structures are vertical monopoly, weak monopoly (separation of power generators and grids), and monopolistic competition (Cournot-Nash competition). The model is calibrated with the actual data of the regional utility network in Beijing, Tianjin, and Tangshan areas. The simulation results show that the electricity market structure plays a vital role in renewable electricity, and the competition among utilities tends to benefit renewable energy development (wind power here). The study's conclusions are helpful to our understanding of further reforms in the electric utility industry and the long-term clean energy target in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As variable renewable wind and solar resources constitute a larger fraction of electricity supply, interest in flexible resources, including demand response, dispatchable generation, transmission interconnection, and storage technologies is growing. This paper evaluates the utility of storage assets given different electricity system configurations, market paradigms, and management schemes using a production cost model. When a large share of non-renewable generation is derived from inflexible sources, storage is imperative even at relatively low renewable penetrations. At high renewable penetrations, storage becomes increasingly important in flexible systems as well. In addition to renewable penetration, storage utilization rates are sensitive to the storage assets' market bidding structure and ownership paradigm, particularly in inflexible electricity systems. Storage assets consume during low-cost hours and generate during high-cost hours, regardless of bidding structure, but the price delta is largest for a centrally-controlled storage asset bidding with a price arbitrage motive. Storage utility cannot be deduced from an individual metric, but rather depends on the interaction between bidding mechanism, renewable penetration, and system flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a coordinated modelling assessment that incorporates European energy efficiency and renewable policies with two potential gas market scenarios. First, the impact of EU energy efficiency and renewable policies on natural gas demand is calculated using the PRIMES model 2014 Baseline projection, the Fraunhofer ISI Low Policy Intensity Energy Efficiency scenario, and the Green-X model for renewable deployment. Next, the effect of these policies on the natural gas markets is assessed, using the European Gas Market Model. The model tests scenarios for different positions on long-term gas contracts with Russia assuming different stages of European gas infrastructure development. The findings show that dependency on Russian natural gas can be reduced to low levels without triggering a significant increase in natural gas prices for any single EU member country. In an extreme scenario whereby energy efficiency savings, higher renewable energy sources deployment and the assumed positive gas market developments take place simultaneously, gas cost savings can reach as high as 37%. Benefits arise not only in the most recent round of EU Member States (12 MS) targeted in the study, but are visible across most EU gas markets. This underlines the interlinkages of the whole EU gas market, and the results suggest that security of gas supply is not only a challenge for new Member States, but in the broader European markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides answers to questions raised by Hirth and Ziegenhagen [1] regarding the “German paradox” in the balancing power markets. We show that in spite of the increasing energy production from variable renewable energy sources, there is no need for a higher demand of balancing power in Germany because adaptations in the energy market design were undertaken and Grid Control Cooperations led to immense efficiency savings. Additionally, we investigate the price developments in the German Secondary balancing power market. We find evidence that the suppliers coordinate on a price level which is (far) above the competitive level and that they orientate their power bids towards previous auction prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While cooperative organizations created with the aim to initiate, develop, and operate renewable electricity (RE) projects have received attention for their roles in the transition to a sustainable energy system, the disparities in the number of RE cooperative projects among countries suggest that institutional contexts may have an impact on their deployment. In order to systematically identify the systemic factors that impact their deployment, we use an established framework, considering the strengths and weaknesses in market structure, infrastructures, institutions, interactions, and capabilities. We compare the deployment context in Germany, France, and Sweden in order to understand which systemic factors have an impact and how they affect RE cooperative projects. Based on a review of the literature and qualitative interviews with experts in RE cooperatives, it appears that, although RE cooperative projects share some obstacles with most new entrants of RE, they are particularly exposed to a lack of financial infrastructure, a lack of knowledge and interactions, and problems related to a lack of regulatory frameworks facilitating their deployment. Results also show that systemic factors are complementary and dependent on each other: lowering one barrier lowers other barriers, and some obstacles strengthen other obstacles. Drawing on the comparison among Germany, France, and Sweden, we highlight some interesting practices that could be used in the coordination and alignment of systemic conditions for the deployment of RE cooperative projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze incentives to invest in renewable energy technologies induced by the overlap of two types of policies: feed-in schemes and carbon mitigation instruments. We find that results differ markedly depending on the specific types of policies in place, reflecting different impacts of uncertainty. As a result, the recent reform to the EU-ETS system that has established the Market Stability Reserve (MSR), effective in 2019, requires to appropriately fine-tune the direct RES-E support schemes. We show that this may involve moving away from feed-in tariffs towards feed-in premia. Our results suggest that the schemes currently adopted in Germany and in Italy, broadly based on feed-in premia for large generators and on feed-in tariffs for the small ones, could well fit also the post-MSR EU carbon mitigation policy. To the contrary, other countries (e.g. France and the U.K.) may have to modify their support schemes as the MSR will become operational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the empirical and theoretical background to high shares of renewables in the electricity system. First we examine what is meant by "high shares" of renewables; next we consider what we mean by electricity "markets"; then we discuss what the term "cope with" implies; before returning to the suitability of "current" electricity markets. Second, we turn to three examples of jurisdictions--Germany, the UK and the State of New York in the US--with specific aspirations for decarbonisation and the role of renewables. Each exhibits very different approaches to the way they are adjusting their electricity market design to cope with high shares of renewables. We suggest that a new wave of electricity experiments is beginning around the theme of how to incorporate large shares of intermittent renewable generation in to electricity systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public support for renewables has led to an unexpected investment momentum in Germany. A consequence is reduced wholesale electricity prices, the so-called merit order effect of renewables. We estimate this reduction using an econometric approach and give a quantitative overview of the financial situation of conventional generators. Our results indicate that investments in new conventional capacities are economically unviable. With the current market design, this situation is going to impact supply security at least in the long run. A popular approach to address this issue is the introduction of additional public support for conventional power plants. However, we believe that subsidizing renewable and conventional capacities contradicts the idea of a liberal market. We present two alternatives: State control of investments in renewables through auctions (as proposed by the European Commission), and a premium paid to representatives of the demand side (such as retailers) independence of their shares of renewables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the share of fluctuating renewable energy resources is constantly increasing, the centralized, hierarchical organization of the current energy system and markets cannot adequately accommodate such decentralized electricity generation. New ideas have been developed and discussed for improved integration, also in Germany, one of the lead markets. Examples in this context are virtual power plants and microgrids. This paper presents a new local reserve energy market design (applied to residential households), which can facilitate the operation and allow trading within these constructs. Emphasis is put on the regulatory options and current market framework, mainly from a European and a German perspective, which serve as a basis for implementing the local market. It can be shown that using existing regulatory structures, a local market with simple rules (comparable to an "energy-eBay") can be easily installed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss at the European example how power market design evolves with increasing shares of intermittent renewables. Short-term markets and system operation have to accommodate for the different needs of renewable and conventional generation assets and flexibility options. This can be achieved by pooling resources over larger geographic areas through common auction platforms, realizing the full flexibility of different assets based on multi-part bids while efficiently allocating scarce network resources. For investment and re-investment choices different technology groups like wind and solar versus fossil fuel based generation may warrant a different treatment -- reflecting differing levels of publicly accessible information, requirements for grid infrastructure, types of strategic choices relevant for the sector and shares of capital cost in overall generation costs. We discuss opportunities for such a differentiated treatment while maintaining synergies in short-term system operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many electric systems worldwide the penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) at the distribution levels is increasing. This penetration brings in different challenges for electricity system management; however if the flexibility of those DER is well managed opportunities arise for coordination. At high voltage levels under responsibility of the system operator, trading mechanisms like contracts for ancillary services and balancing markets provide opportunities for economic efficient supply of system flexibility services. In a situation with smart metering and real-time management of distribution networks, similar arrangements could be enabled for medium- and low-voltage levels. This paper presents a review and classification of existing DER as flexibility providers and a breakdown of trading platforms for DER flexibility in electricity markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This month’s point-of-view article discusses the upcoming changes in the electricity industry including electrification, and the drive toward fossil-free generation, and the role of energy storage in electrification and the operation of a future electric grid without fossil fuels. Though the discussion is primarily focused on the U.S. electricity system, the issues affecting the operation of future electric grids are global. While the U.S. is prototypical of other highly developed and energy-intensive countries, variations in renewable energy production and storage, end energy usage, market structure, and policy, among other factors, make each country somewhat unique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses challenges that relate to assessing and properly incentivizing the resources necessary to ensure a reliable electricity system with growing penetrations of variable generation (VG). The output of VG (primarily wind and solar generation) varies over time and cannot be predicted precisely. Therefore, the energy from VG is not always guaranteed to be available at times when it is most needed. This means that its contribution towards resource adequacy can be significantly less than the contribution from traditional resources. Variable renewable resources also have near-zero variable costs, and with production-based subsidies they may even have negative offer costs. Because variable costs drive the spot price of energy, this can lead to reduced prices, sales, and therefore revenue for all resources within the energy market. The characteristics of VG can also result in increased price volatility as well as the need for more flexibility in the resource fleet in order to maintain system reliability. We explore both traditional and evolving electricity market designs in the United States that aim to ensure resource adequacy and sufficient revenues to recover costs when those resources are needed for long-term reliability. We also investigate how reliability needs may be evolving and discuss how VG may affect future electricity market designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Markets for ramp products (called “flexiramp” in the California ISO and “ramp capability” in the Midcontinent ISO) have been proposed to address the need for generator flexibility due to increased renewable penetration. Flexiramp is committed capacity reserved to meet unexpected ramps in net load. We evaluate flexiramp market designs by comparing solutions of 1) an ISO real-time market simulation (a deterministic real-time unit commitment (RTUC) model with flexiramp requirements) with 2) a stochastic RTUC model, used as a baseline for evaluating flexiramp solutions. The flexiramp constraint improves the expected performance of ISO real-time markets, but is inefficient compared to stochastic RTUC. Flexiramp markets are inefficient in part because the deterministic model disregards the possibility of higher than anticipated energy production by capacity reserved for ramp. Thus, for instance, capacity with low commitment costs but high running costs might be overcommitted, increasing energy costs under high ramp outcomes. The amount of flexiramp acquired strongly affects costs. Too little results in under-commitment of generators and high price fluctuations and even demand curtailment; too much leads to over-commitment, inflating production costs. Hence, careful design of the ramp market and consideration of the use of full stochastic dispatch and commitment models is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been an increase of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in energy markets that has to lead their agents to become more proactive. In this scenario, a market structure based on Peer-to-Peer (P2P) transactions is very promising but presents challenges for the network operation. A critical challenge is to ensure that network constraints are not violated due to energy trades between peers and neither due to the use of reserve capacity. In this paper, it is proposed a new iterative sequential approach for energy and reserve P2P market that ensures the feasibility of both energy and reserve transactions under network constraints. The methodology considers the interaction between the prosumers and the Distribution System Operator (DSO) in making the final market/operation decision and can be integrated into the existing distribution system. The proposed approach includes the estimation of reserve requirements based on the RES uncertain behavior from historical generation data, which allows identifying RES patterns. The proposed model is assessed through a case study that uses a 14-bus system, under the technical and economic criteria. The results show that the approach can ensure a feasible network operation encompassing energy and reserve markets. • An optimization approach to integrate prosumer and DSO for energy and reserve market solution. • Inclusion of electrical network constraints into the energy and reserve market problem. • Obtaining feasible results under both the energy and electrical network constraints. • Modeling uncertainties over distributed renewable energy sources through historical generation data. • Evaluation of the reserve calculation from two probabilistic algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The centrality of electricity to everyday life is indisputable, and the price thereof can have significant implications. Literature is inconclusive over the effect of the renewable energy share in the energy mix on retail electricity prices as a country-specific regulatory policy has a significant impact on retail electricity prices. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of the increasing renewable electricity share on retail electricity prices for 34-OECD countries, considering the change in market structure for 23 EU countries. The results show that the influence of the renewable energy share in the energy mix on retail electricity prices is positive and statistically significant. Increasing renewable sources is inescapable in reaching SDG7, while increased awareness of true price signals should prompt private investment while phasing out support schemes in the long run. A sound regulatory framework is required to account for renewable intermittency as well as effective supply and demand matching. The positive impact on electricity prices should not deter policymakers from promoting renewable energy as the effect is marginal and is expected to decline in forthcoming years, improving energy security. The benefits of employing renewables far outweigh the environmental cost. • The effect of the renewable energy share (RES) on electricity prices is analyzed. • Panel data techniques are applied to 34 OECD countries from 1997 to 2015. • Results reveal a positive impact of RES on retail electricity prices. • Depending on market structure, the impact of RE on retail electricity prices differ between 0.038 and 0.053. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The German energy transition repeatedly faces harsh critiques questioning its economic and environmental merits. This article defends the energy transition and argues that Germany has chosen an economically efficient and particularly forceful approach to securing a sustainable energy supply. Though current expenditures are high, the long-term benefits of transforming the energy system to a renewables-based system are likely to outweigh present investment costs. Furthermore, support policies for renewables are not redundant-as some critics claim-but instead complement other policy instruments, such as the emissions trading scheme. This article also addresses the motives behind the discrediting attacks on the German energy policy regime. Defensive actions by beneficiaries of the former energy market structure are only to be expected, but the attacks from liberal economists are astonishingly fierce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thailand's power system has been facing an energy transition due to the increasing amount of Renewable Energy (RE) integration, prosumers with self-consumption, and digitalization-based business models in a Local Energy Market (LEM). This paper introduces a decentralized business model and a possible trading platform for electricity trading in Thailand's Micro-Grid to deal with the power system transformation. This approach is Hybrid P2P, a market structure in which sellers and buyers negotiate on energy exchanging by themselves called Fully P2P trading or through the algorithm on the market platform called Community-based trading. A combination of Auction Mechanism (AM), Bill Sharing (BS), and Traditional Mechanism (TM) is the decentralized price mechanism proposed for the Community-based trading. The approach is validated through a test case in which, during the daytime, the energy import and export of the community are significantly reduced when 75 consumers and 25 PV rooftop prosumers participate in this decentralized trading model. Furthermore, a comparison analysis confirms that the decentralized business model outperforms a centralized approach on community and individual levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While wind and solar generation has increased dramatically over the past decade, there has been a much larger increase in gas generation (eia, 2019). This is driven in part by low gas prices but also in part by how electricity markets are organized. The intermittent nature of wind and solar generation increases the need for more flexible and reliable generation; a role gas plants fill well. However, current market structures and rules unfairly tip the balance in their favor compared to energy storage systems. They have created market barriers restrictive enough to prevent market participation of a technology key to a 100 % renewable grid: supercapacitors. Adjusting markets to remove the market barriers to supercapacitor and other energy storage systems will allow for increased renewable penetration while simultaneously improving grid performance and reducing costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of renewable energy sources, including wind power, in the adequacy assessment of electricity generation capacity becomes increasingly important as renewable energy generation increases in volume and replaces conventional power plants. The contribution of wind power to cover the electricity demand is less certain than conventional power sources; therefore, the capacity value of wind power is smaller than that of conventional plants. This article presents an overview of the adequacy challenge, how wind power is handled in the regulation of capacity adequacy, and how wind power is treated in a selection of jurisdictions. The jurisdictions included in the overview are Sweden, Great Britain, France, Ireland, United States (PJM and ERCOT), Finland, Portugal, Spain, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands. • In all studied jurisdictions, the capacity credit of wind power is considered in their adequacy calculations. • Most studied zones defines lack of adequacy not as Loss of Load Probability, but rather as Need of Import Probability. • With larger shares of wind power, electricity market structures and operation should adapt to reflect reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, there is a dramatic upsurge in the use of renewable energy resources, ICT and digitalization that requires more than the straightforward refinements of an established power system structure. New solutions are required to perform dynamic optimizations in real time, closed loops and so on, taking into account the high requirements on data privacy and cyber security. The LINK-paradigm was designed to meet these requirements. It was developed on the basis of the bottom-up method that can lead to misinterpretations or wrong conclusions. This work mainly deals with the verification of the authenticity and correctness of LINK. Fractal analysis is used to identify the unique and independent elements of smart grids required for the design of an architectural paradigm. The signature of the fractal structure, the so-called fractal pattern, is founded and referred to as electrical appliances (ElA). The latter has proven to be the key component of the architectural LINK paradigm. The definition of the LINK paradigm is finally validated: It consists of unique and independent elements that avoid misinterpretation or the need for any changes in its definition. Additionally, the fractal analysis indicates two fractal anomalies in the existing power system structure, while the fractal dimension calculation insinuates the highest complexity in the fractal level of electrical devices. The LINK-based holistic architecture is given a finishing touch. A compact presentation of the control chain strategy is provided that should facilitate its practical implementation. The basis for the harmonization of the market structure with the grid link arrangements is established. The processes of demand response and conservation voltage reduction are presented under the new findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]