Search

The renewable-energy-based water-energy nexus is a promising approach that contributes to climate change mitigation. Increasing concerns on GHG emission and energy demand, policies have been implemented in many countries to make use of renewable energy as much as possible. Renewable energy technologies can be directly employed in desalination processes, including membrane-based (e.g., reverse osmosis (RO) and membrane distillation (MD)) and thermal-based (e.g., multistage flash distillation (MSF) and multieffect distillation (MED)) technologies. Although the production capacities of fossil-based desalination processes (RO, MD, and MED) are higher than those of renewable-energy-based desalination processes, most latter desalination processes have lower specific energy consumption than conventional processes, which may offer potential for the implementation of renewable energy sources. In addition to the direct application of renewable energy technology to desalination, biofuels can be produced by converting algal lipids obtained from the growth of algae, which are associated with wastewater bioremediation and nitrogen and phosphorus removal during wastewater treatment. Salinity gradient power can be harvested from brine originating from desalination plants and freshwater driven by pressure-retarded osmosis or reverse electrodialysis. This study provides an overview of these approaches and discusses their effectiveness. It not only offers insights into the potential of applying renewable energy technologies to various water treatment processes but also suggests future directions for scientists to further enhance the efficiency of renewable energy production processes for possible implementation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The interaction among the energy unit prices, which are considered as the most effective factor on the realization of economic growth, and the distribution of this interaction throughout the manufacturing process have become popular subjects in research recently. Especially, the scarcity of energy resources and the problems encountered in their supply make it necessary to utilize alternative energy resources. Thus, the realization of production using different energy inputs simultaneously results in an interaction between the factors and the spillover effect. Thus, in the study, alternative vector autoregressive M-GARCH (VAR [-MA] -MGARH) models would be predicted based on the spillover effect between the conditional variance and alternative energy input prices.

The central objectives of this study are to locate existing research on renewable energy, examine the energy policy of Tanzania, assess bibliometric factors, determine the direction of the current research, and comprehend unexplored research topics. This exploration focuses on a bibliometric-based study using computer-assisted software tools known as VOS viewer and RStudio in analyzing the Scopus data retrieved package for the key phrase of "Renewable energy" in the article titles published from 2002 to 2022. A total of 661 publications (which is only 0.45% and 6.3% of the global and continental publications from Africa respectively) were analysed after refining using different bibliometric criteria like study site, type of document, publication stage, language used in the document, and publication time interval. The results shows that Energy fuels, engineering, technology, environmental sciences, ecology, and business economics are the most frequently studied fields. Also, from a total of 661 publications, only 32 documents were published from Tanzania for 20 years from 2022 which is less than 2 publication/year. This study concludes that there is a notable lack of research output from Tanzania in this critical field. This gap underscores the need for greater investment in renewable energy research and development within the country, as well as targeted efforts to build research capacity and foster collaboration among academia, government, and industry stakeholders.

Copyright of Journal of Actual Problems of Jurisprudence / Habaršy. Zan̦ Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• The use of renewable and sustainable energy sources accelerates clean production in marine transortation. • Ships can use renewable energies- without conventional fossil fuels - for propulsion on specific routes and under specific conditions. • The route distance, speed, and ship's size are the most influential parameters on applicability of utilizing hydrogen fuel cell, wind, and solar for vessels propulsion. • Hydrogen fuel cells can provide the total required power for certain vessel sizes on some routes singly. This research assesses the technical feasibility of a hybrid propulsion system for bulk carriers, combining green hydrogen with wind and solar energy. The aim is to achieve zero-emissions shipping and reduce reliance on conventional fossil fuels. Previous studies in this field have typically focused on a single model for a specific vessel, whereas our research assesses a range of vessels based on their size, resulting in a total of 4986 vessels assessed. In addition, we applied the proposed model to all vessels at different speeds to check its applicability. Our calculations show that the proposed hybrid model can be applied to specific routes, under specific conditions, and on some vessel sizes, with the power generated by hydrogen fuel cells (HFCs) being the main power source. However, the number of vessels that can sail without conventional fossil fuels can be increased by combining this power source with other renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy. The final result of the calculation showed that distance, speed, and ship size are the most influential parameters on the applicability of the proposed hybrid model in this research. Based on the calculation, wind power, solar power, and HFC are able to cover 8 to 27%, less than 1%, and 50 to 100% of the total required power for propulsion correspondingly depending on the mentioned influential parameters in the previous sentence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is a type of energy that can be used continuously regardless of the source that can be consumed as it is used. Renewable energy is derived from "natural resources" that can be continuously or repeatedly extracted from the natural environment. Since these resources are self-existent and inexhaustible over time, they take their place in our lives as alternative energy. Today, the world energy industry is influenced by new global trends and tendencies, which cause changes in market structure, increased competition at sectoral and intersectoral levels, and dynamic growth in innovative technologies in energy production. This article highlights the important features of sustainable energy supply in Azerbaijan. Unlike other countries, Azerbaijan has enough reserve resources to meet its energy needs. However, the recovered energy sources in Lankaran-Astara economic region are not widely spread. Nevertheless, this region has potential profitable recovered energy sources such as solar energy, small river and stream energy, wind energy, geothermal water energy, and biomass energy, and significant work needs to be carried out in the relevant field in the future. Purpose: The purpose of the article is to emphasize the problems related to energy efficiency and to highlight scientific innovations related to the application of sustainable energy sources necessary for modern development. Methodology: The article is based on energy efficiency problems and related experiences that are necessary for sustainable development. It is prepared by using research conducted by many states and international organizations and various scientific sources. Scientific novelty: The article focuses on energy efficiency issues. The latest innovations such as the application of innovative technologies in the energy sector and the efficient use of sustainable energy sources are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy sources such as solar, thermal and wind are high energy sources that meet the growing demand for electrical energy worldwide. Renewable energy sources can be stand-alone power generators or multi-generations systems forming a microgrid system that can also be integrated into the main power grid. The integration of renewable energy sources into the main grid system mostly occurs at distribution levels and depends on the scale and location of the renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources with large-scale capacity can be integrated into the transmission system, while small-scale energy sources can be integrated directly into medium- and low-voltage distribution systems. Both sources have their characteristics, therefore strict planning and analysis is needed. Architecture of a small-scale photovoltaic (PV) system is designed to generate about 3 kW for local demand, such as an office building, with the implementation of microgrid system equipped with smart meters for energy monitoring, and a control scheme is proposed.

Our need for energy is increasing every day with the advancement of technology. Energy plays a major role in the social and economic sphere of life. The need for RES is increasing day by day although the need for energy is produced from fossil fuels in many countries. In addition to this, while the harmful gases emitted to the environment as a result of using fossil fuel for energy production harm the nature, this is not possible in renewable wind energy. Renewable wind energy is an endless source of energy obtained from natural processes. Therefore, wind power stations get attention of many countries. The wind industry is the world's fastest-growing energy source. However, the main problem of the renewable wind energy sector is that the desired wind intensity cannot be sustained at the same rate and the installation costs are high. Many countries are aware of the importance of wind energy and make certain investments in renewable wind energy in the long term. Wind turbines can be in different shapes according to their location and intended use. One of the most important reasons for their different designs is the wind types in their geographies. In this study, wind power plants in five different regions in Marmara region were discussed. These plants were compared among themselves, the results were evaluated and the efficiency of the plants compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide energy costs have grown in recent years due to the dwindling global fossil fuel resources and the increased reliance on them for global energy production. This is a common scenario in many nations, including Sri Lanka. As a developing country, Sri Lanka should encourage the diversification of its renewable energy supplies using locally available resources. In this regard, Sri Lanka can promote the use of agricultural residues for energy generation. The present work explores the energy potential of the solid waste generated by the rice industry: rice straw (RS) and rice husk (RH). A new approach was developed using statistical data on rice production and paddy cultivation in each district of the island. The obtained data were integrated into a geographic information system (GIS) to provide geo-referenced results. A physico-chemical characterization of the RS and RH was conducted to correlate the properties of raw materials to their potential energy generation. As an energy generation technology, the grate-fired combustion boiler accompanied by steam turbine cycle (GFC/ST) was selected. Our findings show that the total energy capacity using by-products of the rice industry is estimated to be 2129.24 ktoe/year of primary energy, with a capacity of 977 Mwe, producing 5.65 TWh of electricity annually. An economic analysis shows ten districts have a high profit index (PI > 1). The districts with the highest PI values are Anuradhapura, Ampara, Polonnaruwa, and Kurunegala, with annual energy potentials of 286 ktoe, 279 ktoe, 231 ktoe, and 160 ktoe, respectively. This work aims to aid future policy decisions by identifying potential districts in which to develop infrastructure for energy generation using agricultural waste, thus reducing net greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of Sri Lanka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. To study the prospects for the development of alternative and low-carbon energy in the Republic of Belarus in the context of joining the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as a full member.Methodology. The key research methods were historical and logical analysis, comparative and typological analysis. The focus is on the study of international treaties and agreements essence, various normative legal acts, resolutions, strategies and plans for the development of cooperation, as well as statements and speeches of officials. The work also applied the scenario forecasting method to identify the promising areas for the development of “green” energy in Belarus.Results. It is stated that with the accession of the Republic of Belarus to the SCO as a full member, a potential opportunity appeares for increasing foreign investment in projects for the development of alternative and low-carbon energy; it is expected to strengthen the energy dialogue with Russia, including the field of “green” energy; the strengthening of the position of the Republic of Belarus on the world stage is stated in connection with joining a large organization and the creation of economic and logistics joint projects.Research implications. The study results can be relevant for studying the transformation of the energy markets of the SCO member states in the context of the global energy transition.

The purpose of this article is to consider the innovative potential of alternative energy at the level of an economic entity in the context of increasing the global significance of the transition to the circular economy. The authors consider the conceptual provisions of the circular economy and the place of alternative energy in it, as well as justify the possibility of increasing the level of innovation through the implementation of "clean" energy development programs. As an assessment of the innovative potential of alternative energy at the level of an economic entity, the authors propose an integral model that takes into account the specified parameters of innovation. To adapt the idea, the authors chose the enterprise management level, since it is at this level that the greatest innovative activity which can affect the diffusion of "circular" innovations is manifested. The article proposes to analyze the economic entities who implement recycling for the further production of energy resources. For the parametric integral assessment, the weighting coefficients of the key performance indicators were set. The analysis of the number of companies revealed a strong correlation between the integral indicator of innovation potential and the level of circular energy efficiency.

Sustainable development (SD) can indicate the direction of the development of modern organizations' transition and transformation strategies in the energy sector. Currently, in most countries, the main challenge for the energy sector's strategies is to deal with energy security. The implementation of SD induces changes both in strategy and technology. The strategies are based on the technological transition toward renewable energy sources (RES). The aim of this paper is to explore business management literature dedicated to the transformation and transition strategies in the energy sector. The adopted methods are a systematic literature review (SLR) accompanied by a classical literature review (CLR) in Scopus database exploration. A literature review is developed in VOSviewer software and keyword co-occurrences analysis allowed to identify the main changes of direction in energy sector transformation strategies. The literature was explored by the 26 queries which resulted with 11 bibliometric maps. The analysis of the bibliometric maps was a challenge due to the cross-disciplinary strategic directions of development presented in indexed publications in the Scopus database. The identification of the changes in energy sector strategies is important because of its reliance on depleting resources and natural environment degradation. As a result of this paper, there is a visible shift of the trend in explored scientific publication from not only technological-based solutions but also towards managerial and organizational practices to achieve sustainability in the energy sector. This paper, besides the results, presents the theoretical contribution and managerial recommendations for business practices and addresses future research avenues. There are discussed implications of the presented analysis for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy sources such as solar, thermal and wind are high energy sources that meet the growing demand for electrical energy worldwide. Renewable energy sources can be stand-alone power generators or multi-generations systems forming a microgrid system that can also be integrated into the main power grid. The integration of renewable energy sources into the main grid system mostly occurs at distribution levels and depends on the scale and location of the renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources with large-scale capacity can be integrated into the transmission system, while small-scale energy sources can be integrated directly into medium- and low-voltage distribution systems. Both sources have their characteristics, therefore strict planning and analysis is needed. Architecture of a small-scale photovoltaic (PV) system is designed to generate about 3 kW for local demand, such as an office building, with the implementation of microgrid system equipped with smart meters for energy monitoring, and a control scheme is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gradual reduction of fuel resources, their depletion, as well as volatility of fuel prices led to a growing interest of countries in the use of renewable energy sources. Despite the fact that energy production in Azerbaijan currently largely depends on development of hydrocarbon reserves in the country, nevertheless, development of renewable energy sources is certainly one of the strategic priorities of the government. The main objective of the research is to study the economic problems and institutional aspects of introduction of alternative energy in Azerbaijan and develop recommendations to stimulate production of renewable energy. With the help of methods of comparative analysis and dynamic comparisons, the state of development of alternative and renewable sources in Azerbaijan was analyzed. The results of the study show that in order to increase the production of renewable energy it is necessary to take a number of measures in this area: improve legislation, introduce state incentives for consumers of alternative energy, apply a green tariff to attract investment, ensure transparency and consistency of energy policy.

The aim of the study is to determine the extent to which the transport and logistics companies fulfilled sustainable development goals. The research sample includes 2021 top 10 transport and logistics companies. The research was conducted through in-depth study of sustainable development reports, content analysis, systematization and grouping of information on tools used to achieve sustainable development goals by transport and logistics companies. The dependence of the number of fulfilled sustainable development goals on the amount of revenue, net income and the number of employees was established through trend analysis of logarithmic dependence. The research results demonstrated that transport and logistics companies fulfil much more sustainable development goals than expected. Transport and logistics companies are actively fulfilling quality education, gender equality, and clean energy in addition to the emission reduction targets and mitigating the effects of climate change. The companies have developed policies to significantly expand the impact on fields other than provision of transport and logistics services. Companies are actively developing and implementing alternative energy sources, clean energy, and contribute to the fulfilment of good health and well-being goals. The research results indicate the dependence of the number of fulfilled sustainable development goals on the company size. It is established that the greater the amount of gross revenue, net revenue or number of employees, the more sustainable development goals the company fulfils. The obtained results can be used by transport and logistics companies in further development of policies for the fulfilment of sustainable development goals. The conducted research opens up new areas of further studies, in particular the impact of fulfilling sustainable development goals by transport and logistics companies on their investment attractiveness and market capitalization.

Europe is transforming its energy balance and increasing the use of local renewable energy sources. Russia's economy depends on the export of fossil (non-renewable) energy resources. About half of the country's energy resources are exported, primarily to European countries. A change in the fuel and energy balance of European countries, as the main consumer of Russian energy resources, will affect the Russian economy. Therefore, Russia urgently needs to know the state of alternative energy in Europe. The purpose of this article is to assess the growth rate of the share of innovative alternative energy sources in the energy balance of Germany and Denmark, as leading countries. The background for the implementation of energy policy in the field of alternative energy is different. First of all, these are countries with developed economies. They need a reliable, uninterrupted supply of energy sources. The Danish government was the first among European countries to evaluate the potential of alternative energy and began to develop it. Denmark is the first country in Europe to use wind energy to generate electricity. In 1991, the first offshore wind energy plant in Europe appeared in Denmark. Germany started the construction of wind power parks only in 2008. Nevertheless, today Germany, along with China and the United States, is among the top three world leaders in terms of wind power capacity, and also has become one of the world leaders in terms of the total installed capacity of solar panels. In absolute terms, characterizing the development of alternative energy, Germany is the world leader, in relative terms - Denmark. Germanys economy is many times larger than Denmarks. Therefore, Germany cannot rebuild the fuel structure of its economy as fast as Denmark. The Danish leadership has set ambitious goals for the development of alternative energy. In 2050, 100% of the energy supplied to end consumers will be generated from renewable sources. Germany cannot rebuild its economy with this fast pace. In Germany in 2050, the share of renewable energy in final energy consumption will be 60%. Germany, unlike Denmark, initially relied not on the development of alternative energy, but on the development of nuclear energy. However, through consistent energy policies, it has become a world leader in alternative energy use. When Germany began to implement energy policy, it already had a prototype - Denmark. But then, as the study showed, the country chose its own path. And then Germany and Denmark developed alternative energy in different ways. Nowadays the international cooperation has a great importance. Germany and Denmark collaborate in regional and transregional projects in terms of renewable energy sources. North Sea Wind Power Hub is a successful example of their work together. The experience of Germany and Denmark has shown that alternative energy development programs do not exist by themselves. The alternative energy development program is only part of several other related programs. Among them are programs on the rejection of the use of nuclear energy (in relation to Germany), measures to increase the energy efficiency of economies, construction of infrastructure, changes in the organizational structure of energy, etc. Nowadays, many countries in the world pursue an energy policy in the field of renewable energy. In 2009, Russia also committed to increase the share of alternative energy sources to 4.5% by 2020. In the implementation of this policy, it is necessary to take into account the experience of Western countries. The difficulties faced by countries in the new energy sector do not allow us to talk about a decrease in their dependence on energy imports.

The purpose of this article is to consider the innovative potential of alternative energy at the level of an economic entity in the context of increasing the global significance of the transition to the circular economy. The authors consider the conceptual provisions of the circular economy and the place of alternative energy in it, as well as justify the possibility of increasing the level of innovation through the implementation of "clean" energy development programs. As an assessment of the innovative potential of alternative energy at the level of an economic entity, the authors propose an integral model that takes into account the specified parameters of innovation. To adapt the idea, the authors chose the enterprise management level, since it is at this level that the greatest innovative activity which can affect the diffusion of "circular" innovations is manifested. The article proposes to analyze the economic entities who implement recycling for the further production of energy resources. For the parametric integral assessment, the weighting coefficients of the key performance indicators were set. The analysis of the number of companies revealed a strong correlation between the integral indicator of innovation potential and the level of circular energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. This paper examines the current problems of energy supply in the Arctic regions and analyzes their main causes. The experience of the EU, USA and Japan on the use of renewable energy sources is presented. Ways to improve the efficiency of energy supply in the Arctic are shown.

The purpose of this article is to study the conditions and actions for the use of alternative energy, mainly solar, in Uzbekistan, to find opportunities to accelerate this process. Therefore, the authors gave a description of the directions and prospects for the implementation of projects for the use of predominantly solar energy in Uzbekistan, studied the directions and prospects for its use, and provided criteria for the introduction of solar and wind energy. The authors noted that ensuring the development of alternative energy is carry out by ensuring the transformation of existing energy systems, taking into account new innovative technologies for generating electricity from renewable sources, as well as conducting new research to improve the efficiency of existing installations. Conclusions are formulated on expanding the use of solar and wind energy in Uzbekistan, which, according to the authors, will help in increasing the country's energy capacity.

Bu çalışmada, Çanakkale boğaz akıntısının akıntı gücü ölçülerek türbin tasarlanmış ve bu türbinin uygulama sahasındaki denemeleri yapılarak uygunluğu test edilmiştir. Ayrıca boğaz akıntısının verimliliği konusunda çalışma yapılmıştır. Akıntının yoğun olduğu ve türbin kurulması açısından uygun olabilecek üç farklı bölge belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada 5kW gücündeki türbin boğazda belirlenen bu bölgelere yerleştirilmiş ve farklı akıntı hızlarında türbinin enerji verimliliği ölçülmüştür. Ayrıca akıntı yönünün değişimi ölçülmüş, bu değişimin türbin üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri incelenmiştir.

This paper summarizes a methodology developed to optimize urban-scale energy mix. An optimal capacity estimation method based on energy credits is proposed, the objective of which is to plan renewable and alternative energy sources to yield zero (or positive) year-end energy credits. Several renewable and alternative energy resources are considered, including photovoltaic systems, solar thermal collectors, wind turbines, waste to energy (WtE) potential, as well as thermal seasonal storage. The methodology employs several energy simulation and optimization tools, including Energy Plus, TRNSYS and MATLAB. The optimization employs a non-linear process that uses objective function, boundaries and non-linear/linear constraints as input. The methodology is demonstrated on a hypothetical mixed-use neighborhood, designed to achieve high-energy performance objectives, with three scenarios of energy operations: 1) all electric, 2) all-electric except for DHW, and 3) DHW and space heating arenon-electric. The pilot location of this mixed-use neighborhood, including residential and commercial buildings, is Calgary (AB, Canada). For the all-electric scenario, PV systems implemented in all available south facing roof areas together with a limited number of wind turbines can achieve NZE status. For the other two scenarios, solar thermal collectors coupled to borehole thermal storage (STC and BTES) need to be considered. Although in all cases of the considered scenarios waste-based energy is not required, it can be used to shave the peak electric load, reducing the stress on the grid. This methodology can be employed for the design of an integrated urban energy systems, in different neighborhood designs, to achieve energy self-sufficient, or energy positive status.

Sustainable development (SD) can indicate the direction of the development of modern organizations’ transition and transformation strategies in the energy sector. Currently, in most countries, the main challenge for the energy sector’s strategies is to deal with energy security. The implementation of SD induces changes both in strategy and technology. The strategies are based on the technological transition toward renewable energy sources (RES). The aim of this paper is to explore business management literature dedicated to the transformation and transition strategies in the energy sector. The adopted methods are a systematic literature review (SLR) accompanied by a classical literature review (CLR) in Scopus database exploration. A literature review is developed in VOSviewer software and keyword co-occurrences analysis allowed to identify the main changes of direction in energy sector transformation strategies. The literature was explored by the 26 queries which resulted with 11 bibliometric maps. The analysis of the bibliometric maps was a challenge due to the cross-disciplinary strategic directions of development presented in indexed publications in the Scopus database. The identification of the changes in energy sector strategies is important because of its reliance on depleting resources and natural environment degradation. As a result of this paper, there is a visible shift of the trend in explored scientific publication from not only technological-based solutions but also towards managerial and organizational practices to achieve sustainability in the energy sector. This paper, besides the results, presents the theoretical contribution and managerial recommendations for business practices and addresses future research avenues. There are discussed implications of the presented analysis for further research.

Switzerland has long met a good portion of its energy needs by using nuclear power. But in the wake of the accident at Fukushima, the country will have to turn elsewhere—while still remaining true to its history of self-sufficiency and energy independence. This effort is made more complicated by fears that one of its traditional energy sources, hydropower, may no longer be as reliable as in the past. But with a combination of energy conservation, greater efficiencies, alternative energy sources, the “smart grid,” and the introduction of new technologies currently on the drawing board, the country may readily be able to replace the energy lost by the closing of its existing nuclear power plants. And the loss of the snowpack and glaciers (due to climate change) may not be as dire for Switzerland’s hydropower as first anticipated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of alternative energy is considered as one of the ways to reduce the environmental pollution and carbon dioxide emissions. In Russia, the current level of development of alternative energy is not high. Russia requires the regulatory mechanisms that would contribute to the development of this energy sector. The objective of the article is to analyze and determine the directions for improving state influence by creating regulatory mechanisms for the development of alternative energy. In this work, the following scientific research methods were used: data analysis, study of statistical data, and analysis of literary sources. The role of alternative energy has been determined since it helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prevent climate change. In the world, this determines the development, considering international agreements and the implementation of the national policies of many states in this regard. Alternative energy has not been sufficiently supported in Russia, many researchers have doubts about the effectiveness of supporting such projects. Prospects for further research are related to further study of the dynamics of the alternative energy development, as well as the study of government decisions in this area. • Alternative energy share in world energy generation has increased significantly. • The largest investor in the development of renewable energy in the world is China. • Most of all the use of renewable energy is in Europe. • In Russia, emissions growth is ahead of generation growth. • Alternative energy is just beginning to develop in Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of renewable energy in Ukraine is steadily increasing year by year. This is facilitated by the annual doubling of financial investment in energy production using alternative sources. There are many tools to manage the development of alternative energy. But the most influential are financial and credit instruments. The improvement of technology reduces the cost of capital and operating costs. But the issue of tariffs, benefits, availability of bank loans and their rates is in the hands of state regulators. The paper also analyzed the prospects for market development. The projection results for the period 2020—2035 presented in the article indicate significant changes in the consumption of fuel and energy resources by their types. The analysis of the forecast data proved that the predicted results can only be achieved by doubling the use of renewable energy during this period. This result can be achieved if alternative energy development management is applied. The need to manage the development of alternative energy in its different forms requires the use of appropriate methods and tools of public administration. Therefore, the classification of ways, tools and methods of development management has become extremely important. This classification proposed in this paper allows us to apply a systematic approach to the selection of effective tools, ways and methods of managing the development and modernization of efficient production and use of energy using renewable energy sources. It is established that the average profitability of alternative energy projects is ~ 20% and the payback period is 5-6 years. To compensate for the technological and economic shortcomings of certain types of energy production, it is proposed to optimize costs by investing in their integrated use. To encourage investment in alternative energy projects, it is proposed to introduce competitive energy purchases in the market. According to the calculations, it is possible to reduce the «green» tariff by 10% and then reduce it by 2.5% annually for three years. The combined «green» tariff for solar and wind energy installations of households should be 0.1228 EUR / kWh.

Copyright of Hileya: Scientific Bulletin / Gileya is the property of GILEYA Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Financial & Credit Activity: Problems of Theory & Practice is the property of University of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Albania has historically been known to have an active but challenging drilling activity that demands the most innovative technology to develop, predominantly, medium-heavy oil reservoirs. Although recent efforts have been made by the government to stimulate and expand the largest onshore European oilfield, technical and economical obstacles are prevalent. These obstacles make it difficult to fully develop reliable and profitable hydrocarbon bearing zones in a downturn economy, especially since Albanian oil can be costly to produce and refine. Due to these typical issues that affect many local energy sectors, many developed countries diversify their energy production to avoid strict dependency on crude oil. An emblematic and modern option that is extensively gaining popularity in Europe focuses on renewable energy from sophisticated recycling programs. Although Albania is a relatively "green" country when it pertains to its electricity production (97% hydropower and 3% fossil fuels), it has yet to develop energy-recycling programs that it can salvage for self-sustainable energy sources. The past years have seen a conscious revitalization and stimulation in the mentality of green economy in Albania. But, in comparison to the rest of "western Europe" that are leading world examples in efficient recycling, it is significantly lagging with initial strides just now focusing on aligning national legislations with current EU models. Furthermore, two crucial reasons that should motivate Albania to investigate new applications for energy recycling are: (1) alternatives to crude oil and petroleum products that can be supplemental and provide stable access to fossil fuels; (2) industrial and municipal recycling via waste management to reprocess waste and produce industrial raw material-spawning the emergence of a "circular economy" to develop the backbone needed to strengthen the industrial and manufacturing markets for a self-sustaining economy. Accordingly, in this paper, the topic that will be addressed, given the recent decrease in oil & gas prices, focuses on the Albanian energy sector's capability to sustain and develop a supplementary recycling program via "waste-to-fuel" (WTF) technology (biofuels and/or inorganic waste). With the intent that it could function cooperatively with Albania's active drilling program to mitigate dependency on a single fuel source and produce enough fossil fuel in an effective and sustainable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A workshop of UCSD faculty, researchers, and students, joined by representatives of industry, government and non-profit organizations, spent two days considering the role UCSD and its partners could and should play in addressing the challenges of energy and sustainability. As UCSD proceeds with developing a campus-wide Environment and Sustainability Initiative, it is clear that energy must be an important area of research, teaching, and partnership. The workshop succeeded in providing a forum for participants to share their expertise and explore the potential for UCSD to develop interdisciplinary sustainable energy projects. UCSD has a wide range of expertise, including ocean and atmospheric sciences, engineering, informatics, chemistry, biology, health sciences, economics, management, international relations, political science, and urban studies. UCSD is also part of the larger San Diego community, the border region, and has a role to play at the national and international level as well.

A challenge in the integration of renewable and alternative energy systems for buildings is the determination of the renewable energy ratio, which involves the selection and sizing of appropriate building systems. To address this need, a micro climate-weather software titled the Vertical City Weather Generator (VCWG) is further developed to include renewable and alternative energy systems and account for full two-way interaction between the building system and outdoor environment. VCWG is forced to simulate performance of a residential building in Guelph, Canada, for an entire year in 2015. Various energy options are considered and further optimized for the building to reduce natural gas consumption, electricity consumption, and cost. On an annual basis using the global cost method, and compared to a building with no such renewable or alternative energy systems, the optimized system resulted in 80.3% savings in natural gas consumption, 73.4% savings in electricity consumption, and 3% savings is annualized cost. According to this analysis, some technologies, such as photovoltaics are more favorable in the Canadian climate than other technologies. It is suggested that the building optimization process is not unique, and it depends on background climate, optimization weighing factors, and assumptions used in the economic analysis, which require further research.

Catalytic deoxygenation is a biofuel upgrading process to eliminate the high oxygen content which will lead to corrosion, instability and lower heating value problems. Biofuel have a high oxygen content, which deteriorates the biofuel quality. Therefore, the upgrading of biofuels via catalytic deoxygenation is necessary. Metal oxide such as TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , ZrO 2 and CeO 2 is known as a promising support for the production of hydrocarbon-graded biofuel via deoxygenation process. The choice of support is significant to provide the maximum acid strength for the hydrogenolysis of C-O bonds. Al 2 O 3 supported catalyst has drawn attention due to the high acidity. However, the high acidity leads to coke deposition, unstable and deactivation of the catalyst. Thus, it is important to develop methods to reduce catalyst coking and enhance the lifetime of the catalyst. Recently, Al 2 O 3 -TiO 2 supported catalyst has drawn increasing attention in deoxygenation process owing to its unique properties which can solve the issues from Al 2 O 3. Controlled synthesis method is significant to improve the effectiveness of Al 2 O 3 -TiO 2 in catalytic reaction since the physicochemical properties of the catalyst are co-related to the processing methodology. Hence, this review describes the use of selected metal oxide supported catalyst for biofuel conversion in deoxygenation process. Moreover, the synthesis method of Al 2 O 3 -TiO 2 is comprehensively discussed. The physicochemical properties of Al 2 O 3 -TiO 2 , metals and metal oxides supported on Al 2 O 3 -TiO 2 are further discussed. Finally, future prospective and challenges of deoxygenation process for biofuel synthesis are discussed in order to produce quality hydrocarbon like biofuel using metal oxide supported catalyst. Image 1 • Metal oxide is promising support for biofuel synthesis via deoxygenation process. • High oxygen content of biofuel will lead to corrosion and instability. • Al 2 O 3 -TiO 2 catalyst has drawn the attention in deoxygenation process for biofuel. • Controlled synthesis method can improve the effectiveness of Al 2 O 3 -TiO 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The study's aim is to identify and analyze opportunities and challenges facing renewable energy technology (RET) penetration in Cameroon. The strengths-challenges-opportunities-responses-effectiveness (SCORE) model, a recently proposed alternative to the classical SWOT matrix is employed. A solar PV electrification project involving the co-authors in Esaghem Village, Cameroon, serve as the empirical referent. The primary data for the study were assembled during the feasibility assessment and implementation phases. The following attributes of the village are classified as opportunities: abundant solar radiation, hilltop location, self-help ethos, environmental stewardship, and effective traditional administrative system. Conversely, the following factors in, or directly tied to, the village were identified as obstacles: small economy and lack of skilled technicians, sparse spatial layout, lack of RET infrastructure, low wind speed, and intense and protracted rainy season, the outdated national energy policy, and recent international economic crisis and environmental politics. These findings hold lessons for RET policymaking and research in Cameroon and other sub-Saharan African countries. In this regard, policymakers would do well to eliminate the identified obstacles and maximize the utility of the opportunities. Future research would do well to interrogate how institutional support structures and market forms jointly or separately affect investments in RET. Highlights • The 'strengths-challenges-opportunities-responses-effectiveness' (SCORE) model is employed. • Purpose is to identify opportunities and hurdles to a rural solar project. • Empirical referent is Esaghem Village in Cameroon. • Most important opportunity is abundant solar radiation. • Leading obstacle is lack of government support for renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses quantitatively how to stop and reverse climate change. To stop climate change, we must transition from burning fossil fuels to using clean energy resources that do not involve the emission of CO2. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy sources, such as wind, water, and solar, relative to nuclear fission and the continued burning of fossil fuels, coupled to CO2 capture and sequestration of the flue gas. A plot of the energy per unit mass, -, against the energy per unit volume, e, shows many orders of magnitude difference between changes in the mechanical state of ordinary matter versus chemical reactions versus nuclear transformations. These differences raise an apparent paradox concerning how the price of electricity can be roughly competitive for the commercial technologies based on the very different fuel types. Explicit and implicit subsidies for politically favored fuels give a partial explanation, but the turbines that turn flowing fluids into flowing electricity account for most of the result.Reversing climate change requires the world to extract CO2 from the atmosphere. Through the processes of growth and reproduction, evolution has endowed vegetation with the ability to convert carbon dioxide pulled from the atmosphere with water drawn from the soil into liquid and solid organic compounds. In this first part of the article, we recommend the carbonisation of the global annual waste from farms and ranches into an inert soil enhancer called biochar. We show that burying biochar back into the soil of farms and ranches of the world suffices to lower the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere to a safe level by 2100 if some combinatiosion of CO2 from total global energy consumption in 2050. In the second part of the article, we will discuss how moltensalt breeder reactors can overcome the four usual objections raised by anti-nuclear groups to oppose nuclear fission: (1) sustainability of the fuel cycle, (2) superiority of the economics, (3) security agai-nst weapons proliferation, and (4) safety against accidental release of massive amounts of radioactivity into the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]