Search

The industrial development of a country plays a vital role in its overall progress and is closely tied to its capacity of electricity generation. However, the scarcity of natural resources and increasing costs of fuel in global markets pose significant challenges for developing countries like Bangladesh in managing the rising expenses of electricity generation. Consequently, the government of Bangladesh is exploring alternative energy resources such as solar, wind, hydroelectricity, biomass, and biogas to supplement fossil fuels and optimize electricity generation cost. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of natural resources, including gas, coal, and oil, which are conventionally used for electricity generation in Bangladesh. It highlights concerns about dwindling resource availability and their impact on the country's energy landscape. Through numerical analysis, it demonstrates the detrimental effects of relying heavily on gas‐based power plants, leading to electricity supply instability. To address the ongoing energy crisis, the paper proposes the adoption of renewable energy sources as a viable solution. Additionally, it also acknowledges the challenges associated with implementing large‐scale renewable projects in distinct areas of the country, such as limited infrastructure, technical constraints, and the need for significant investment. Overcoming these barriers is crucial for achieving widespread utilization of renewable resources. This paper concludes by offering recommendations to overcome these challenges and maximize the contributions of renewable energy in meeting future energy demands. The suggestions include developing robust infrastructure, implementing policy reforms to attract investment, emphasizing research and development, and promoting community engagement in renewable energy initiatives. It also highlights the potential of renewable energy resources in shaping a more secure and sustainable energy future for Bangladesh, emphasizing the importance of electricity generation for socio‐economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bangladesh has a huge potential for utilizing renewable energy with the availability of sources for solar, wind, hydro, and biogas. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential for renewable energy sources and predicts optimal sites for renewable plant implementation in Bangladesh. A country-wise mapping approach is followed by validation of prediction using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) known as the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) which will aid in the planning and execution of Bangladesh's upcoming expansion of renewable farms and will also be a useful tool for policymakers. Moreover, an economic analysis for 50 MW solar and wind power plant has been presented to estimate the levelized cost of electricity (LCoE) of the system and society. This work predicts the enormous potential for the expansion of renewable energy by assessing the appropriate future sites, economic viability, and provides several suggestions on the basis of the analysis from Bangladesh's perspective., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

This paper investigates the nexus between renewable energy use, CO2 emissions, exchange rate, and economic development within emerging South Asian nations, namely Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) framework. It examines annual data spanning from 1990 to 2019, examining key indicators of renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, exchange rate, and economic development. The ARDL bounds test results demonstrate the existence of co-integration among the variables in the long run. The empirical result finds that the renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and exchange rate have a significant impact on economic growth in Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka in the long run. In India no significant relationship found in the long run. In short run assessment, Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka also found same relationship with economic growth and renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and exchange rate. Interestingly, In Pakistan no significant relationship has found in short run estimation analysis. Furthermore, study tried to determine the causality direction by using the Toda Yamamoto granger causality approach, which reveals bidirectional causation between exchange rate and CO2 emission in India. In Pakistan, study also found bi-directional causality among the variables renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic growth. Finally, this paper emphasizes developing the policy as well as making a concrete decision regarding the renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, exchange rate, and economic development for ensuring sustainable economic growth in South Asian region. Future research could extend this work by including different dimensional data, additional countries, or using alternative or supplementary modeling techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heterogeneous network (HetNet) is a specified cellular platform to tackle the rapidly growing anticipated data traffic. From a communications perspective, data loads can be mapped to energy loads that are generally placed on the operator networks. Meanwhile, renewable energy-aided networks offer to curtailed fossil fuel consumption, so to reduce the environmental pollution. This paper proposes a renewable energy based power supply architecture for the off-grid HetNet using a novel energy sharing model. Solar photovoltaics (PV) along with sufficient energy storage devices are used for each macro, micro, pico, or femto base station (BS). Additionally, a biomass generator (BG) is used for macro and micro BSs. The collocated macro and micro BSs are connected through end-to-end resistive lines. A novel-weighted proportional-fair resource-scheduling algorithm with sleep mechanisms is proposed for non-real time (NRT) applications by trading-off the power consumption and communication delays. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm with an extended discontinuous reception (eDRX) and power saving mode (PSM) for narrowband internet of things (IoT) applications extends the battery lifetime for IoT devices. HOMER optimization software is used to perform optimal system architecture, economic, and carbon footprint analyses while the Monte-Carlo simulation tool is used for evaluating the throughput and energy efficiency performances. The proposed algorithms are validated through the practical data of the rural areas of Bangladesh from which it is evident that the proposed power supply architecture is energy-efficient, cost-effective, reliable, and eco-friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an exploratory study on the Bangladesh and Thailand rural electricity transition. This study compares the Bangladesh microgrid policies with that of Thailand microgrid policies. The comparative study in several areas considers electricity security, electricity access, environmental sustainability, economic development and growth of the countries. Public data related to microgrid policies in Bangladesh and Thailand had been collected, analyzed and discussed. The comparative case brings out the significant differences while also exploring the range of possible synergies across different dimensions and sectors. Concisely, the transition of rural electricity, driven by microgrid policy in both countries can be achieved by adopting new electricity market structure and regulation. The private sector would play a key role in electricity generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global energy demand is continuously increasing where the pollution and harmful greenhouse gases that originated from the burning of fossil fuels are alarming. Various policies, targets, and strategies are being set to the carbon footprint. Renewable energy penetration into the utility grid, as well as bidirectional power flow between generation and end-users, are also potentials. A microgrid energy system can help distribute energy from intermittent renewable generation centres to load centres more effectively. The microgrid system efficiently utilises electricity from renewable sources, such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass. The potential renewable transition opens up a lot of possibilities for microgrids that are both grid-connected and islanded. Digital technology, specialised energy measurement devices, a fast and efficient communication system, energy storage systems, and dynamic control techniques are all used. The renewable-based microgrid system faces numerous techno-economical vulnerabilities due to the volatile and environmental dependencies of renewable energy. The complex power converter stages, lack of strict regulatory rules, grid operations and management, communications between the centralised and decentralised controllers come into play while investigating the microgrid system. This paper focuses on the prospects of renewable-based microgrid system implementation in Bangladesh. The major challenges and solutions to those challenges are described with all the current breakthroughs across the world to solve some core issues regarding microgrid planning, controlling, maintenance, resilience, and economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy has become the most prominent source of energy to reduce carbon emissions around the globe. Undoubtedly, hydro energy is very much clean energy among other sources. In Bangladesh, hydro energy is available only in a specific southern area contributing several hundred megawatts to the national grid. This paper devotes to assessing the capacity and practicability of a hydropower plant to boost the power output by implementing the combined cycle hydropower system. The proposed method has been developed by 1) studying the existing plant based on surveyed data, 2) selecting the site for installing the hydrokinetic turbine, 3) designing with consideration of numerous constraints of inter dependability, and 4) creating a prototype model to ensure the practicability. Preliminary results show that a significant amount of additional electric energy can be generated from the plant with higher efficiency., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Growing freshwater scarcity in arid and remote areas usually is caused by the growth of population, urbanization and industrialization and the rather limited natural resources of potable water. In coastal belt of southwest region of Bangladesh, groundwater contains high salinity as well as excessive arsenic contamination. Though pond sand filter and rainwater harvesting system are usually used to meet the freshwater demand throughout the year in this area, along with these, household-based solar desalination could be a good source of drinking water in this region. In this study, a low-cost Tubular Solar Still (TSS) was designed using locally available materials to meet such demand. It was consisted of a tubular frame (0.00275 m thick helical GI wire, 1.0 m long and 0.2 m in diameter) and a rectangular tray (1.0 m × 0.16 m × 0.05 m) covered with black polythene paper. The collection bottle was kept in an insulation box. The field experiment on the constructed TSS was carried out on the rooftop of Civil Engineering Department building from June 25, 2011, to June 20, 2012. Daily distilled output from the TSS was collected approximately 2 h after sunset. The maximum daily production rate was found as 3.83 l/m2 in May 2012. The production cost of distilled water is estimated as 0.39 BDT/L or 0.0046 USD/L. The application of this process can fulfill the demand of freshwater for drinking purpose for single household in coastal areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bangladesh is well on course to become one of the leading emerging market economies in the world. Hence, it can be expected that the economic growth of Bangladesh would substantially increase over the next decade. This, in turn, is likely to boost the energy consumption levels of the nation whereby meeting the surge in the energy demand would be a crucial agenda of the government. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that influence the nation's energy demand. Against this backdrop, this paper aims to evaluate the macroeconomic determinants of total, renewable, and non-renewable energy demands in Bangladesh between 1980 and 2014. Besides, the analysis is conducted for both primary energy and electricity consumption levels. The econometric methods used in this study controlled for the structural break issues in the data. The key findings, in a nutshell, show that economic growth and household consumption expenditure positively influence the overall primary energy and electricity demands in Bangladesh while income inequality exerts opposite effects. Besides, technological innovations are found to be reducing the total and non-renewable energy demand in Bangladesh while increasing the demand for renewable energy. On the other hand, positive oil price shocks are found to be ineffective in influencing the renewable energy demand but slightly reducing the non-renewable energy demand. Finally, the causality estimates portray the feedback hypothesis in almost all the cases to highlight the inter-relationships between economic growth and energy demand in Bangladesh. Hence, in line with these findings several critically important policy implications are suggested for managing the overall energy demand in Bangladesh.

All the countries are in needs of renewable energy (RE) penetration into their power system. As Bangladesh power system (BPS) depends on fossil fuel by 99% of its total generation capacity, it is very much focusing on having RE. In its Western grid, it has planned to install 55 MW wind turbine generator (WTG) and 100 MW solar photovoltaic generator (SPVG). It is expected that the system will be upset from stability perspective. To increase the power system security, contingency analysis is needed. But the power system operation parameters are always variable, with conventional load flow method, it is impossible to carry out contingency analysis according to such variations in parameters. So, this present work adopts machine learning (ML) to predict the contingency analysis by determining the performance indices (PI) with variable operating conditions in a quick time. Decision tree (DT), random forest (RF) and extra tree (ET) methods based supervised learning will be used to predict the result for the contingency analysis. Comparison among these methods will be carried out to get the most suitable one. Also, due to RE penetration, the system will be vulnerable to voltage due to reduction in reactive power. Adoption of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) will help to reduce the voltage stress of the system. Effective location of it is very essential, so that it can enhance the voltage stability. In this paper, modal analysis technique will be used to find out the optimal location for a STATCOM and to calculate the enhancement in stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current environmental catastrophes generating from fossil fuel power generation has attracted the attention of energy planners to look for sustainable energy sources. Hydropower is one of the oldest energy sources that have been utilized all over the world to generate electricity, especially in remote areas. Being one of the most densely populated countries, the majority of power demand is fulfilled from fossil fuel. Despite having lots of rivers, Bangladesh has not explored its true potential. So, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the current hydropower potential in Bangladesh. Locations having hydropower potential is evaluated. Different technologies used for hydropower generation have been reviewed. Moreover, global hydropower potential has also been discussed in this study. Based on the economic and environmental study, it is found that small scale hydropower is most feasible in Bangladesh to provide sustainable energy. With a reasonable flow rate, 232 rivers of Bangladesh can be utilized small scale hydropower generation as well as ensuring energy security for remote people. The current study is believed to provide useful information in advancing the generation of hydropower based electricity in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy security and environmental sustainability have become an integral policy agenda worldwide whereby the global economic growth policies are being restructured to ensure the reliability of energy supply and safeguard environmental well-being as well. However, technological inefficiency is one of the major hindrances in attaining these over-arching goals. Hence, this paper probed into the non-linear impacts of ICT trade on the prospects of undergoing renewable energy transition, improving energy use efficiencies, enhancing access to cleaner cooking fuels, and mitigating carbon dioxide emissions across selected South Asian economies: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Maldives. The results from the econometric analyses reveal that ICT trade directly increases renewable energy consumption, enhances renewable energy shares, reduces intensity of energy use, facilitates adoption of cleaner cooking fuels, and reduces carbon-dioxide emissions. Moreover, ICT trade also indirectly mitigates carbon-dioxide emissions through boosting renewable energy consumption levels, improving energy efficiencies, and enhancing cleaner cooking fuel access. Hence, these results, in a nutshell, portray the significance of reducing the barriers to ICT trade with respect to ensuring energy security and environmental sustainability across South Asia. Therefore, it is ideal for the government to gradually lessen the trade barriers to boost the volumes of cross-border flows of green ICT commodities. Besides, it is also recommended to attract foreign direct investments for the potential development of the respective ICT sectors of the South Asian economies.

Energy insufficiency is obstructing the socio-economic and industrial improvement of Bangladesh. Renewable energy contributes about 560 Megawatt (MW) of the total electricity production of 20,430 MW, which can be a sustainable solution to the demand-supply crisis. This paper, summarises the current energy situation of Bangladesh and examines the available renewable energy resources and their future prospect. It has been revealed that Bangladesh is heavily (62%) relying on natural gas although government has already taken steps to generate electricity from renewable energy sources. Current policies and legislations related to generation of renewable energy in Bangladesh have been discussed explicitly. Finally, some suggestions have been made to tackle the ongoing energy crisis in the country, in addition to the renewable energy.Abbreviations: GDP: Gross domestic product; RNPP: Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant; Tcf: Trillion cubic feet; IDCOL: Infrastructure development company limited; BPDB: Bangladesh Power Development Board: GS: Grameen Shakti; BWDB: Bangladesh Water Development Board: USD: United States Dollar; IPP: Independent power producer: BCAS: Bangladesh center for advanced studies; NWPGCL: North West Power Generation Company Limited: BCSIR: Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; EGCB: Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh: WRA: Wind Resource Assessment; REB: Rural Electrification Board: BRAC: Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee; kW: Kilowatt: PJ: Petajoules; MW: Megawatt: IFRAD: Institute for fuel research and Development; GWh: Gigawatt hours: ICS: Improved Cooking Stoves; MWh: Megawatt hours: DoE: Department of Environment; TWh: Trillion-watt hour: DLS: Department of Livestock Services; RPCL: Rural Power Company Limited: mmcfd: million cubic feet per day; APSCL: Ashugang Power Station Company Limited: BSCIC: Bangladesh Small & Cottage Industries Corporation (BSCIC); GOB: Government of Bangladesh: BADC: Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation; SREDA: Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority: DIDA: Danish International Development Agency; LGED: Local Government Engineering Directorate: BAU: Bangladesh Agricultural University; NGO: Non-Governmental Organization: HBRI: Housing & Building Research Institute; IRENA: International Renewable energy Agency: : BARD: Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development; ETP: Electronic Traffic Pricing: BCCD: Bangladesh Commission for Christian Development; PV: Photovoltaic: BRRI: Bangladesh Rice Research Institute; SHS: Solar Home Systems: NDBMP: National Domestic Biogas and Manure Program; TOE: Tonne of oil equivalent: K/km: Kelvin/kilometer; LEAP: Long range Energy Alternative Planning [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analyzes South Asia's energy trilemma balancing energy access, security and sustainability. • Focuses on four major regional countries: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. • Identifies major challenges as lack of energy access, unreliable gird, and unaffordable prices. • Explores the prospects of renewable energy as the key toward a sustainable energy transition. • Presents stakeholder perspectives on crucial dynamics of energy transition. To address the faced challenges – i.e. rapidly growing energy needs, depleting fossil fuel reserves, surging energy prices, risks to security of supplies, and climate change – the World is targeting a sustainable energy transition. This energy transition is primarily propelled by a global decarbonization drive. South Asia, a developing region housing over 23% of the global population, faces the additional challenge of serious energy deprivation. The subject of energy transition has not been explored in the South Asian context in terms of drivers, challenges, and prospects. This paper investigates the prospects of sustainable energy transition in South Asia in terms of resources, consumption trends, and challenges encountered by countries in the region, particularly India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. It also examines the sustainable and renewable energy options for the region. An original stakeholder survey provides salient behavioral insights into awareness, attitudes and opinions shaping societal response to energy transition. The findings of the study highlight the serious energy security issues faced by the region in terms of lack of access, inconsistent supplies, unreliable grids, and high energy prices. Renewables like solar energy, wind power, and hydropower have the potential to propel regional countries to energy and environmental sustainability. "Lack of consistent policies and regulations", "lack of political will" and "lack of investment" are found to be the three most important challenges to the energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy scarcity and environmental pollution from biogenic residues and wastes are major challenges in the 21st century, which can be converted to useful renewable energy and reduce environmental threats. In Bangladesh, a tremendous amount of biogenic residues is generated which remains largely underutilized. Mono-digestion, which is a common practice in Bangladesh for biogenic residue processing, resulted in low biogas yield. However, Bangladesh has a vast source of biogenic residues which can be utilized through anaerobic co-digestion to increase biogas production. In this paper, a desk study and comprehensive review has been conducted in finding potentiality of biogenic residues in biogas production from available biogenic residues in Bangladesh. Research studies on co-digestion of biogenic residues were reviewed critically, and their practices and benefits on energy production and impact on the environment were stipulated in this study. The study shows that co-digestion of biogenic residues in appropriate ratio increases the biogas production, improves digested quality and reduces GHG emissions. [Display omitted] • Biogas production potential from agricultural and livestock sectors were analyzed. • State of art co-digestion options of animal dung as main feedstock was reviewed. • Co-digestion of crop residues and animal dung lessened environmental burden. • Digestate can be used as bio fertilizer or converted into other forms of fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bangladesh has encountered several challenges, including issues like overpopulation, energy shortage, and global warming for the last few decades. Addressing the increasing energy demand has become a crucial concern because of rapid increase in population and lack of growth in the economic. The electricity production of a country heavily relies on fossil fuels, particularly natural gas, which makes up approximately 54% of the current installed capacity. Bangladesh is an agrarian nation and biomass stands out as a source of renewable energy having significant potential to mitigate the demand for heat and electricity. Biomass resources in the country mainly comprise animal dung, agricultural crop residuals, solid waste from municipalities and forest residues. The existing biomass resources contribute to producing a high amount of energy and content of around 1574.16 PJ of energy equivalent to 437.28 TWh of electricity in which agricultural residues, animal manure, municipal solid waste, and forest residues impart around 852.32 PJ, 399.04 PJ, 112.16 PJ, and 210.64 PJ of energy respectively. This paper explores the extent, possibilities, and technologies associated with biomass energy conversion. Additionally, the study delves into the several biomass projects that the government, as well as non-governmental groups, are working on for environmental sustainability along with plans, challenges, and methods that are being utilized to encourage biomass technologies across Bangladesh. [Display omitted] • The biomass potentiality in Bangladesh for heat and electricity generation is emphasized. • The energy scenario and necessity of alternative energy sources in Bangladesh are discussed. • The available energy conversion technologies from biomass in Bangladesh are presented. • The existing biomass resource content of around 1574.16 PJ (437.28 TWh of electricity) of energy. • The economic aspects and challenges of biomass conversion into energy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have increased substantially due to industrialization and the rapid growth in energy demand in Bangladesh. The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive carbon footprint analysis of fossil power plants in Bangladesh, focusing on the impact of GHG emissions. We evaluate the carbon footprint of fossil power plants based on their power generation capacity, fuel type, specific emission rates, and global warming potential (GWp) for various GHGs. The emission factor approach has been used in conjunction with the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology. Findings of the study indicate that fossil power plants in Bangladesh contribute significantly to the country's overall carbon footprint, with CO 2 and other GHG emissions being the primary drivers. Furthermore, we evaluate Bangladesh's GHG emissions in comparison with neighbouring countries to determine its position. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions from fossil-based power plants, we find that Bangladesh has relatively low emissions compared to its neighbours and developing countries in Asia. Nevertheless, Bangladesh has witnessed a significant increase in coal-fired power generation in recent years, which has emerged as a significant contributor to emissions. Following an analysis of GHG emissions from fossil fuel power plants, we recommend adopting advanced technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) with improved energy efficiency systems and integrating renewable energy sources into the power generation mix. We conclude our analysis by highlighting the importance of transitioning to cleaner, sustainable energy sources to reduce future carbon emissions. Highlights: Conducting an in-depth assessment of the carbon footprint generated by fossil power plants in Bangladesh. Utilizing comprehensive data and analysis techniques to quantify the extent of carbon emissions. Identifying and analyzing the major sources of carbon emissions within the energy sector of Bangladesh. Conducting a comparative study to understand Bangladesh's position in relation to neighboring countries regarding greenhouse gas (GHG) and local air pollutants (LAPs) emissions. Offering insights and recommendations on reducing carbon emissions from the energy sector in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study gives a thorough analysis on the wind energy potential in Dhaka, Bangladesh, utilizing data from NASA Power's remote sensing tools and weather data from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD). The wind speed data collected over a 22 year period at an altitude of 10 m. The results indicate that 3.07 m per second (ms−1) is Dhaka city's typical wind speed, while the maximum wind speeds were recorded in June and July. A Weibull distribution is used to observe the wind data, as well as to calculate the Weibull form parameter of 2.65 and the scale parameter of 3.43 ms−1. Based on these parameters, the most probable wind speed along with the wind speed carrying maximum energy were calculated 2.83 ms−1 and 4.28 ms−1, respectively. The highest density of energy has been found in the month of July with a value of 52.11 W/m2. According to the study, the south is the most prominent wind direction for Dhaka city. Moreover, the study analyzes the relations between energy density and other variables, like wind speed, humidity, dry bulb temperature, etc. Positive correlations between energy density, wind speed, and dry bulb temperature imply that the higher wind speeds and dry bulb temperatures result in greater energies. The study's conclusions offer intuitive information about Dhaka City's potential for wind energy and can support direct future efforts to pursue this green resource in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Bangladesh, annual per capita energy consumption is approximately 200 KgOE³, which is among the lowest in the world. Presently, 70% of the population does not have access to electricity in Bangladesh (GoB, 2004). The average system loss is 20.97% (GoB, 2006). The demand for power is estimated to increase 300 MW annually (GoB, 1996a). In contrast, concerns have been raised about the conventional energy production from fossil fuels that significantly contributes to environmental degradation at the local, regional and global levels. This situation calls for adoption of sustainable energy strategies that permeate every level of the economy and can provide rural dwellers with the services that they want and need. With this backdrop, Bangladesh has been experiencing a gradual shift towards exploring renewable energy resources as a means to fuel rural development in the off-grid areas. The country is endowed with abundant renewable energy resources. The Local Government Engineering Department (LGED), with its mandate for sustainable rural development has embarked on a program for demonstration and transfer of renewable energy technologies in the off-grid rural areas. The project ‘Sustainable Rural Energy (SRE)’ has been conceived within the overall framework of ‘Sustainable Environment Management Programme (SEMP)’ with financial support from United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This project has already completed a number of renewable energy installations demonstrating diversified community applications of these technologies for livelihood and socio-economic improvement of the people living in the remote off-grid villages. The lessons learned from these demonstration plants reveal that, with careful forward planning, renewable energy can provide far-reaching economic and social benefits to people living in remote rural areas in Bangladesh. The private sectors and NGOs (Non-government organizations) have started to take part in the process of renewable energy development with great promise and enthusiasm. However, the process encounters policy, institutional and technological barriers, which are critical for continued development in this sector. This paper provides a critical review of the lessons learned through the pilot demonstrations of renewable energy technologies in off-grid rural Bangladesh and will identify the critical challenges to overcome the present institutional and technological barriers. The paper will also draw upon a set of policy recommendations, which are significantly important for continued development of the renewable energy sector in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancement in electricity is the key ingredient that can actively take part in alleviating poverty and drastically improve the socio-economic status of the people of Bangladesh. The incorporation of renewable energy sources would help the country meet the energy requirement as well as contribute positively towards building a sustainable planet. The paper has extensively discussed the potential aspects of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh and how the Internet of Things can facilitate the implementation of intermittent sources. The regulatory and socio-economic aspects of the renewable energy industry have been explored and sustainable solutions will be discussed to fast-track the process of integrating various renewable energy sources in the power grid to meet the energy demand. The paper discusses the challenges associated with the RE integration in Bangladesh's power mix and tries to mitigate it through the IoT. Besides that, an RE map for Bangladesh along with prospective power network has also been discussed in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electricity regulatory framework in Bangladesh is in the process of reforms since its inception. The salient features of the reforms include converting the electricity sector from public service to private service, shifting bureaucratic governance to corporate governance, reducing command and control regulation and establishing a regulatory commission. The aim of this paper is to review the existing laws and regulations in relation to electricity regulation in Bangladesh with a view to assessing the efficiency of the electricity regulatory framework. The findings suggest that electricity regulations need to be stable and predictable, and regulatory institutions should be coordinated, independent and accountable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is one of the indispensable inputs for the survival of human being in the earth. Bangladesh has the very inadequate amount of indigenous non-renewable energy resources even which is being diminished rapidly to increase the electricity generation. Although the installed electricity generation capacity has been increased to 10,709 MW, still the amount is insufficient to meet the demand of the country. In addition to this, the insufficient power generation hinders the socio-economic and industrial development. This current problem in power generation of Bangladesh can be removed by incorporating renewable energy into electricity generation. Recently, utilization of renewable energy and Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) is getting momentum in the country to achieve not only energy security but also to reduce environmental pollution and to limit the imminent depletion of the non-renewable energy resources. Overall, Bangladesh has the vast potential of biomass, solar, hydro, wind, and tidal powers. This paper outlines the present energy scenario of the country. Following this, the potential of available renewable energy resources is also reviewed and presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With radically increased population, rapid economic growth and expansion of urbanization and industrialization, mega-cities of Bangladesh are faces the complexity of municipal solid waste (MSW) management. The purpose of this paper is to review the types of MSW that are currently being used for renewable energy sources. To meet up the power supply for city dwellers and reducing space for new landfills, waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration is playing a vital role for renewable energy production from discarded MSW. Incineration of MSW is complex owing to its low calorific value (~3000 kJ/kg) and high water content (~60%). MSW in Bangladesh contains relatively high proportion of organic matter (74.6%) than paper (9.1%) and plastic (3.5%). Using landfill gas recovery process, generation of electricity from MSW in six mega-cities is ~186,408 kW h/day. Therefore, WTE incineration system contributes greater supply of renewable energy in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a methodology which extends the segmentation method to evaluate the expected energy generation and the expected export/import among the electrical utilities in an interconnected system with renewable energy-based units as well as conventional thermal units. The proposed methodology is applied to the Power Grid of Bangladesh. The method helps the system planner determine the expected cost of energy generation of various sources. The randomness in the output of a renewable energy generator is appropriately modelled in the proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Bangladesh is a small country with its large population struggled with several challenges over the last few decades, including overpopulation, power grid disruptions, floods, and global warming. Sufficient rate of energy production is must for a developing country, but quickly expanding population and overall economic growth interrupt the energy sector. Renewable energy plays a vital role to contribute in this sector. For becoming an agricultural country biomass is an important sustainable energy source for this country. Organic crop residues, animal waste, and municipal solid waste are the most accessible biomass energy sources in this country. On the other hand, by using the membrane gas separation technology the quality biogas can be improved and it helps the environment from the toxic CO 2 which is a major element of biogas. This study represents the extension, potential and innovations identified with the utilization of biomass assets. Besides the improvement of biogas also discussed in this paper. This paper also represents the various initiatives conducted by the government that are all relevant to biomass energy. This work further can be studies to innovate different biomass technology and to improve the quality of biogas. [Display omitted] • Biomass is an alternative and sustainable renewable energy source in Bangladesh. • Thermal and bio-chemical methods are widely used for changing over biomass to energy. • Government plan is to produce electricity by utilizing natural gas, liquid fuel, and peat. • Membrane gas separation technology is used to increase the quality of gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Worldwide, the demand for energy has increased significantly in last two decades, leading to an increased use of non-renewable energy resources. The global agenda aims to reduce the carbon intensity of energy in long-term climate change mitigation strategies, and to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG-7) on affordable and clean energy. Use of renewable energy (RE) can contribute to reducing global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while providing incremental financial resources to stimulate clean development mechanisms. Hydropower continues to be the leading RE option and has the additional benefits of water storage for agriculture and other uses. Drawing on the position of four Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) countries – Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan – this paper investigates the current status of hydropower generation and related policies, and attempts to identify the key challenges to and opportunities for hydropower development in the region. Collectively, four HKH countries have commercially feasible hydropower potential of nearly 190 GW. However, only one-third of this potential has actually been tapped so far. Nepal and Pakistan have tapped 2% and 12%, respectively, of their hydropower potential. The current hydropower supply has not been able to fulfill the electricity demand in the region, where 26–37% of the rural population is living without access to electricity, and future demand for electricity is likely to increase sharply. There are several economic, social, technical, environmental, ecological and political challenges to hydropower production in the HKH countries. Despite these challenges, hydropower remains an important option for achieving renewable energy goals in the region. To achieve these goals, we suggest capitalizing on emerging opportunities such as large hydropower development using a 'smart approach', micro-hydropower promotion, energy trade, and regional cooperation for collective energy development programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Renewable energy can potentially play a role in the supply of safe water in Bangladesh, where nearly 70% of the rural population does not have access to electricity. This paper examines the possible application of renewable energy for pumping water from geologically safe deep tubewells to overcome limitations in existing water technologies in the arsenic-contaminated villages in Bangladesh. Renewable energy, national grid electricity, and alternatives such as diesel engines have been considered as sources of power for both suction and submersible pumps in electrified and non-electrified villages. Three locally available renewable energy sources (human energy, biogas, and solar energy) have been assessed as power sources for reciprocating and submersible pumps. These renewable energy options have not been found cost competitive with the deep tubewells which run off the national grid in electrified villages. However, electricity generated from biogas has the potential to power submersible pumps in non-electrified villages. This paper discusses some financial mechanisms to promote capital-intensive energy options for deep tubewells in arsenic-affected rural areas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The incorporation of renewable energy and the transportation system can be significantly beneficial for the economy and environment of Bangladesh. The main energy source for vehicles in Bangladesh are the country's natural gas and fuel. However, due to the rapid depletion of the gas reserve, soaring gas prices and global warming, alongside the environmental pollution caused by burning fuel, this raises concerns about these energy sources. Renewable energy offers a plausible solution to these problems. This paper's objective is to focus on the maximum usages of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system in electrical vehicles and to minimize the environmental impact in terms of CO2 emission. This system may be partially used to power up the electric vehicle with a charging facility and contribute excess power to the national grid. The modeling, with its optimal analysis of the green transportation system, is simulated using the Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Renewables (HOMER) software. The energy produced by the PV system can provide up to 13,792 kWh/year. Approximately 21% of the total production can be used in the charging station for charging the electrical vehicles and the rest of the energy can contribute to the national grid. Moreover, using the proposed concept of green transport will ultimately reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 52,944 kg/year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bangladesh, currently a low middle-income economy aspires to become a high middle income country by 2021. To achieve such aspiration, the country will have to ensure adequate power supply for its fast growing economy. Bangladesh lacks energy resources for power generation. This paper explores some of the power supply scenarios with special focus on power imports and higher use of renewables. Using the technology rich, least cost optimization model 'The Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System (TIMES)', the authors developed four possible future power supply scenarios for Bangladesh. These scenarios include an energy security framework (based on the Power System Master Plan (PSMP) 2016 report), a high power import scenario, a scenario with higher use of renewables and a combined high power import - high renewables development scenario. The analysis indicates that the present energy security framework ensures energy security with diversifying fuels used for power generation, however, scenarios with high power imports and a high share of renewables (including the combined scenario) bring down the cost of supplying power along with a reduction in expensive fossil fuel imports while maintaining energy security as fuel sources for power generation still remain diversified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bangladesh is a middle-income country. With the development of the industrial and agricultural sectors, the demand for petroleum-based fuels in the transport sector has been steadily growing. Diesel, petrol, octane (C8H18), liquid petroleum gas (LPG), and compressed natural gas are mainly used as fuels in the transportation sectors of Bangladesh. The government imports LPG as well as refined, crude, and furnace oil from abroad to meet the country's growing energy demand. Apart from that, Bangladesh has a shortage of natural gas reserves, which is a great concern. As a result, it is essential to find and use renewable fuel sources. Since Bangladesh is an agricultural country, bioethanol could be the best alternative fuel generated from agricultural residues and waste. Every year, a large amount of agricultural residue is generated in this country, from which a vast amount of bioethanol could be produced. Bioethanol derived from agricultural residue and waste can reduce dependency on fossil resources, reduce fossil fuel's environmental impact, and improve engine performance. This article comprehensively reviews the bioethanol production potential from agricultural residues and investigates the opportunities and possibilities in Bangladesh. The research outcomes reveal that in the fiscal year 2019–2020, approximately 46.5 million tons of agricultural residue were generated from the available major crops, from which about 19.325 GL (gigalitres) of bioethanol could be generated. This current study also investigates the practical methods of bioethanol production from different agricultural feedstocks and identifies the challenges related to bioethanol production in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the role of public sector innovation outcomes, e.g. trademark innovation, information and communication technology (ICT), renewable energy, and governance, in the sustainable development of Bangladesh during 1980–2019. Utilising the dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (DARDL) simulation approach, this study divulges a favourable long-term influencing profile of public sector innovation outcomes, i.e. trademark innovation, ICT, and renewable energy on sustainable development, while governance has a heterogeneous impact. Besides, the findings from the DARDL simulations area plots display 10% counterfactual shocks to the public sector innovation outcomes on sustainable development. Furthermore, the Kernel-based regularised least square machine learning algorithm approach used in the study examines the marginal effects of the public sector innovation outcomes on sustainable development for robust findings. Therefore, the policy suggestions are solely concerned with the public sector's adoption of more innovation dynamics through appropriate policy formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bangladesh's railway system mostly uses typical manual railway crossing techniques or boom gates through its 2955.53 km rail route all over the country. Accidents frequently happen at railway crossings due to the lack of quickly operating gate systems, and to fewer safety measures at the railway crossing as well. Currently, there are very few automatic railway crossing systems available (without obstacle detectors). Additionally, all of them are dependent on the national power grid, without a backup plan for any emergency cases. Bangladesh is still running a bit behind in generating enough power for its consumption; hence, it is not possible to have a continuous power supply at all times all over the countryside. We aim to design and develop a smart railway crossing system with an obstacle detector to prevent common types of accidents at railway crossing points. We use two infrared (IR) sensors to operate the railway crossing systems, which are controlled by an Arduino Uno. This newly designed level crossing system is run with the help of sustainable renewable energy, which is cost-effective and eco-friendly, and applied under the national green energy policy towards achieving sustainable development in Bangladesh as a part of the global sustainable goal to face climate change challenges. We have summarized the simulated the results of several renewable energy sources, including a hybrid system, and optimized the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and the payback periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind charge is produced naturally in space. Knowing the nature of space charge is important for various purposes. If the charge is received for the whole year long by an antenna, then, in this process, the charge can be used as electric power. In the present work, the nature of wind charge in space in the cities of Dhaka and Narayanganj was observed. A net-type antenna was used to receive the wind charge. The results show that the power decreased with the antenna gaps. The output power increased with the antenna's gross area and the speed of air. The overall output power was increased with humidity. It was shown that wind with a higher distance from the ground carries more electric charge. This research reveals that electric charge is inhomogeneous in wind, and it is collectable as electric power. The nature of the results is similar in both cities, but the output power is larger in Dhaka than in Narayanganj. This alternative power source is environmentally friendly, and it reduces thunder and lighting due to charge being taken from wind. Thus, this creates a more danger-free environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the summer season, irrigation sector in Bangladesh suffers a lot due to the country wide electricity crisis. Solar pump offers a clean and simple alternative to the conventional fuel fired engine or grid electricity driven pump in this regard to resolve the issue. In this paper, the techno-economic analyses of solar irrigation plants installed in Bangladesh are evaluated. It was observed that systems were running around 70% to 8 0% of the rated power which was quite acceptable. A 10 hp pump was able to pump 600 liter of water per minute which was also satisfactory to irrigate the land. Average operating time was found to be 8 hour/day. It was found that the overall efficiency of the systems were in between 11.39% to 16.52% whereas the typical average value of lit/Wp/year was 9200. On the other hand, the cost of irrigation to cultivate paddy in 0.161 hectares' land for one season was 1,750 BDT by solar irrigation which was found to be lower than that of other available modes. This charge for grid electricity based irrigation was about 3,000 to 3500 BDT per 0.161 hectares' and 2,300 to 2,600 BDT per 0.161 hectares' for diesel engine based irrigation. According to the current financial scheme (15% equity investment, 3 5% credit support and remaining 50% from government through IDCOL) the average value of payback period was 5.43 years, NPV in the range from 7 to 15% and IRR was 18%. By considering 100% equity investment, however, these projects were not economically attractive. The payback period for this case was about 18 years. Study also revealed that each solar irrigation plant reduces 42.8 kg of CO2 emission per day compare to diesel engine operated pump and 2566.24 kg/day compared to grid electricity operated pump. A comprehensive effort from the Government as well as from all the stakeholders is required for further expansion of solar irrigation plants in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the impacts of female employers, renewable energy, and education expenditures on CO2 emission in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. The annual data of 1990–2020 has been analyzed to present the empirical results. This work uses cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) approach to know long- and short-run coefficient values. The findings reveal that 1% increase in female employers, renewable energy, and education expenditures will decrease 0.04%, 0.64%, and 0.03% CO2 emissions, respectively, in the long run, which means female employers, renewable energy, and education spending are useful for South Asian countries to lower environmental pollution. This means that increasing female employers, ratio of renewable energy, and education expenditures are very important for South Asian countries to lower environmental pollution. This work recommends that education spending is providing environmental awareness, which is compulsory for cleaner environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With around 40% of the population without access to electricity but also a high penetration of solar home systems in its off grid areas, the case of Bangladesh is a very strong reference for the applicability of the Sustainable Energy Access for All (SE4A) goals. Nonetheless, while the solar home system program with 3.6 million systems has gained worldwide recognition, there are considerable limitations in the usage of such systems, in particular in the ability to provide access to higher tier energy services for productive use. Minigrids, on the other hand, could provide this access but have yet to proof both scale and commercial viability. This paper provides critical insides into the case of Bangladesh for a cost-effective route to the SE4All goals by applying practical and resource-efficient minigrid design principles. Planning and operation techniques are elaborated on in detail and concluded with a financial analysis for a hybrid solar-PV-Diesel minigrid that provides enhanced energy access in particular for productive use. In addition, implications on the business model are highlighted for developing minigrids in off grid rural areas of Bangladesh for hybrid minigrids ranging from 100 to 250 kWp while exemplarily showing how the three goals of the United Nation Sustainable Energy for All Initiative can be pursued in a mutually beneficial way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores some of the ways of designing a green room with respect to energy efficiency. For design purpose, a model office room of typical dimensions was chosen and its electrical energy consumption under prescribed conditions was evaluated over a year by means of computer simulation. Then, the possibilities of providing the stipulated electrical energy demand solely from solar and wind sources were ascertained. The yields of grid connected solar photovoltaic cells that could be commensurately accommodated on the roof of the room were calculated over a year, via simulation. For wind energy analysis, a wind energy calculator software was made, that can provide dynamic energy calculations, take in wind speed data from anywhere within the computer and at the same time log useful yield data in real time. The simulation results indicated that the designed system could account for an impressive 15% energy demand of the room. The wind energy calculator software predicted results to considerable accuracy when compared to known performances of wind turbines present in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A developing country such as Bangladesh, where economic development without compromising the eco-friendly environment is a burning issue, needs huge supply of power. Having very limited fossil fuels, sources of renewable energy such as solar, wind, biomass and limited hydro power are the probable alternatives to offset energy crisis in Bangladesh and similar other countries. Over three-quarters (76 percent) of Bangladeshi people are out of on-grid connected electrical power supply. Undeniably, it has limited natural gas being used for a large variety of purposes. Energy demand is estimated to increase exponentially, implying alarming supply and demand gap. Despite prospects of huge renewable energy sources, presently, this country has only 0.3 percent of renewable energy share to the total energy supply. This paper reviews the renewable energy status and its prospective use in Bangladesh as well as renewable energy technologies obtainable in Bangladesh. It also attempts to provide future research directions and show ways to harness renewable energies to meet the future demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global demand for electricity is growing significantly in developing nations. Renewable energy accounts for barely 3% of total energy consumption in Bangladesh. Sources of renewable energy, e.g. solar, are increasingly being acknowledged as viable supply-side choices for microgrids. This article presents a grid-connected microgrid design based on meteorological data for a local community situated in Mohammadpur, Dhaka. This study presents a feasible design of a system that gives the lowest cost of energy production and emissions that is evaluated using software named Hybrid Optimization Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER Pro). Comparison and assessment of the net present cost, cost of energy, operating cost and environmental emission for five different feasible microgrids are analysed concerning real-time data. Also, a suitable case is sorted out and proposed for the local community for electrification. The proposed case offers a $0.0442/kWh cost of energy, which is ~32% cheaper than the current rate with a 57.5% renewable fraction and a payback period of 16.86 years. People of this local community will have access to considerably more clean energy at a lower price by this study; also this design could sell the excess energy to the grid to avoid frequent electricity outages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insufficient rainfall in the dry season and scarcity of surface water has resulted in firms' reliance on groundwater for agriculture in the northern part of Bangladesh. Most irrigation systems in the country are diesel or electric, which raises the cost and demand for energy and pollutes the environment. Utilizing the abundant sunshine and disseminating solar-based irrigation systems is expected to be a fittingly rewarding experience for irrigation purposes. Therefore, this study identifies the factors influencing the adoption of solar irrigation facilities (SIFs) and the impacts of their adoption on irrigation cost, return on investment (ROI), and production costs, using survey data collected from 405 rice farmers of Dinajpur district. The study employed three treatment effect estimators, namely inverse probability weighting (IPW), regression adjustment (RA), and inverse probability weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA), to address the potential selection bias issue. The results revealed that farming experience, knowledge, environmental awareness, soil fertility, and irrigation machinery ownership significantly influenced adoption decisions. The treatment effect model result indicated that farmers who adopted this method could minimize irrigation costs by 1.88 to 2.22%, obtain 4.48 to 8.16% higher ROI, and reduce total production cost by 0.06 to 0.98% compared to non-adopters. Our findings suggested that policy interventions targeting scaling up SIFs should consider focusing on government and stakeholders' greater attention on designing more appropriate schemes through experimentation and multiple iterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Energy is a key indicator of the nation's overall economic as well as social development. Looking at the present energy demand scenario in Bangladesh, electricity demand has significantly increased over the past years. Most of the Bangladesh's power plants are heavily dependent on expensive imported fossil fuel energy resources. Thus, the power failure has become an acute problem for the country and adversely affects the socio-economic development of the country. Consequently, the shortage and constraint in availability of fossil fuels appeal to boost up the renewable energy sector in Bangladesh in order to bring down the gap between demand and supply. Hence, decisive steps to reform the power sector with a mandate to oversee these sectors urgently need to overcome current energy crisis facing in the country. In this paper, efforts have been made to summarize the availability, current status, strategies, perspectives, promotion policies, major achievements and future potential of energy options in Bangladesh. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Climate change is a global problem, and the policy-makers are trying their best to mitigate the impacts of drastic climate variability. Considering the mandate of Kyoto Protocol, this work investigates the individual and interactive impacts of renewable energy, economic growth, government effectiveness, and foreign investment towards carbon emissions in selected South Asian countries of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. The annual data of 1996–2019 has been analyzed by adopting advance methods. After confirming the cross-sectional dependence in the panel data, Westerlund cointegration test confirms the strong association of 1% level among the variables. Cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag approach is employed to present long- and short-run coefficient values, which shows all data is having cross-sectional dependence at 1% level. Renewable energy and its interactive terms with government effectiveness and FDI are environmental friendly. A 1% increase in renewable energy is lowering CO2 emissions by 13.95%. Moreover, 1% increase in governance is reducing carbon emissions by 7.68%. This shows that these governments should integrate the FDI with renewable energy in the context of strict environmental policies. The attention should be on to generate more renewable energy. This can be done by importing latest technologies and to develop the domestic research and development expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phasing out fossil fuel dependency to adopt renewable energy technologies is pertinent for both ensuring energy security and for safeguarding the well-being of the environment. However, financial constraints often restrict the developing countries, in particular, from undergoing the renewable energy transition that is necessary for easing the environmental hardships. Against this background, this study makes a novel attempt to evaluate the impacts of FDI inflows on enhancing renewable energy use and attaining environmental sustainability in Bangladesh between 1972 and 2015. Using the autoregressive distributed lags with structural break approach to estimate the short- and long-run elasticities, it is found that FDI inflows enhance the share of renewable electricity output in the total electricity output levels of the country. Besides, FDI inflows are also evidenced to directly hamper environmental quality by boosting the ecological footprints figures of Bangladesh. Hence, it can be said that FDI promotes renewable electricity generation in Bangladesh but transforms the nation into a pollution haven. However, although FDI inflows cannot directly reduce the ecological footprints, a joint ecological footprint mitigation impact of FDI inflows and renewable electricity generation is evidenced. Besides, the findings also verify the authenticity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in Bangladesh's context. Therefore, economic growth can be referred to as being both the cause and the panacea to the environmental problems faced by Bangladesh. These results, in a nutshell, calls for effective measures to be undertaken for attracting the relatively cleaner FDI in Bangladesh whereby the objectives of renewable energy transition and environmental sustainability can be achieved in tandem. In line with these findings, several appropriate financial globalization policies are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Present energy scenario, alternative energy resources and future prospect in Bangladesh have been reviewed comprehensively and presented in this paper. This work compiles latest literatures in terms of thesis, journal articles, conference proceedings, web materials, reports, books, handbooks on energy and renewable energy resources in Bangladesh. Deficiency in the energy sector is a major problem in Bangladesh, which hinders the smooth economic development workflows. Being the eighth most populated country in the world, Bangladesh is one of the most electricity deprived nations with a total electricity generation of only 5000MW. Thus, Bangladesh is facing difficulty to achieve an overall sustained progress in the economy due to the lack of a sound energy security. In this context, alternatives of conventional energy sources, renewable energy resources can be the sustainable solution for the energy security. This study has discovered the factors that are useful to lessen the existing power supply crisis and summarized the current energy scenario, lack of infrastructure and conventional energy sources to promote the renewable energy sources to fulfill the power demand in Bangladesh. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Solar PhotoVoltaic (SPV) based systems have been widely accepted technology for rural electrification in developing countries. The standalone SPV home lighting system has increasingly been popular among rural households, while SPV mini-grid supply system is being promoted for rural electrification schemes. This study uses data from household survey to explore the impact of household characteristics on the preference for electrical energy from SPV systems. Econometric evidence shows heterogeneity in behavioural pattern for these two SPV systems. The flexibility in use and cost of systems might explain this difference. Household characteristics such as monthly household income, household size, occupational status of household head, number of room and type of house significantly influence household’s decision for SPV standalone home lighting systems. For SPV mini-grid supply household’s income and monthly expenditure on kerosene are significant predictors. The result reported in this paper might be a valuable input for policy makers to frame right policy mix with regard to provide subsidy on rural electrification programmes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Renewable energy encompasses a broad range of energy resources. Bangladesh is known to have a good potential for renewable energy, but so far no systematic study has been done to quantify this potential for power generation. This paper estimates the potential of renewable energy resources for power generation in Bangladesh from the viewpoint of different promising available technologies. Estimation of the potential of solar energy in Bangladesh is done using a GIS-based GeoSpatial Toolkit (GsT), Hybrid System Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) model and NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) solar radiation data. The potential of wind energy is estimated by developing a Bangladesh wind map using NASA SSE wind data and HOMER model. A review of country''s biomass and hydro potential for electricity generation is presented. The technical potential of gird-connected solar PV is estimated at 50,174MW. Assuming that 1000h per year of full power is the feasible threshold for the exploitation of wind energy, the areas that satisfy this condition in the country would be sufficient for the installation of 4614MW of wind power. The potential of biomass-based and small hydro power plants is estimated at 566 and 125MW, respectively. The renewable energy resources cannot serve as alternative to conventional energy resources, yet they may serve to supplement the long-term energy needs of Bangladesh to a significant level. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Achieving carbon-neutrality has become a global agenda following the ratification of the Paris Agreement. For the developing countries, in particular, attaining a low-carbon economy is particularly important since these economies are predominantly fossil-fuel dependent, to which Bangladesh is no exception. Therefore, this study specifically aimed at evaluating the environmental impacts associated with energy consumption and other key macroeconomic variables in the context of Bangladesh over the 1975–2016 period. As opposed to the conventional practice of using carbon dioxide emissions to proxy environmental quality, this study makes a novel attempt to use the carbon footprints to measure environmental welfare in Bangldesh. The outcomes from this study are expected to facilitate the carbon-neutrality objective of Bangladesh and, therefore, enable the nation to comply with its commitments concerning the attainment of the targets enlisted under the Paris Agreement and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals declarations. The econometric analysis involved the application of methods that are suitable for handling the structural break issues in the data. The overall findings from empirical exercises reveal that aggregate energy consumption, fossil fuel consumption, and natural gas consumption boost the carbon footprint figures of Bangladesh. In contrast, nonfossil fuel consumption and hydroelectricity consumption are witnessed to abate the carbon footprint levels. Besides, economic growth and international trade are also evidenced to further increase the carbon footprints. Hence, these findings suggest that a clean energy transition within the Bangladesh economy can be the panacea to the nation's persitently aggravating environmental hardships. Furthermore, the causality analysis confirmed the presence of unidirectional causalities stemming from total energy consumption, fossil fuel consumption, natural gas consumption, hydroelectricity consumption, economic growth, and international trade to the carbon footprints. On the other hand, nonfossil fuel consumption is found to be bidirectionally associated with carbon footprints. In line with these aforementioned findings, several key policy suggestions are put forward regarding the facilitation of the carbon-neutrality agenda in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An IHMS for southern divisions of Bangladesh has been designed and optimized. • Real time field meteorological data of solar, wind and temperature has been used. • The estimation of the reduction of NPC, COE, CO 2 emissions have been reported. • Voltage, Power and Frequency responses reported considering dispatch strategies. • Simulation results from HOMER Pro and MATLAB Simulink have been represented. • Sustainable development and uninterrupted power supply assured from the analysis. This paper evaluates the design and optimization of an islanded hybrid microgrid for various load dispatch strategies by assessing the optimal sizing of each component, the power system responses and different cost analysis of the microgrid. Four divisions of the northern side of Bangladesh namely, Mymensingh, Rangpur, Rajshahi and Sylhet hybrid microgrids incorporating solar PV, wind turbine, battery storage, diesel generator and a load of 27.31 kW have been optimized for five different dispatch strategies: (i) Load Following, (ii) Cycle Charging, (iii) Generator Order, (iv) Combined Dispatch and (v) HOMER predictive dispatch strategy. The proposed microgrids have been optimized to reduce the Net Present Cost, CO 2 emission and Levelized Cost of Energy. All the five dispatch strategies for the four microgrids have been analyzed in HOMER Pro, and subsequently, the power system responses and feasibility analysis of the microgrids have been performed in MATLAB Simulink. The results obtained in this study provide a guideline to estimate component sizes and costs for the optimal operation of the proposed microgrids under various load dispatch scenarios. The simulation results suggest that the Load Following is the best dispatch strategy having the lowest Net Present Cost of 149,794 USD, Levelized Cost of Energy of 0.204 USD/kWh, Operating cost of 3,698 USD and CO 2 emission of 3,298 kg/year with a stable power system response. Combined Dispatch is found to be the worst strategy having the maximum Levelized Cost of Energy of 0.532 USD/kWh, Net Present Cost of 415,030 USD, Operating cost of 15,394 USD and Green House Gas emissions of 17,266 kg/year and comparatively poor power system responses. Finally, a brief comparative analysis has been presented between designed microgrid system and other hybrid energy systems and conventional power stations in terms of Levelized Cost of Energy, Net Present Cost, CO 2 emissions and operating cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid industrial growth, the need for renewable energy sources is rising fast. Being a developing country, Bangladesh aims towards industrial expansion, which is always followed by increased energy consumption. Considering the fact that fossil fuel is not sustainable and biomass sources are abundant and offer more versatility, the latter have become an attractive alternative to petroleum-based products. Moreover, utilization of biomass also seems promising because of biodegradability and lower greenhouse gas emissions, ensuring reduced environmental pollution, a grave concern with fossil-fuel technology. Biomass can range from agricultural byproducts to industrial and municipal wastes, however, very few biomass sources are currently being used in Bangladesh. Moreover, biomass can also be utilized to derive valuable chemicals, which are potential raw materials in several existing industries in Bangladesh. Despite having massive potential in Bangladesh, there haven't been organized studies on feedstock types, quantities, characterization and applications. Here we present an organized study to identify potential biomass sources and their available quantities. Considering specific waste fractions from varying sources, total amount of utilizable biomass resources have been calculated. A categorized proximate analysis data summary of varying biomass is also prepared that can be consulted in the future studies to calculate the theoretical possible production of energy as well as useful bio-chemicals based on efficient bio-processing techniques. This work is intended to benchmark the current efforts, and would add valuable information resources for the ongoing research towards achieving energy-sustainability and energy-security in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]