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Measures to increase attendance rate in cervical screening programmes have been suggested, but few have been evaluated in terms of value for money. The aim of this study was to describe the cost-effectiveness of a resource-intensive intervention to promote attendance at cervical screening among women with no registered cervical smear during the last 5 years. Among all 56 644 women (28-65 years) in Kalmar County, January 2004, a total of 6565 women had no registered cervical smear during the last 5 years. From this population, 400 women were randomly selected to a study group and another 400 women to a control group. The intervention was composed of a variety of efforts intended to promote attendance at cervical screening. We included, for example, all costs for identifying the women, sending out invitation letters, making phone calls and helping to make arrangements. Data on registered cervical smears at follow-up were collected from a data register within 1 year. In the study group, 118 women had a registered cervical smear compared with 74 in the control group (P=0.000). In the study group, the cost per cervical smear taken was 66.87 euro compared with 16.63 euro in the ordinary screening programme. The incremental cost per additional registered cervical smear was calculated at 151.36 euro in an area with high coverage, efforts to promote attendance at cervical screening were related to high costs per extra cervical smear gained and is not considered as reasonable from a cost-effectiveness perspective.