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Hourani Albert. L'œuvre d'André Raymond. In: Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée, n°55-56, 1990. Villes au Levant. pp. 18-27.

This is a collection of historical studies on the Middle East by some of Albert Hourani's students and colleagues. It provides a survey of many salient problems of the Middle East.

Analysing the region from its ancient civilizations to the present day, this encyclopedia covers the Middle East from the Maghrib in the West to Turkey and Afghanistan, looking at the distinctive features of the region, both cultural, political, social and religious.

The appearance of Islam in the world was no ordinary event. It has not happened very often in history that a religious movement, springing up in a backward region, has within a generation engulfed some of the main centres of power and culture in the known world, and has then proved to be more than a short-lived barbarian incursion, a wave which receded as swiftly as it advanced, but on the contrary has left its mark on thirteen hundred years of history in a quarter of the world, and over the whole range of culture and society. What began as the preaching of a religion led soon to the founding of a state, and when the state dissolved it left behind a literary culture, a system of law, an organization of social life and a moral ideal which have helped to mould the nature of regions far beyond those

M ore conscious of their language than any people in the world, seeing it not only as the greatest of their arts but also as their common good, most Arabs, if asked to define what they meant by ‘the Arab nation’, would begin by saying that it included all those who spoke the Arabic language. But this would only be the first step, and it would carry them no more than one step farther to say it included all who claimed a link with the nomadic tribes of Arabia, whether by descent, by affiliation or by appropriation (through the medium of language and literature) of their ideal of human excellence and standards of beauty. A full definition would include also a reference to a historic process: to a certain episode in history in which the Arabs played a leading part, which was important not only for them but for the whole world, and in virtue of which indeed they could claim to have been something in human history. The process opened with the preaching by Muhammad, an Arab of the tribe of Quraysh, of a message which he claimed to have been entrusted to him by God through the medium of the Archangel Gabriel, and which, to the minds of his followers, is so important as to have altered the nature of history. In his preaching Muhammad called on men to repent before it was too late and try to do what was pleasing to God, and defined also those beliefs and acts which God has commanded.