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As one of the oldest Islamic societal organizations, Muhammadiyah is involved in the constitution formation process. This paper aims to analyze Muhammadiyah's contribution to the state constitution from the start of the independence up to the amendment in the Reformation Era. Results showed that with its mostly Muslim population, the Islamic nomocracy idea that was developed in the dialectics of the Islamic societal organization largely influence Indonesia's constitutional formation and legal construction Pancasila. The Islamic nomocracy idea offered by Muhammadiyah dynamically developed in line with the social, political, and religious dynamics in Indonesia from the independence up to the Reformation era. In that conception, the state of Pancasila is a final form of the co-existential relationship between religion and the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article critiques the book "Rebel in the Ranks: Martin Luther, the Reformation and the Conflicts that Continue to Shape Our World" by Brad S. Gregory, and it mentions how various Reformation era topics and personalities are covered in the book. Luther's teachings and the post-Reformation period are examined, along with religious disruptions and a decrease in the influence of religion on society.

The article analyzes the importance of the religious factor in determining the ways of socio-political development of India. India remains a country with a multi-confessional population with a clear predominance of adherents of Hinduism. In addition to the infl uence of Hinduism on the life of orthodox society, where castes still play a special role, which determine the norms of behavior and rules of communication, the author analyzes the role of religion in the political agenda of the country. Under the conditions of colonialism, Hinduism was established as a national religion and the basis of a national tradition. The active involvement of Hinduism in political life began at the end of the nineteenth century, when such political parties as the Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha appeared. The task of the latter was to create a Hindu state in India. The author also pays special attention to the analysis of the formation of the Bharatiya Janata Party, which is characterized as the political wing of a group of Hindu nationalist organizations. The growing popularity of this party, which won the elections in 2014 and 2019, indicates the strengthening of the positions of communalist organizations. These trends show that the active inclusion of religion in the political agenda aff ects the nature of the country’s democratic institutions, gradually transforming the popular thesis that India is a country representing “unity in diversity”.

In January 1851, Robert Schumann wrote to Richard Pohl with an idea: "I would like to write an oratorio. Perhaps you would lend your hand? I thought of Luther." Pohl enthusiastically agreed to write the relilibretto and the two began discussing their ideas for a musical work depicting the life of the sixteenth-monucentury Protestant reformer Martin Luther in an extended correspondence. Ultimately, despite two years of intermittent planning and deep investment on the part of Schumann, the project fell through. That there is no libretto or musical sketches for the proposed oratorio has meant the project, apart from brief mentions, has gone largely unexamined in scholarship about Schumann. Nevertheless, the letters between Schumann and Pohl give valuable insight into what drew both composer and librettist to this subject-and into the questions of identity, confessic)11, and politics that captivated them and their contemporaries. In this article I argue that the Luther oratorio plans offer a prime example of what Alexander Rehding calls "historical monumentality," characterized by the harnessing of historical figures into symbols of collective political, religious, and social identity. Drawing on perspectives from religious studies to visual culture, I argue that Schumann and Pohl sought to create a musical monument of Martin Luther as a symbol of politically liberal and confessionally Protestant Deutschtum. More broadly, I aim to demonstrate that Schumann's interest in Martin Luther exemplified the complex interweaving of historicism, confessional. legacy, political revolution, and emergent nationalism that guided Schumann's compositional efforts during his tenure as municipal music director in Dasseldorf (1850-54), with particular emphasis on his active engagement with questions of religion and confession in German society in the years following the 1848 revolutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is a key concept of modernity. It acquired its lettres de noblesse in the twentieth century, thanks to or because of economics and technology. However, for centuries the concept was essentially pejorative. How can we explain this connotation? This article suggests that one of the crucial moments is the Reformation. Using official documents of the time, the article studies the vocabulary of the English Reformation and documents the meanings and the uses made of innovation. The article suggests that innovation served two functions or purposes: an injunction (not to innovate) and an accusation of non-conformity. Thereafter, innovation became a linguistic tool of polemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to present the origins and spread of Lutheranism in Europe as perceived by the Jesuits and historian Jan Poszakowski. He was a Jesuit, teacher and historian. The author of several books on historical and theological topics. One of tchem, entitled The Lutheran History, describes in detail the stages of the Reformation movement, specificialy Lutheranism, in European countries. The author begins his History of Lutheranism from the 16th century, but also refers in some fragments to earlier eras, ending with the Thirty Years’ War. The historical perspective is especially valuable in this work, as the author also describes events close in time for him. The premise of the article was to relate the story written by Jan Poszakowski to the story written by later authors. The main source for writing the article is Historia Lutherska by Jan Poszakowski, as well as several items of literature on the history of the Church and the history of the reformation. The religious movement in the sixteenth century grew up on the basis of socio-political conflicts and led to a permanent split in the Roman Church, and thus to the emergence of Protestantism The discussed work of Poszakowski presents a biography of Martin Luther. The author, having at his disposal Luther's writings, enumerated in detail the issues that formed the basics of the doctrine of Lutheranism. He also did not fail to mention the spread of Lutheran science in other countries, m.in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. In the book of the first Lutheran History, the author presented Prussia, Lithuania, Latvia as one nation, he also discussed the circumstances of bringing the Teutonic Knights to Prussia. Book two of the Lutheran History described the time from Luther's shedding of his religious habit to the time of the Augsburg confession. Poszakowski also presented a brief historical outline of the spread of the Christian faith in Livonia itself. It was based here on the history written by Collegium Ryskie Societatis Iesu. Further described the author of the war with Moscow for Livonia and the takeover of Riga by Stefan Batory, who brought the Jesuits there.

The article argues that in the course of the early modern period, urban death was ordered in new ways. Since the mid-sixteenth century, clerics and church officials already kept lists of the deceased in their congregation. Gradually, these functions were taken over by urban magistrates, who also promoted a new kind of order during burials. Through the rise of additional instructions, rules and orders, they gave urban death a new shape. The reasons for these instructions were manifold and included fear of divine punishment because of inappropriate behaviour, damage to the town through the spread of diseases and the fortification of privileges reserved for mayors, councilors, or high-ranking clerics. As the early modern period progressed, the number and details of the funeral ordinances increased. Additionally, burial spaces became increasingly regulated and by the nineteenth century, decrees by both rulers and individual towns stipulated how cemeteries should be regulated and administered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Surra Man Raa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urgency of the research. Disclosing the views of domestic thinkers on the role of religion is an important aspect of the development of modern Ukrainian society, which contributes to a better understanding of religious freedom, freedom of conscience and the possibility of achieving ideological freedom. Reproducing the specifics of religious and social ties contributes to the prospect of achieving freedom of thought at the individual level. Target setting. The question of the connection between religion and society is relevant in today's global and multicultural society. The need to implement the principle of tolerance in the Ukrainian polyreligious society determines the importance of religious studies of the role of religion. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Such scientists as L. Filipovych, M. Loboda, V. Volkovsky, V. Fenych, A Kruglashov and others were engaged in the development of the outlined problems. The research objective. The purpose of this article is to reveal the set of views of Mykhailo Drahomanov in the context of socioreligious relations, where by reflecting the full range of their options for relationships, the role of religion is determined. The statemans of basic materials. In his works, Mykhailo Drahomanov singles out the characteristic features of the history of religiosity with its variants of embodiment of influence on society, where religion can both promote development and limit it. Progress, according to Mykhailo Drahomanov is an important aspect of the direction of society, which in connection with religion is possible under the condition of religious freedom, which will create a basis for freedom of conscience. Increasing the level of education in matters of religion promotes tolerance in society, determines the prospects for its development and helps to avoid the limitations of the worldview. Examples of restrictions on the will to believe, due to the influence of a particular religion, clearly illustrate the need to respect the possibility of choosing one's own worldview. Conclusions. The historical retrospective of the role of religiosity reveals the options for considering social positioning in relation to different periods of religion, and the universality of Drahomanov's views allows us to identify the main options for the interaction of religion and society. Filling the legal framework with specific examples of religious views shows the importance of respect for freedom of conscience in modern society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares interethnic and interreligious marriages in Russia and Norway during the decades around 1900. State churches dominated religious life in both countries with over 90 percent of the population but both were losing influence during the period we focus on—rapidly in Russia after the 1917 Revolution. The part on Norway employs nominative and aggregate census material which from 1865 asked questions about religious affiliation, while the Russian case study utilizes the database of church microdata being built for Ekaterinburg—a railway hub and an industrial city in the Middle Urals, in Asia—in addition to census aggregates. Our main conclusion is that religion was a stronger regulator of intermarriage than ethnicity. Religious intermarriage was unusual in Ekaterinburg, even if official regulations were softened by the State over time—the exception is during World War I, when there was a deficit of young, Russian men at home and influx of refugees and Austro-Hungarian Prisoners of War (mostly Catholics and Lutherans). The situation was also affected by the 1917 Revolution creating equal rights for all religious denominations. The relatively few religious intermarriages in Norway were mostly between members of different Protestant congregations—nonmembers being the only group who often outmarried. We conclude that representatives of ethnic minorities and new religions seldom outmarry when religion was important for maintaining their identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The artistic figure and music of Johann Sebastian Bach looms large in the history of Western arts and culture. His influences were many, but one strong influence in his life's work was that of the Protestant Reformation and the theology of the Lutheran church. Through this research, it is evident that Bach strongly held to the doctrines and theology of the Lutheran church and that his employment in the Lutheran church was not merely a vocation for him, but an outward expression of his inward religious and theological conviction. This position is evidenced by the writings and teachings of Martin Luther, specifically his writings on music. In these writings, Luther argues that music and theology are complementary of one another, and that music in the church is one of the strongest ways through which to communicate theology and the truth of scripture. The practice of the Lutheran church also suggests that Bach had a strong understanding of Lutheran theology, specifically the Lutheran catechisms. Finally, in the sacred works of Bach himself, specifically his cantatas, the theology of the Lutheran church and the religious conviction of the Protestant Reformation can be clearly observed. This research has been assembled through the study of historical documentation in the form of primary and secondary sources.

These studies are 'contributions to (the) recovery of ... rich and hitherto neglected aspects of English religion, from the fifteenth century to the seventeenth'. Six 'studies in reformation' (part one) are followed by five 'writing the reformation' essays (part two). Attention to detail, arresting subject matter, lucid prose and impeccable research are evident throughout this book. Its eleven essays challenge students of the English Reformation to question some long-held presuppositions. Fresh and convincing light is shone on, for example, mediaeval piety, Elizabethan religious 'tolerance', Catholic approaches to the Bible, the biases of historians, and on why great novels and dramas may not necessarily be historically accurate. These indispensable essays will especially serve those who are willing to examine long-held assumptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines emotional communities in early modern English drama, specifically interludes by John Heywood and John Bale. It explores the connections between emotion and religion, and seeks to uncover whether and how emotionality changes according to the politically acceptable religious doctrine - particularly in the time of Protestant reformation under Henry VIII Tudor - and how these changes are expressed in the early sixteenth century English interludes by a Catholic (Heywood) and a Protestant (Bale) author. This paper considers early modern texts of culture which have not been researched as broadly as the drama of the later English Renaissance period (such as works by William Shakespeare or Christopher Marlowe), and, drawing upon the concept of "emotional communities" introduced by Barbara Rosenwein, additionally offers insights into an ongoing discussion on emotions in history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bozok University Journal of Faculty of Theology / Bozok Üniversitesi Ilahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Bozok University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 1575 the men in the village of Goumoëns-la-ville voted to abolish the Mass and establish Reformed Christianity as the sole creed in their village. Agreements between the ruling Orte, Bern and Fribourg, devolved the determination of the village's religious adhesion to the residents themselves. For years, both creeds had coexisted in the village and this arrangement became the status quo that villagers upheld in a previous election. The evidence examined here reveals how rural clergy and residents, both Catholic and Reformed, negotiated religious change at a time when the ruling urban centers were hardening their confessional stances. It is argued that for the residents the choice was complex and involved more than religious sentiment alone. It demonstrates as well that a pragmatic coexistence had continued within the village that allowed residents to live in peace despite their confessional differences, until the vote. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article builds on recent advances in sensory anthropology to examine the significance of smell in late medieval and early Reformation ritual. It argues that late medieval ritual reflected and reinforced the power of smell to affect senses of boundary demarcation and transition between bodies, the world, and the divine. By removing incense from their rituals, early Reformers challenged this paradigm, effectively desacralizing the sense of smell. In many everyday contexts, its traditional associations persisted, but for early Reformers, smell no longer mediated between the human and the divine. The argument is developed by establishing how smells were embedded in the late medieval mundane and religious contexts, and then by demonstrating how Reformers rejected certain aspects of this paradigm, while retaining others. It demonstrates this in theory and practice. By adopting the sense of smell as a category of analysis, this article deepens the understanding of Reformation ritual as something that interacted with bodies in all modalities of perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a critical reading of three recent books, I argue that the exclusion of Jews and Muslims, the two major non-Christian religious groups in Europe and the Americas, has continued on the basis of ethnic, racial, ideological, and quasi-rational justifications, instead of or in addition to religious justifications, since the Reformation. Furthermore, I argue that the institutionally orchestrated collective stigmatization and persecution of Jews and Muslims predated the Reformation, going back to the Fourth Lateran Council under Pope Innocent III in 1215. The notion of Corpus Christianum and Observant movements in the late Middle Ages, the elective affinity of liberalism and racism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and the divergence in religious norms at present are critically evaluated as potential causes of ethnoreligious exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an analysis of over 11,000 Elizabethan Essex wills, this article presents the first systematic study of the everyday religious environment of Essex. While scholars of the English Reformation increasingly study the everyday behaviors, routines, and rituals which defined English Protestant life, this article articulates how smaller household objects expand our knowledge of religion, practice, and remembrance in post-Reformation England. It also reinvestigates the potential for using wills as a foundation for the study of objects. This, in turn, helps us better understand and appreciate the substantial role objects had as part of an English Protestant religious identity increasingly built around remembrance and memory and, more broadly, enables us to question our historiographical assumptions about the speed, spread, and efficiency of the Reformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Christian religion has undergone a long and complicated development. It has been formed by means of outside circumstances as well as internal factors. A cardinal change that has affected western Christianity significantly was the Reformation. The Reformation brought an important achievement in the conception of the faith. It was gradually becoming a private issue what might have resulted from the principle of religious freedom. It also has started the process of a permanent Reformation and a permanent search of Faith. Reason leading to the decision of that kind was mostly dissatisfaction with the doctrine, it means with the range of truthful explanation of the Holy Scripture, respectively feeling that the Reformation had reached only the midway point, and a new doctrine would have completed this process. Many believers expected the new doctrines to bring more significant changes in the social sphere; they were heading towards the utopian conception of the functioning of the society. Many people were not satisfied with the course of the Reformation in the articles of the new Lutheran or Calvin doctrines as they expected deeper and high-quality changes unambiguously and strictly derived from the Bible. David Ferenc as a very important Transylvanian reformer was the example of this permanent reformation process. The permanent Reformation, in the context of theological, philosophical and ethical ideas of Ferenc D vid and his life itself, was the permanent searching for authentic Faith in God. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russia's place in the sixteenth-century European Reformation has remained largely an understudied subject in the West. Indeed, most early modern scholarship rarely crosses the Carpathians or Lake Peipus. Similarly, in Russia, scholars have not yet produced a systematic study of Ivan the Terrible's views vis-à-vis the Reformation. This article examines Ivan the Terrible's polemic against Protestantism within the context of the regional eastern European and larger, continental Reformation. For Ivan, Protestants constituted both internal and external threats, posing grave danger to Orthodox doctrine, Russian society, and the safety of Muscovy's borders. Theologically, in the czar's worldview, Protestants were heretics and schismatics par excellence, whose split from apostolic succession endangered not only Roman Catholicism, but the integrity of the Orthodox church as well. Socially, Ivan thought, Protestants championed moral degeneracy, while politically they threatened global and regional security by overwhelming neighboring European states with upheavals and revolt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ediorial

This Article focuses on the extent to which the different legal approaches of Germany and Singapore to religious diversity were shaped by history. It first analyzes the development in Germany and describes four phases of the development of the law on the relationship between church and state. Starting with the consequences of reformation, it shows that—for centuries—the relationship between denominations had been the crucial matter of this body of law. Only later, the law dealt with conflicts between religion and atheism. This Article then presents the fundamental rights approach of the Basic Law and examines it against the backdrop of the historical development and recent challenges. Second, this Article offers a historical account of Singapore's attempts at regulating and managing religious diversity. It starts with the establishment of a British trading post on the island in 1819 and runs up to the present day. As a result of mass migration in its early years, Singapore was to become, in the twentieth century, one of the most religiously and culturally diverse nations in the world. This Article shows that Singapore has sought to regulate and manage the various religious groups through a combination of legislation and state policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the possible implications of the relationship between Orkney and Shetland and Norway for understanding the spread of the Reformation, focusing on the period between the late 1520s, when Reforming ideas began to be preached in Bergen, and 1560, when the Reformation was introduced into Scotland, including Orkney and Shetland. Draws on a scholarship which has shown the importance for the Reformation of language, trade, migration and urban/rural distinctions it investigates tantalising hints of contact between Orkney and Shetland, Norway (particularly Bergen) and Germany in questions of religion. This article does not seek to revise current understandings of the relationships of Orkney and Shetland to Scotland but seeks to explore what insights into (proto-)Reformation processes in Orkney and Shetland when possible influences from debates the Norwegian context - specifically Bergen - are considered alongside the influence of Scottish debates about religion. It concludes that whilst there is some evidence of contacts between individuals and that these contacts must have had aspects which related to religious practice, both the rural nature of Orkney and Shetland communities, and their relative isolation, meant that Reformation ideas were slow to take hold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the Middle Ages Veľké Kapušany was a significant ecclesiastical centre of the western part of the Ung County, which was mostly represented by their parish with the townlet itself and the municipalities in its immediate vicinity - Malé Kapušany and Čepeľ. Considering the fact that both of them in the early modern period residentially integrated with Veľké Kapušany, their confessional evolution in the following centuries was consistent to a large extent. At the beginning of the early modern period the Reformed churches were constituted in the townlet and the two neighbouring municipalities, which underwent significant changes in the more than two centuries that followed. After more than hundred years of ascending progression of Kapušany reformed parish, several attempts to dissolve it occurred from the last third of the 17th century during the Recatholization. The first attempt at the beginning of the 18th century was thwarted by Francis II. Rákóczi uprising. After the temple's confiscation and church dissolution in the townlet during the years of the Treaty of Szatmár, the centre of Reformed church parish was shifted to Čepeľ, where it was profoundly supported by the local Mokcsay landowners. Owing to that, the renewed Roman-Catholic parish accomplished more substantial achievements only in their residency in Malé Kapušany. Very soon after the Patent of Toleration was issued the Reformed church in Veľké Kapušany could have been renewed, and the former church was taken over and rebuilt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the relationship between science and religion. The author wanted to outline the approach which he beliefs that contemporary man becomes preoccupied with the relation between science and religion. The perspective of a Roman Catholic is believed in the wholeness of faith and accepting fully and in every respect the authority of his Church. It was noted that the relation of Catholicism has entered a phase with the adventure of the Renaissance and the crisis of the Reformation.

It is not simple to place John Milton in a specific political current of the English historical context of 17th century. In detail, we want to study Milton’s prose works to extract the topics of the English civic and political tradition in the First Revolution age. In these terms, we’ll analyze the Commonplace Book, a collection of commentaries about texts and authors, and about various subjects: the interpretations of Machiavelli in the Old English tradition of the Modern age, the idea of man’s freedom and his relationship with natural law and political authority, according to the general perspective of the Puritan religion, which characterizes Milton’s political language.