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The article reflects the results of empirical research and theoretical understanding of the interaction of mechanisms of psychological adjustment to the disease and the main parameters of quality of life in chronic somatic disease. We examined139 patients suffering from different forms of oncological damage of bones of the musculoskeletal system, who treated in «N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Centre of Oncology». Such psychodiagnostic methods as «BIG 5», «Ways of coping», «Purpose-in-Life Test», «Questionnaire of relation to disease «TOBOL», «SF-36 Health Status Survey», «Quality of Life Questionnaire» EORTC QLQ-C30 with additional module BM-22 for patients with bone tumor were used; Karnofsky scale and ECOG-WHO scale (from medical records) were used to assess the objective somatic status of patients. Cluster, factor and multifactorial dispersion analysis of data was performed, which showed the influence of the selected «profiles» (clusters) of personality («Neurotic person», «Mature, adapted person», «Person with a high level of self-consciousness and responsibility», «Socially maladjusted personality») on the generalized factors of quality of life («Life activity», «Optimal quality of life in the conditions of disease», as well as the factor «Gastrointestinal problems», reflecting the somatization of psychological problems in the situation of the disease). The results of the study show that the integrated study of the mechanisms of psychological adaptation and characteristics of the quality of life in the conditions of the disease opens up new ways of psychological care and social rehabilitation of cancer patients, as it allows to take into account in each case the influence of «the profile of personality» on individual domains of quality of life.