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A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of copper nanoparticles (Cu- NPs) and vitamin C ( VC) on red sea bream. Besides the control diet (D1), six diets were supplemented with Cu- NPs and VC [0/800 (D2), 0/1,000 (D3), 0/1,200 (D4), 2/800 (D5), 2/1,000 (D6) and 2/1,200 (D7) mg Cu- NPs/ VC per kg]. Cu- NP was a significant factor on final weight ( FBW), weight gain ( WG) and specific growth rate ( SGR), feed intake ( FI), feed ( FER) and protein efficiency ratios ( PER), protein gain ( PG) and protein retention ( PR), body protein and lipid contents, protease ( PA) and bactericidal activities ( BA) and tolerance against stress ( LT50%) ( p < .05). In addition, BA and LT50% were significantly affected by either Cu- NPs or VC ( p < .05). Fish fed Cu- NPs or/and VC-supplemented diets showed higher FBW, WG, SGR, PG, PR, FI, PA, LA and BA values when compared with the control group ( p < .05). FER, PER and body lipid content were significantly enhanced in D4, D5, D6 and D7 groups; meanwhile, body protein and LT50% were significantly enhanced in D5, D6 and D7 groups when compared with D1 group ( p < .05). In conclusion, dietary Cu- NPs or/and VC improved growth and health of red sea bream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemented diets with β-glucan ( BG) at four levels [0 ( D1), 250 ( D2), 500 ( D3) and 1000 ( D4) mg BG kg−1] on red sea bream, Pagrus major. The obtained results revealed a significant increase ( P < 0.05) in final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, body protein content, lysozyme activity and tolerance against low-salinity stress test in all BG-supplemented groups when compared with BG-free group. Furthermore, D4 group resulted in a significant increase in feed efficiency ratio, protein gain, protein and lipid digestibilities, serum bactericidal activity and peroxidase content when compared with D1 group ( P < 0.05). Haematocrit and plasma protein content in D3 group were significantly higher than those in D1 group ( P < 0.05). Interestingly, BG supplementation decreased glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase ( GOT) in D2 group and reactive oxygen metabolites in D2, D3 and D4 groups when compared with D1 group. Following low-salinity stress test, significantly higher amounts of secreted mucus were observed in fish fed D2 and D4 diets than those from fish fed D1 diet ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of BG improves growth, stress resistance and immune response of P. major. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 50-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary oxidized fish oil ( OFO) and vitamin C ( VC) on growth and oxidative stress in juvenile red sea bream. Test diets were formulated with 2 degrees of peroxide value (23 and 29 meq kg−1) combined with 3 levels of VC (0, 400 and 800 ppm). No significant difference was found on growth performance between fish fed OFO with 400 or 800 mg VC and the control group that fed a diet with fresh fish oil after 50 days. However, fish fed OFO without VC supplement indicated significantly poor growth than the control group. Liver and muscle thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were reduced by increased VC intake of fish. Fish fed diets containing low OFO with 400 and 800 mg VC, high OFO with 800 mg VC, and fresh fish oil are allocated in the zone of high resistance against oxidative stress together with low oxidative stress condition. On the other hand, no VC supplemented group was under the highest oxidative stress condition. In conclusion, dietary oxidized lipid increased the oxidative stress condition of fish, but more than 400 mg VC kg−1 of dietary supplement improved growth and health of juvenile red sea bream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 2 × 3 factorial design with triplicates examined the interaction between dietary inorganic phosphorus (IP) and phytase on growth, mineral utilization and phosphorus (P) mineralization in juvenile red sea bream. The treatments were three levels of dietary IP supplementation at 0, 2.5 and 5 g kg−1, either without or with phytase supplementation [2000 FTU kg−1; phytase unit is defined as the amount of enzyme activity which liberates 1 micromol of inorganic phosphorus per minute at pH 5.5 and 37 °C at a substrate concentration (sodium phytate) of 5.1 mmol L−1]. Juvenile red sea bream (IBW = 1.3 g ± 0.1) were stocked twelve fish per tank and fed for 50 days. Growth and feed efficiency were significantly ( P < 0.05) enhanced by both dietary P and phytase supplementation. Feed intake and survival rate were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. Both dietary IP and phytase supplementation significantly increased plasma IP and Mg levels. Concentration of vertebral mineral and scale P was significantly increased by both dietary treatments. A skeletal malformation syndrome of scoliosis occurred in fish fed both non-IP and non-phytase supplemented diet. Interaction between main dietary effects was detected for vertebral Zn, scale P and whole-body ash and Mg content. With regard to growth and other examined productivity traits, phosphorus requirement of juvenile red sea bream can be met if supplemented with 2000 FTU phytase kg−1 or in the absence of phytase, by dietary inclusion of 2.5-5 g kg−1 of IP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary ascorbic acid (AsA) and phospholipid (PL) and their interaction on growth, survival, and stress resistance in red sea bream larvae. Twenty-six days old red sea bream were fed nine micro-bound diets supplemented three levels of AsA (0, 800 and 1600 mg kg−1 diet) and PL (0, 20 and 40 g kg−1 diet) for 15 days. Dietary AsA and PL were both significant factors on survival rates. There was also an interaction between dietary AsA and PL on survival rate ( P < 0.05). The larvae fed 800 or 1600 mg kg−1 AsA with 40 g kg−1 PL diets showed the highest survival rate, with values similar to those of the live-food supplemented group. Stress resistance against low salinity exposure significantly increased with increased dietary level of AsA and PL. However, significant interaction of AsA and PL was not detected. The larvae fed 1600 mg kg−1 AsA with 40 g kg−1 PL diet showed the highest stress resistance among all diets, but it was not significantly different than that of larvae fed 800 mg kg−1 AsA with 40 g kg−1 PL diet. This study clearly demonstrated that combined use of AsA and PL can improve survival of 26–40 days posthatching red sea bream larvae. Moreover, the present study suggested that 800 mg kg−1 AsA with 40 g kg−1 PL in diet was needed for producing high quality seedling under the stressful conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]