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Management of construction waste that was generated by earthquakes and reconstruction of damaged facilities requires good prior planning of options, as well as good coordination of all institutions during the reconstruction period. The planning should include three main levels: 1 – waste handling in a safe manner, with fast education of persons working on clearing and distribution of means for protection ; 2 – planning of the logistics and temporary storage areas ; 3 – analyses of the shortcomings of the existing legal framework for future waste management in crisis and issue instructions on crisis management of construction and demolition waste. This paper provides an overview of the current crisis management of construction and demolition waste after Zagreb earthquake in March 2020 , identifies challenges with management of such waste, and shows the la test advances in recycling of the problematic streams as an opportunity to advance both, emergency – and usual waste management. In c onclusion it provides recommendations to take following course od actions: 1 - increase of the capacity to recycle, treat and temporarily store construction and demolition waste ; 2 – improve the separation (recycling)process to allow the removal of other wastes and to separate the construction and demolition waste by category ; 3 – focus the activities on research and development of the products from recycled construction and demolition waste (upgrade), especially from the mixed construction and demolition waste ; and 4 – make possible the use of recycled materials in public procurement (including construction and reconstruction of public buildings and infrastructure), prioritise use of construction and demolition waste to stabilize the existing landslides and ground disturbances caused by the earthquakes, facilitate and stimulate the abolition of waste status of materials produced from the construction and demolition waste. Control, separation and/or immobilization of hazardous waste should not be overlooked, as well as the safety of people who handle construction and demolition waste in emergency and afterwards. Legal framework and procedures should be planned and prioritized in advance, thus preventing bottlenecks in communication a nd coordination of regulatory bodies of different levels in the time of emergency.

Faster technology development, increasing of living standard and market availability are the main causes of faster obsolescence of electronic devices. Each electronic device contains printed circuit boards that are a valuable source of metal. The paper presents the results of preliminary research of the possibility for using various mineral processing methods in recycling of waste printed circuit boards. The gravity concentration (concentration table and Humphreys spiral concentrator), electrostatic separation and wet magnetic separation were used in this preliminary research and the obtained results were presented in the article., Szybki rozwój technologii, podwyższenie standardu życia i dostępność na rynku to główne przyczyny szybszego starzenia się urządzeń elektronicznych. Każde urządzenie elektroniczne zawiera płytki drukowane, które są cennym źródłem metalu. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki wstępnych badań możliwości zastosowania różnych metod przeróbki surowców w recyklingu zużytych obwodów drukowanych. W tych wstępnych badaniach wykorzystano wzbogacalnik grawitacyjne (stół wstrząsany i wzbogacalnik spiralny Humphreya), separację elektrostatyczną i separację magnetyczną na mokro, uzyskane wyniki przedstawiono w artykule.

Pozvano predavanje obuhvatilo je tematiku značaja EE otpada, gospodarenja EE otpadom i dobrobitima recikliranja električnog i elektroničkog otpada. Dan je pregled tehnologija za recikliranje, napose pri mehaničkom recikliranju te pregled dugogročnih trendova koji se mogu očekivati u budućnosti.

Waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) has the fastest growth compared to other types of waste due to the amount and thus increasing the need for its care about it. Disposal at landfills is not desired by the fact that this type of waste contains a number of useful materials that can be used again, as well as dangerous substances for which disposal is not desirable. This paper presents laboratory tests of separating copper from telephone (UTP and STP) cables that are an integral part of electronic equipment. Testing were carried out by method of gravity concentration using Wilfley shaking table and Humphreys spiral concentrator. The results showed that these devices can be used successfully to obtain copper concentrate whereby better results were obtained at a shaking table., Zużyty sprzęt elektryczny i elektroniczny (WEEE) to najszybciej rosnący strumień odpadów w porównaniu do innych rodzajów odpadów, a tym samym powstaje zapotrzebowanie na jego skuteczne zarządzanie. Unieszkodliwianie odpadów na składowiskach odpadów nie jest pożądane z uwagi na to, że ten rodzaj odpadów zawiera wiele użytecznych materiałów, które można wykorzystać ponownie, a także substancje niebezpieczne, których składowanie wymaga spełniania rygorystycznych wymagań. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań laboratoryjnych separacji miedzi z kabli telefonicznych (UTP i STP), które stanowią integralną część sprzętu elektronicznego. Separację przeprowadzono metodą wzbogacania grawitacyjnego na stole wytrząsającego Wilfley i Humphreys oraz separatorze spiralnym. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że te urządzenia mogą być z powodzeniem stosowane do uzyskania koncentratu miedzi.

Nowadays, electric and electronic equipment (EEE) are an integral part of every household and office and it could be said that EEE entered into every pore of modern society. The rapid technological development in the modern world on the one side brings many advantages but, at the same time causing increase amount of waste and this especially refers to the waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Capacitors are an integral part of every electronic device and it could be a good source of aluminium. This paper presents research of possibility of aluminium recycling from electrolytic capacitors. Separation of aluminium from the condenser was carried out using wet shaking table. Four different grain sizes were tested. Testing was conducted in laboratory and plant scale. The results showed that it is possible to separate aluminium from capacitors into high quality concentrate.

Nowadays, electric and electronic equipment (EEE) are an integral part of every household and office and it could be said that EEE entered into every pore of modern society. Rapid technological development in the modern world brings as much advantages as it brings bigger amount of waste and this especially refers to the waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Condensers or capacitors are an integral part of every electronic device. There are many types of capacitors. Aluminium electrolytic capacitors are the most common because their inexpensive electrolytic. The electrolytic capacitors are composed of about 50 % of aluminium by mass and because that they could be a good source of aluminium. This paper presents research of possibility of aluminium recycling from electrolytic capacitors using gravity concentration. Separation of aluminium from the cylindrical shape capacitors in size from 7 to 80 mm was carried out using wet shaking table. Four different grain sizes were tested in plant scale (+8 mm, 8/4 mm, 4/2 mm and -2 mm), while only grain size 4/2 mm were tested in a laboratory scale. The separation efficiency was evaluated on the basis of three parameters: mass yield, aluminium recovery and grade of concentrate. The results obtained in plant scale showed that aluminium recovery and grade of aluminium concentrate increases with decreasing grain size. The best results of recovery of 95.19% and grade of 99.98% were obtained in grain size 4/2 mm, while mass yield was constant at level about 23%. Grain size of 4/2 mm was also tested in laboratory scale and the results showed that small capacitors are more suitable for separation than the larger one. The results showed that it is possible to separate aluminium from capacitors into high quality concentrate.

The demand for secondary materials, primarly steel, glass and plastics, has led to the significant development and application of new techniques, equipments and plants used in recycling. The paper describes the basic techniques for solid waste comminution and presents the typical machines and equipment used for this purpose. The aim of the paper is to draw domestic industry's and contractor's attention to the production area which in spite of certain production potentials still doesn't exist in Croatia.

The main part of the needed metal in the Republic of Croatia is secured by collecting and recycling of metallic scrap, and a part is imported. By collecting and recycling in the year 1998 altogether 113.828 t of various metallic waste has been produced. The iron and steel scrap, which composes 90 % of the whole material, is renovated in two steel plants which in the year 1998 produced 104.114 t of raw steel. With the aim to collect a maximum of metallic scrap a waste stock market has been organized, and 1995 a recycling plant also has been erected. In the paper figures about the import and export of metals in Croatia are given, the technology of the recycling process is reviewed together with the basic figures, and the environmental protection measures in the plant are represented.

Sve kraći uporabni vijek elektroničkih uređaja i opreme posljedica je sve bržeg razvoja i usvajanja novih tehnologija, te uzrok eksponencijalnog rasta količina električnog i elektroničkog otpada, kako na globalnoj razini, tako i u RH, a isti trendovi mogu se očekivati i u budućnosti. Recikliranje kao integralni dio suvremenog sustava gospodarenja otpadom omogućava dobivanje sekundarnih sirovina, čime se smanjuje količina otpada i prostor potreban za njegovo odlaganje, štede se primarne sirovine i smanjuju emisije u okoliš pri proizvodnji novih proizvoda, itd. Osnovni cilj kojem se teži u recikliranju je separirati različite materijale sadržane u otpadu u zasebne produkte koji se mogu upotrijebiti kao sekundarna sirovina i koji kao takvi imaju određenu tržišnu vrijednost. Preduvjet uspješne separacije je postizanje raščina, tj. oslobađanje međusobno (mehanički, kemijski ili termički) spojenih različitih materijala. Uspjeh recikliranja električnog i elektroničkog otpada ovisi o značajkama otpada, separacijskih postupaka i uređaja koji se pri tome primjenjuju, te naravno uvjetima (vrijednosti radnih varijabli uređaja) u kojima se separacija izvodi. Prva faza procesa recikliranja sastoji se od ručne demontaže i izdvajanja krupnijih dijelova otpadnih uređaja, pri čemu se izdvaja veći udio željeza, bakra, stakla i plastike. Ostale dijelove potrebno je usitniti zbog postizanja raščina, a zatim prikladnim separacijskim postupcima izdvajati pojedine vrste materijala. U ovom radu su iz televizijskih aparata ručnom demontažom izdvojeni uz kučište i veliki kondenzatori i katodne cijevi koje sadrže fosforni prah i kadmij, te su zbog nemogućnosti sigurnog ispitivanja isključene iz daljnjeg ispitivanja. Izdvojena drvena kučišta isključena su iz daljnjeg ispitivanja jer je s vremenom došlo do kontaminacije štetnim tvarima kao što su krom, olovo, živa, sumpor, nikal, cink i sl., a u plastična kučišta umiješani su bromirani inhibitori gorenja koji, i u vrlo malim količinama, kontaminiraju plastiku čineći je nepogodnom za dobivanje nove plastike. Ostali materijal je, s obzirom na svoje značajke, podijeljen u tri grupe koje su ispitivane zasebno. Grupa nazvana „Zvučnici“ sastavni je dio audio sustava, a sadrži najviše željeza i nešto manje bakra u svitcima, uz plastiku, karton i tekstil. Grupa „Otklonski svitci, kabeli, konektori i žice“ ima veliku zastupljenost bakra, a treća grupa „Tiskane pločice“ uz vodljivu bakrenu strukturu sadržava i mnoštvo rijetkih metala na nevodljivoj osnovi (vitroplast, pertinks). Za svaku od prethodno navedenih grupa sastavljen je zaseban plan istraživanja. Za sve grupe prvo je provedeno sitnjenje u cilju postizanja raščina, zatim sijanje za dobivanje klasa pogodnih za testove u pojedinim separatorima. Plan testiranja separacije u zračnoj struji i elektrostatičke separacije sastavljen je uz upotrebu statističkog planiranja eksperimenata u programskom sustavu Statistica (Version 8, tvrtke StatSoft) prema centralno složenom dizajnu (Central Composite Design) koji uključuje 17 pokusa za svaku klasu na pojedinom uređaju. Analizom varijance utvrđen je utjecaj pojedine nezavisne varijable odnosno utjecaj međudjelovanja po dvije (od tri testirane) nezavisne varijable na jednu od dvije zavisne varijabli (kvaliteta koncentrata ili maseno iskorištenje) uz procjenu veličine tog utjecaja. Utjecaj pojedinih varijabli u gravitacijskoj i magnetskoj separaciji testiran je na način da je mijenjana vrijednost jedne varijable, dok su sve ostale držane konstantnim. Testovi separacije u zračnoj struji pokazali su da na kvalitetu koncentrata najveći utjecaj ima visina pregrade, a najmanji brzina zračne struje, a od međudjelovanja varijabli najviše utječe visina pregrade i položaj ulaznog otvora. Visina pregrade u svim slučajevima imala je najveći utjecaj na iskorištenje. Najbolji rezultati (kvaliteta koncentrata od 99 % do 100 % uz iskorištenja od 80 % do 99 %) postizani su separacijom zrna većih od 2 mm (klase 4/2 mm i 3,15/2 mm), a sa smanjenjem veličine zrna smanjivala se i efikasnost separacije. Elektrostatičkom separacijom postizala se visoka kvaliteta koncentrata u svim klasama, a najbolji rezultati dobiveni su u testovima s najkrupnijom klasom (4/2 mm). U svim testovima najveći utjecaj imao je položaj separacijskog noža. Kada se razmotre međudjelovanja varijabli, najveći utjecaj imalo je međudjelovanje položaja separacijskog noža s naponom ionizacijske elektrode i s brzinom okretanja bubnja. Rezultati dobiveni magnetskom separacijom pokazali su da je u najvećem broju slučajeva (pogotovo za krupnije klase) mokra separacija bolja od suhe, dok su se razlike smanjivale sa smanjenjem veličine zrna. Najbolji rezultati i mokre niskointenzivne i suhe visokointenzivne magnetske separacije postignuti su s najsitnijom klasom, -0,5 mm. Testovi gravitacijske koncentracije pokazali su da je za kvalitetniji koncentrat potrebno raditi s manjim nagibima ploče koncentracijskog stola. Temeljem dobivenih rezultata predložena je segregacijska shema recikliranja elektroničkog otpada. Osnovna hipoteza ovog rada, da se uređaji i postupci koji se koriste u oplemenjivanju mineralnih sirovina mogu koristiti i za recikliranje električnog i elektroničkog otpada potvrđena je temeljem rezultata provedenih ispitivanja., The ever shorter life cycle of electronic devices and equipment is a consequence of increasingly quick development and adoption of new technologies, and a reason for exponential growth of the quantity of electrical and electronic waste, both at the global level and in the Republic of Croatia, and identical trends can be anticipated also in the future. Recycling as an integral part of the contemporary waste management system enables obtaining of secondary raw materials, whereby the quantity of waste and the space necessary for its disposal are reduced, primary raw materials are saved and environmental emissions occurring at manufacturing of new products are reduced. The basic goal striven for in recycling is to separate the different materials contained in waste into separate products which can be used as secondary raw material and which as such have a certain market value. A precondition for successful separation is to achieve liberation of different mutually (mechanically, chemically or thermally) connected materials. The success in recycling electrical and electronic waste depends on the characteristics of waste, the applied separation procedures and devices, and of course on the conditions (values of operating variables of the devices) in which separation is carried out. The first phase of the recycling process consists of manual dismantling and separation of larger parts of waste devices, whereby a larger share of iron, copper, glass and plastic materials is separated. The remaining parts need to be shredded in order to achieve liberation, and thereupon, by appropriate separation procedures, the single types of material shall be separated. In this dissertation beside enclosures and large condensers and cathode tubes containing phosphorus powder and cadmium have been manually separated from TV sets, and due to the impossibility of their save testing have been excluded from further testing. The separated wooden enclosures have been excluded from further testing, since over time contamination has occurred by harmful substances such as chrome, lead, mercury, sulphur, nickel, zinc, etc., whereas plastic enclosures contain brominated burning inhibitors, which even in very small quantities contaminate plastic materials rendering them inappropriate for obtaining new plastic. The remaining material has been divided according to its characteristics into three groups which have been tested separately. The group called „Loudspeakers“ is an integral part of the audio system and it contains the highest quantity of iron and somewhat less copper in yokes, as well as plastic, cardboard and textile. In the group „Yokes, cables, connectors and wires“ copper is represented to a high degree, and the third group of „Printed circuit boards“ contains, in addition to the copper conductor structure, also a lot of rare metals on a nonconductor basis (vitroplast, pertinax). For each of the previously indicated groups a separate test plan has been developed. For all groups shredding has been carried out first, in order to achieve liberation, followed by sieving in order to obtain classes appropriate for tests in individual separators. The test plan for air and electrostatic separation has been developed by using statistical planning of experiments under application of the programme system Statistica (Version 8, StatSoft) according to a central composite design (Central Composite Design), including 17 tests for each class on the individual device. By analysing the variance, the impact of the individual independent variable as well as the impact of the interaction of two (out of the three tested) independent variables on one (out of the two) dependent variables (concentrate quality or mass recovery), along with the assessment of this impact, has been determined. The impact of individual variables in gravitation and magnetic separation has been tested in such a way that the value of one variable was changed, while all the other variables were kept constant. Air separation tests have shown that the height of the compartment barrier has the highest impact on the quality of the concentrate, and airstream speed has the least impact, whereas with regard to the interaction of the variables, the barrier height and the position of the inlet have the highest impact. In all cases the barrier height had the highest impact on recovery. Best results (concentrate quality from 99 % to 100 % with recovery from 80 % to 99 %) were achieved at separation of grain larger than 2 mm (class 4/2 mm and 3,15/2 mm), whereas with reduced grain size separation efficiency decreased as well. By electrostatic separation high quality of concentrate has been achieved in all classes, and best results have been obtained in tests with the coarsest grain class (4/2 mm). In all tests the position of the separation knife had the largest impact on concentrate quality. Regarding interactions of the variables the interaction of the separation knife position with the voltage of the ionising electrode and the drum rotation speed had the highest impact. The results obtained by magnetic separation have shown that in most cases (in particular for coarser grain classes) wet separation is better than dry separation, whereas differences decreased with the decrease in the grain size. Best results of both the wet lowintensity and dry high-intensity separation were achieved with the smallest class, -0,5 mm. Tests of gravity concentration have shown that in order to achieve a better quality of the concentrate of better quality, concentration table should operate with smaller inclinations of the plate. Based on the obtained results a segregation scheme for electronic waste recycling has been proposed. The basic hypothesis of this dissertation, namely that the devices and procedures used in mineral processing can also be used for recycling electrical and electronic waste, has been confirmed by the results of the testing carried out.

Električni automobili smatraju se ekološkom alternativom automobilima s motorom s unutarnjim izgaranjem zbog smanjenih emisija ispušnih plinova i povoljnijeg utjecaja na okoliš. Iako ovakva vozila nemaju direktne emisije, u pitanje se dovode načini dobivanja električne energije za napajanje vozila, kao i pitanje utjecaja njihovih baterija na okoliš. Recikliranjem baterija dodatno se umanjuje onečišćenje planete i brzo iscrpljivanje sirovina potrebnih za njihovu izradu, stoga je od iznimne važnosti pravovremeno razvijati kvalitetne metode i tehnologiju. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je prikazati na koji način se postupa s baterijama električnih vozila u Republici Hrvatskoj i u svijetu, postupak i metode recikliranja uz uspješne primjere u inozemstvu te mogućnosti njihove ponovne uporabe. Rad je napravljen uz pomoć tvrtke Rimac Automobili d.o.o., Electric cars are considered to be an environmentally friendly alternative to cars with an internal combustion engine due to reduced exhaust emissions and a more favorable environmental impact. Although such vehicles do not have direct emissions, the ways of obtaining electricity to power vehicles, as well as the issue of the impact of their batteries on the environment, are still questionable. Recycling batteries further reduces planetary pollution and the rapid depletion of the raw materials needed for their production, so it is extremely important to develop quality methods and technology in a timely manner. The aim of this thesis is to show how electric vehicle batteries are handled in the Republic of Croatia and the world, the procedure and methods of recycling with successful examples abroad and the possibilities of their reuse. The thesis was made with the help from Rimac Automobili d.o.o.

Električni i elektronički (EE) otpad predstavlja sve veći problem za sustav gospodarenja otpadom. Recikliranje EE otpada se nameće kao rješenje tih problema. Recikliranjem, osim što se smanjuju količine otpada i štetnost za okoliš, dobivaju se i vrijedne sekundarne sirovine. Litij-ionske baterije čine značajan udio u ukupnim količinama EE otpada s tendencijom povećanja zbog sve raširenije primjene, ponajprije u pametnim telefonima, prijenosnim računalima te električnim i hibridnim vozilima. Postojeće tehnike i tehnologije recikliranja Li-ionskih baterija ostavljaju prostora za napredak, ponajprije u pogledu utjecaja na okoliš. Stoga je u ovome radu ispitana učinkovitost oslobađanja elektrodnog materijala (litij-kobalt oksida i grafita) iz litij-ionskih baterija, kao jednog od segmenata reciklažnog procesa, primjenom atricijskog čišćenja pri različitim vrijednostima radnih parametara. Usitnjeni materijal je preduvjet za primjenu atricijskog čišćenja. Stoga je ispitana i učinkovitost oslobađanja elektrodnog materijala uslijed sitnjenja u reznom mlinu te je određena ukupna učinkovitost reciklažnog procesa koji uključuje oba postupka. Rezultati ispitivanja ukazuju da atricijsko čišćenje elektroda Li-ionskih baterija, kao postupak oslobađanja elektrodnog materijala, ima značajno manji štetan utjecaj na okoliš i manje pogonske troškove u odnosu na konkurentske postupke uz relativno visoku učinkovitost. Obzirom na takve rezultate postoji potencijal za primjenu atricijskog čišćenja u procesima recikliranja litij-ionskih baterija., Electrical and electronic (EE) waste is a growing problem for the waste management. Recycling of EE waste is a solution for these problems. In addition to reduce waste and environmental damage, recycling also provides valuable secondary raw materials. Lithium-ion batteries make a significant share of total EE waste with a tendency to increase. Existing techniques and technologies for recycling Li-ion batteries leave room for improvement, primarily in terms of environmental impact. Therefore, the separation efficiency of electrode material (lithium-cobalt oxide and graphite) from lithium-ion batteries is determineted in this paper, as one of the segments of the recycling process, by using attrition scrubbing. Shredded material is a prerequisite for the application of attrition scrubbing. Therefore, the separation efficiency of electrode material due to grinding in a mill to the class of -8 mm was examined and the overall efficiency of the recycling process, which involves both procedures, was determined. Test results indicate that attrition scrubbing of the electrodes of Li-ion batteries, as the process of the separation of electrode material from metal foils, has significantly lower negative impact on the environment and lower operating costs compared to competing processes with relatively high efficiency. Given such results, there is potential for the application of attrition scrubbing in lithium-ion battery recycling processes.

U današnje, moderno doba, bakar se koristi u kablovima i svim električnim i elektronskim uređajima. Danas gotovo da i ne postoji električni uređaj koji ne sadrži bakar u sebi. Sve više se bakar iz otpadnih kabela reciklira i skoro polovica bakra u novim kabelima ili elektroničim uređajima je dobivena kao sekundarna sirovina recikliranjem. U radu je dan pregled i opis vrsta kabela u kojima se koristi bakar te je ispitana mogućnost recikliranja licnastih bakrenih kabela na elektrostatičkom separatoru., In today's modern age, copper is used in cables and all electrical and electronic devices. Today, there is almost no electrical device that does not contain copper. Copper is increasingly being recycled from waste cables and almost half of the copper in new cables or electronic devices is obtained as a secondary raw material by recycling. The thesis gives an overview and description of cable types in which copper is used and examines the possibility of recycling thin copper cables by an electrostatic separator.

U ovom radu pod otpadom se podrazumijeva plastični otpad (lampioni). Ako se otpadom ne gospodari kako treba ili ga se nekontrolirano odlaže, on će onečistiti okoliš. Mnoge vrste plastike nisu biorazgradive bez obzira na uvjete u okolišu, barem ne u značajnoj mjeri, dok se neke vrste razgrađuju, ali sporo, pod uvjetom da su izložene povoljnom djelovanju zraka, vode i svjetla. Lampioni nisu biorazgradivi jer ni metal, niti plastika, niti parafin od kojih se sastoji lampion nisu biorazgradivi. Uzorak u provedenim ispitivanjima se sastoji od lampiona koji su izdrobljeni, prosijani i atrirani. Krupnije klase ne odgovaraju jer su prevelike za atricijsku ćeliju, a kod sitnijih klasa postoji velika mogućnost gubitaka materijala tijekom daljnih ispitivanja. Nakon postignutog raščina drobljenjem i odvajanja parafina i plastike pliva-tone separacijom na zrnu plastike zaostaje tanak sloj parafina. Hipoteza ovog rada je uklanjanje tog sloja parafina atriranjem. Uspješnost atricije razmatra se preko smanjenja sadržaja parafina. U svim pokusima došlo je do smanjenja masenog udjela parafina u koncentratu nakon atricije što nam govori da je hipoteza ovoga rada potvrđena., Under the term waste in this thesis, we assume plastic waste (lanterns). If waste is not properly managed or it is discarded it can pollute the environment. Regardless of environmental conditions a lot of plastic is not biodegradable, however, some types are degradable with favorable effects of air, water and light. Since metal, paraffin and plastic are not biodegradable, neither are lanterns. Used test sample is composed of crushed, sieved and attritioned lanterns. Coarse fractions are too big for atrittion cell so they don´t fit while smaller classes result in material loss during further testing. After liberation by crushing and separation of paraffin and plastic by sink and float process, a thin layer of paraffin remains on plastic grains. Attrition efficacy is considered through reduced content of paraffin. In all tests, decrease in mass portion of paraffin in concentrate after the attrition is determined, which tells us that the hypothesis of this thesis is accurate.

Građevinska industrija je najveći proizvođač građevinskog otpada. Procjenjuje se da u Hrvatskoj nastaje oko 2,5 milijuna tona građevinskog otpada i samo se 7% od toga reciklira. Postrojenje Prudinec koje se nalazi na Jakuševcu je jedino stacionarno postrojenje za recikliranje građevinskog otpada u RH. Europske direktive nalažu da se do 2020. godine oporabi do 70% građevinskog otpada. U ovom diplomskom radu su provedena laboratorijska istraživanja koja su provedena na otpadu uzorkovanom na postrojenju za obradu građevinskog otpada Prudinec. Otpad koji je ispitan bio je asfalt i beton klase -63 mm. Ispitivanje je pokazalo da je najzastupljenija klasa 63/32 mm s masenim udjelom od 43,13%, te da nema značajne razlike u gustoći lake i teške frakcije dobivene gravitacijskom koncentracijom., Construction industry is the biggest producer of construction and demolition waste. In Croatia, it is estimated that around 2.5 million tonnes of construction waste is produced yearly and only 7% is recycled. Plant Prudinec, placed on Jakuševac, is the only one stationary plant for recycling construction and demolition waste in Croatia. European directives require that the construction and demolition waste must be recycled up to 70% by the year 2020. In this master’s thesis laboratory tests were made on waste material from stationary plant Prudinec. Material consisted of asphalt and concrete, grain size of -63 mm. Test results showed that dominant grain size was 63/32 mm with mass fraction of 43,13% and that there is no significant difference in density between light and heavy fraction obtained with gravity separation.

U današnje vrijeme EE otpad je postao veliki problem zbog sve većih količina, a njegovo zbrinjavanje briga je svih zemalja. Najveći problem predstavlja opasni otpad zbog svojih opasnih komponenti, koje štete okolišu i zdravlju ljudi. Najveće količine EE opreme obuhvaćaju mobilne telefone, kojih je sada već oko sedam milijardi, a svake godine se očekuje sve veća količina mobilnih telefona, od kojih će većina nakon korištenja biti odložena na odlagalište otpada. U radu su prikazane glavne karakteristike EE otpada, njegovo pravilno prikupljanje i recikliranje te očekivani trendovi EE otpada u budućnosti. Cilj je izdvojiti što veći udio korisne komponente odnosno metala iz mobilnih telefona, primjenom elektrostatičke separacije. Bolji rezultati dobiveni su separacijom sitnije klase 1/0,5 mm u odnosu na krupniju klasu 2/1 mm., At the present time the waste has become a big problem because of the large and growing quantity, and its management is the concern of all countries. The biggest problem is a hazardous waste due to its hazardous components, which are harmful to the environment and human health. The greatest amount of electrical and electronic equipment includes mobile phones which have been amount to over seven billion pieces so far and an increase of their number is to be expected every year, most of them ending up on waste disposal after being used. This paper describes the main characteristics of e-waste and its proper collecting and recycling, as well as the anticipated trends of e-waste disposal in the future. The objective is to separate the largest possible share of the useful component, i.e. metal, using the electrostatic separation. Better results were obtained by separation finer grain size of 1/0.5 mm than the coarser one (2/1 mm).

Porastom količina otpada postajemo sve svjesniji problema potrebe za zbrinjavanjem toga otpada. Odlaganje na odlagalištima nije pogodno zbog opasnih tvari koje se mogu naći u otpadu te zbog gubitka sekundarnih sirovina koja ostaju odložena na odlagalištima. U radu su prikazane količine elektroničkog otpada koje danas nastaju i za koje se očekuje rast u budućnosti te propisi koje donosi europska komisija kako bi potaknula recikliranje elektroničkog otpada. Provedena su ispitivanja u svrhu recikliranja integriranih krugova metodama za oplemenjivanje mineralnih sirovina (gravitacijska koncentracija, elektrostatička koncentracija i separiranje u zračnoj struji), te su utvrđeni tehnološki pokazatelji separacije za korištene postupke., With the increasing amount of waste we become aware of the problems with the need for disposal of waste. Landfilling is not suitable because of hazardous substances that can be found in the WEEE waste and because of the loss of raw materials which remain deposited in landfills. This paper presents the data about the amount of WEEE which nowadays is generated and which rates are expected to grow in the future, as well as regulations issued by the European Commission to encourage the recycling of WEEE. Tests were carried out for the purpose of recycling integrated circuits by methods for mineral processing (gravity concentration, electrostatic concentration and separation in the air flow), and technological indicators have been calculated for used separation methods.

U današnje vrijeme otpad je postao veliki problem zbog velikih količina, a njegovo zbrinjavanje briga svih zemalja. Najveći problem predstavlja opasni otpad zbog svojih opasnih komponenti, koje štete okolišu i zdravlju ljudi, te se zbog toga moraju izdvojiti i zbrinuti na adekvatan način, a neopasni dijelovi ponovno iskoristiti. U ovom istraživanju provedeno je ispitivanje recikličnosti bakra elektrostatičkom separacijom iz samljevenih tiskanih pločica koje spadaju u opasni elektronički otpad. Tiskane pločice sadrže različite plemenite metale poput bakra, srebra i paladija. Cilj je izdvojiti što veći udio korisne komponente odnosno bakra, primjenom elektrostatičke separacije. Provedeno je ukupno 30 ispitivanja na 3 različite veličine zrna. U dobivenom koncentratu određen je udio bakra, utvrđeni su tehnološki pokazatelji separacije te analiziran utjecaj pojedinih parametara na učinkovitost separacije., At the present time the waste has become a big problem because of the large quantity, and its management is the concern of all countries. The biggest problem is a hazardous waste due to its hazardous components, which damage the environment and human health, and therefore must be separated and disposed of in an appropriate manner, and non hazardous components should be reused.In this study, a survey of recyclability copper electrostatic separation from milled printed circuit board swhich are hazardous electronic waste is conducted. Printed circuit boards contain a variety of precious metals such as copper, silver and palladium. The objective is to separate the largest possible share of the useful component,i.e.copper, using the electrostatic separation. Three different grain sizes were tested through 30 tests. In cunducted tests, the copper content in the concentrate and technological indicator of separation are determined. Analyzes of the effect of various parameters on separation efficiency was also carried out.

Wood is the main material for paper production and with high costs of raw material paper mills are searching for other materials for paper production. With a higher demand for paper, waste paper is being used more and more as the main material for paper production. To be able to use waste paper in paper production we must pulp it, remove all contaminants and deink. In paper recycling plants a huge problem is waste water due to the high water consumption. Waste water from paper recycling is treated in different ways then reused in the recycling process. Croatia’s waste paper recovery rate is one of the lowest in the European union and in 2010 was only 3,97 kg per person. Improving the recovery rate could be done by introducing new technologies in waste paper collection i.e. modern trucks for waste paper collection., Drvo je glavna sirovina za proizvodnju papira, te s visokim troškovima ulazne sirovine, tvornice papira su u potrazi za drugim materijalima za proizvodnju papira. S povećanjem potražnje papira, otpadni papir se sve više i više koristi kao glavna sirovina u proizvodnji novog papira. Kako bi se otpadni papir mogao koristiti u proizvodnji potrebno ga je provesti u pulpu te odstraniti sve nečistoće i tintu. Zbog velike potrošnje vode u postrojenjima za reciklažu papira veliki problem je otpadna voda. Ona se pročišćava na razne načine te se ponovno koristi u procesu recikliranja. Povrat otpadnog papira u Hrvatskoj je praktično na najnižoj razini u Europskoj Uniji, a 2010. godine iznosio je samo 3,97 kg po osobi. Unapređenje povrata starog papira moglo bi biti poboljšano uvođenjem novih tehnologija u prikupljanju otpadnog papira npr. suvremenijim kamionima za njegovo sakupljanje.

Diplomski rad izrađen je u svrhu prikaza načina recikliranja građevinskog otpada u reciklažnom dvorištu „Mišić“ sa sjedištem u Ivanovcu. Reciklažno dvorište se nalazi u Međimurju, a djeluje na prostorima Međimurske, Varaždinske i Koprivničko-križevačke županije. Težište je u sakupljanju i recikliranju inertnog građevinskog otpada i otpada od rušenja. Sakuplja se beton, opeka, crijep, pločice, keramika, mješavine betona, opeke, crijepa i keramike, staklo, zemlja i pijesak dobiven od pjeskarenja. Tvrtka „Mišić“ prepoznala je potencijal koji pruža recikliranje građevinskog otpada, što doprinosi očuvanju prirodnih resursa i smanjuje štetan utjecaj na okoliš, štedi prostor odlagališta otpada, smanjuje broj tzv. „divljih“ odlagališta, te ujedno sprječava narušavanje izgleda prirode. Postojeći iznimno mali udio recikliranja građevinskog otpada u Republici Hrvatskoj moguće je povećati strožom zakonskom regulativom te edukacijom i buđenjem svijesti javnosti za što čišći i zdraviji okoliš., Thesis was made for the purpose of presenting modes of construction waste recycling in recycling yard „Mišić“, situated in Ivanovac. The recycling yard is located in Međimurje, and operates in the areas of Međimurje, Varaždin and Koprivničko-križevačka county. The focus is in the collecting and recycling of the inert construction waste and demolition waste. Amongst collected si concrete, brick, roofing tile, tiles, ceramics, a mixtures of concrete, bricks, roofing tiles and ceramics, glass and sand obtained from blasting. The company „Mišić“ recognized the potential that provides recycling of construction waste, which contributes to the preservation of natural resources and reduces the harmful effect on the environment, saves landfills space, decreses the number of so called „wild“ landfills, and also prevents distortion of the image of the nature. Existing, but extremely small, portion of construction waste recycling in Croatia can be increased by implementing stricter legislation and by education and raising awareness amongst the public for the cleaner and helthier environment.

Sa porastom količina otpada postajemo sve svjesniji problema potrebe za zbrinjavanjem toga otpada. Odlaganje na odlagalištima nije pogodno zbog opasnih tvari koje se mogu naći u električnom i elektroničkom otpadu te zbog gubitka sekundarnih sirovina koja ostaju odložena na odlagalištima. Provedena su ispitivanja u svrhu recikliranja UTP i STP kabela metodama za oplemenjivanje mineralnih sirovina te su utvrđeni tehnološki pokazatelji separacije za korištene postupke. Metode koje su korištene za izdvajanje bakra iz navedenih kabela su postupci oplemenjivanja mineralnih sirovina na koncentracijskom stolu i spiralnom žlijebu., With the increasing amount of waste we become aware of the problems with the need for disposal of waste. Landfilling is not suitable because of hazardous substances that can be found in the WEEE waste and because of the loss of secondry materials which remain deposited in landfills. Test were carried out for the purpose of recycling UTP and STP cables by methods of mineral processing, and tehnological indicators for separation procedures are determined. Metodes that were used to separating copper from these cables are mineral processing procedures at a shaking table and a spiral sluice.

U ovom diplomskom radu opisan je razvoj automobila kroz povijest, sve veći porast broja istih, vrste i dijelovi automobila, njihov sastav te postupak recikliranja otpadnih automobila u reciklažnom postrojenju. Budući da je istraživanje pokazalo sve veći „trend“ gomilanja industrijskih otpadaka, a istovremeno sve veće iscrpljivanje prirodnih izvora sirovine, isto je potaknulo tehničku struku istražiti alternativne mogućnosti za pronalazak sekundarnih izvora sirovine, kroz usavršavanje tehnoloških postupaka kojima bi se deficitarne industrijske sirovine mogle reciklirati iz otpadnih materijala. Po uzoru na to, izrađeni su posebni pogoni za recikliranje otpadnih automobila. Sukladno navednom, u radu je elaboriran proces recikliranja otpadnih vozila u reciklažnom postrojenju C.I.O.S.–a, vodećoj tvrtki za reciklažu vozila u Republici Hrvatskoj., This thesis describes the development of the car throughout history, a growing increase in the number of cars, the types and parts of the car, their composition and the process of recycling waste car in recycling plant. Since the research has shown an increasing „trend“ in the accumulation of industrial waste, while increasing depletion of natural sources of raw materials, tehnical profession explores the alternative possibilities for finding a secondary source of raw materials, through the improving of tehnology procedures that would enable recycling of scarce industrial raw materials from waste material. Following the example of this, special facillities for the recycling of waste cars have been made. Accordingly, the work elaborates the process of recycling scrap vehicles in recycling facilities of C.I.O.S., the leading company for the recycling of vehicles in Republic of Croatia.

Jedan od većih problema današnjeg društva je rastuća potrošnja prirodnih resursa te sve veće količine otpada koje moramo zbrinuti, a nažalost završavaju na deponijima. Više desetaka tona lampiona bude prikupljeno samo par dana nakon 1. studenog. Plastika od kućišta, parafin te željezni poklopci nakon uporabe se mogu reciklirati čime će se uštedjeti na prostoru odlagališta, smanjiti potencijalno štetan utjecaj plastike i parafina na okoliš, a također će se štedjeti prirodni resursi. Prilikom recikliranja lampiona najvažnije je postići raščin. Nakon postizanja raščina na temelju razlike gustoće plastika i parafin se razdvajaju. Tako izdvojeni parafin i plastika mogu se koristiti za ponovnu uporabu kod izrade svijeća i punjenja lampiona., One of the major problems of today's society is the growing consumption of natural resources and the increasing amount of waste that must be disposed in landfills. Dozens of tons of grave lanterns are collected only a few days after November 1. The plastic casing, paraffin and iron lids after use can be recycled, which will save landfill space, reduce the potentially harmful impact of plastic and paraffin on the environment and will also save natural resources. Most important when recycling lanterns is to achieve disunion. After reaching disunion based on the difference in density, plastics and paraffin are separated. According to this, paraffin and plastic can be used for remaking candles and filling lanterns.

Razvojem tehnologije raste potražnja za elektroničkim uređajima, koji ubrzo bivaju zastarjeli te postaju EE otpad. Svaki takav uređaj sadrži tiskane pločice kao sastavni dio, koje odbacivanjem postaju važna sekundarna sirovina iz koje recikliranjem možemo pridobiti važne materijale. U radu su prikazane glavne karakteristike elektroničkog otpada, te njegovo pravilno prikupljanje i recikliranje, kao i trendovi EE otpada u budućnosti. Uz ispitivanja provedena u cilju pronalaženja optimalnih postupaka za recikliranje tiskanih pločica metodama oplemenjivanje mineralnih sirovina utvrđeni su tehnološki pokazatelji separacije tih ispitivanja., With the development of technology, demand for electronics is constantly increasing, therefore electronics quickly become outdated. Every device of this kind contains printed circuit boards as an integral part. With their disposal electronics become an important secondary raw material from which we can gain valuable recycling materials. The master's thesis describes the main characteristics of e-waste and its proper collecting and recycling, as well as the trends of e-waste in the future. Laboratory tests were performed in order to find the optimal processes for recycling printed circuit boards by mineral processing methods, and technological indicators of separation were identified.

Područje zbrinjavanja otpada danas je jedno od ključnih područja u zaštiti okoliša. U svijetu, Europi i Hrvatskoj prevladava trend porasta količina otpada, pri čemu je najčešća metoda zbrinjavanja odlaganje. Recikliranje otpada još uvijek nije dovoljno zastupljeno. Upotreba električnih i elektroničkih uređaja široko je raširena i znatno opterećuje okoliš. Sve veća proizvodnja električnih i elektroničkih uređaja ima za posljedicu sve veće količine električnog i elektroničkog otpada (EE otpada). Recikliranje EE otpada specifično je po nužnoj separaciji različitih vrsta materijala kako bi se izbjegla degradacija svojstava reciklata. U ovom radu istražena je mogućnost separacije različitih vrsta materijala koje se nalaze u elektrolitskim kondenzatorima primjenom metoda oplemenjivanja mineralnih sirovina (separacija u zračnoj struji, separacija na koncentracijskom stolu i pliva-tone separacija) Eksperimentalno je utvrđen utjecaj pojedinih radnih parametara uređaja i svojstava ulaznog materijala na uspješnost separacije, kvalitetu produkata i iskorištenje korisnih komponenti. Rezultati su pokazali da se metal aluminij može uspješno separirati iz elektrolitskih kondenzatora primjenom metoda oplemenjivanja mineralnih sirovina., Waste management today is one of the key areas in environmental protection. Both in the world and in Europe and Croatia, there is a prevailing trend of waste growth, while the most common method used continues to be waste disposal. Recycling of waste is still not sufficiently widespread. The use of electric and electronic equipment is very common and puts a significant strain on the environment. Ever growing production of electric and electronic equipment has a great consequence of increasing EE waste. EE waste recycling is specific for its necessary separation of different types of materials in order to avoid the degradation of recyclat properties. This paper tries to explore the possibility of separation of different types of materials from a electrolytic capacitors using the mineral processing methods: air stream separation, wet shaking table separation and sink-float separation. Experiments have shown the effects of certain operating device parameters and properties of the input material on separation efficiency, product quality and yield of useful components. Obtained results have shown that metal aluminum can be successfully separeted from electrolytic capacitors using the mineral processing methods.