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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major global health problem, occurring in >13 million people and responsible for >2.3 million deaths every year, 85% of which are in developing countries. Although the International Society of Nephrology (ISN) set a goal of eliminating preventable deaths by AKI by 2025, implementation of this program in developing countries presents major challenges for several reasons: there are few data on the epidemiology and causes of AKI in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC); health care resources to diagnose, manage, and treat AKI are often limited; and governments, institutions, and global health initiatives have not focussed sufficiently on the AKI problems. Thus, developing and implementing effective strategies to eliminate preventable deaths from AKI in LMIC have required efforts to better understand how to increase the awareness of AKI by health care workers and institutions.

Abstract Aims: To evaluate the nutritional status, resting energy expenditure, caloric and protein intake, and evolution of biochemical parameters in three stages of chronic kidney disease: pre-dialytic, at the beginning of the dialysis treatment, and 30 days after starting treatment. Methods: The chi-square and Student’s t tests were used to compare the variables, and analysis of repeated measurements was used to compare the data obtained in the three moments evaluated. The results were discussed at the 5% level of significance. Results: We evaluated 35 patients, 60% female and 60% with diabetes mellitus. There was a decrease in midarm circumference and serum albumin. Inflammatory state and caloric and protein intake increased. There was no significant difference in resting energy expenditure in the three moments. The serum urea and serum albumin, handgrip strength, and protein consumption after 30 days from the start of dialysis were greater in the peritoneal dialysis patients, when compared to the hemodialysis population. Conclusion: there was a decrease in midarm circumference and serum albumin and an increase in protein intake after dialysis. The peritoneal dialysis patients had higher muscle strength, even with lower protein intake. Resting energy expenditure was not different between dialysis methods and the moments evaluated.

Introduction: Vancomycin pharmacokinetic data in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) on high-volume peritoneal dialysis (HVPD) are lacking. The aims were to study the pharmacokinetics of i.v. vancomycin in patients with AKI treated by HVPD who received an i.v. dose of vancomycin (15–20 mg/kg), to determine the vancomycin removal, and to establish vancomycin dosing and evaluation pharmacokinetics target attainment achievement for the empirical treatment of patients with AKI treated by HVPD. Methods: Vancomycin was administered 1 hour before dialysis start. Samples of all dialysate were collected for a 24-hour period. Blood samples were collected after 1, 2, 4, and 24 hours of therapy. Vancomycin concentrations were determined using a liquid chromatographic (high-performance liquid chromatography)–fluorescence method. Pharmacokinetic calculations were completed assuming a 1-compartment model. Results: Ten patients completed the study. The mean vancomycin dose administered was 18.0 ± 2.95 mg/kg (14.7–21.8 mg/kg) on the day of study (first day) and the mean percentage of vancomycin removal by HVPD was 21.7% ± 2.2% (16%–29%). Peritoneal clearance was 8.1 ± 2.2 ml/min (5.3–12 ml/min). The serum vancomycin half-life was 71.2 ± 24.7 hours (42–110 hours) during HVPD session, the maximum serum concentration was 26.2 ± 3.5 mg/l, which occurred 1 hour after vancomycin administration and HVPD start. Area under the curve (AUC)0–24/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio ≥400 was achieved in all patients when MIC = 1 mg/l was considered. Conclusion: HVPD removes considerable amounts of vancomycin in septic patients with AKI. Administration of 18 mg/kg vancomycin each 48 to 72 hours in patients with AKI undergoing HVPD was required to reach and maintain therapeutic concentrations. Keywords: acute kidney injury, peritoneal dialysis, sepsis, vancomycin

Abstract Introduction: It is needed for nutrition prescription correct estimate of resting energy expenditure (REE), which is a challenge given the possible daily variation in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). Objective: To evaluate the daily variability of REE measured by indirect calorimetry (IC) in patients with AKI and dialysis indication and identify clinical variables associated with REE. Methods: The REE was measured on the time of dialysis indication and the subsequent four days. We also evaluated parameters that can influence the REE. The daily differences were analyzed by generalized linear model for repeated measures. We also used Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression. Results: There were 301 IC measurements in 114 patients, mean age of 60.65 ± 16.9 years and 68.4% were male. The average REE was 2081 ± 645 kcal, rising on day 5 (2270 ± 556 kcal) compared to the days 2 and 3 (2022 ± 754; 2022 ± 660 kcal, respectively, p = 0,04). When normalized to weight, there was no significant difference in REE (kcal/kg/day) during follow-up. REE was positively correlated with total leukocyte count, C-reactive protein, minute volume (MV), fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) urea nitrogen appearance (UNA), weight and height and inversely with age. After multiple regression, MV, FiO2, weight and age are correlated independently with REE. Conclusion: Patients with AKI have REE stable. The REE was associated independently with FiO2, MV, body weight and age. Thus, ventilatory parameters should be evaluated each day for the necessary dietary changes may be made.