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Introduction Conventional (tobacco) and e-cigarette smoking prevalence is a growing concern in Indonesia. It has worsened as e-cigarettes complement conventional cigarettes, causing dual users. Dual users of e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes potentially cause an additional burden in terms of the health of their users. Methods Our study is a secondary data analysis of the 2018 National Basic Health (Riskesdas) Survey. The sample is limited to respondents aged 15 – 64 years old who either only used e-cigarettes (e-cigarette single users), only used conventional cigarettes (conventional cigarette single users) or used both e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes (dual users) in the last month. The sample size of the data was 174,917 individuals. Our analysis utilized the logit and negative binomial regression to test whether the type of smoking behavior was associated with reporting to have a Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and complications, respectively. Results Our study finds: (1) dual users are positively associated to report having NCDs, such as liver failure (AOR=2.38; 95% CI: 2.32–2.44), diabetes (AOR=1.53; 95% CI: 1.50–1.57), hypertension (AOR=1.49; 95% CI: 1.48–1.51), and gum diseases (AOR=1.74; 95% CI: 1.73–1.74) compared to single users and(2) e-cigarette single users are positively associated with reporting to have NCDs and dental problems, such as asthma (AOR=3.11; 95% CI: 3.01–3.22), diabetes (AOR=16.01; 95% CI: 14.57–17.59), broken tooth (AOR=1.04; 95% CI: 1.03–1.06) and they have disease complication compared to conventional cigarette single users. Conclusions Therefore, simultaneous control of the consumption of e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes is essential. In addition, it is important to promote policies to increase the price of e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes to reduce smoking prevalence and prevent dual users. Moreover, as there are negative consequences of conventional and e-cigarette single users or dual users, the most effective alternative is to stop smoking, not switch smoking.

Introduction Social assistance programs create an income effect that allows lowincome groups to raise their consumption to improve their well-being. However, this may unintentionally induce an increase in their consumption of temptation goods, including tobacco. By analyzing five massive social assistance programs distributed by the government since 2007, we explore whether those programs may induce increased smoking intensity in Indonesia. Methods This study is a quantitative study that applies a Tobit regression, Differencein- Differences (DiD) regression, Difference regression, and two-sample t-test, using the 2017 Susenas (National Socioeconomic Survey) and the 2007 and 2014 Indonesia Family Life Survey. Estimations using sociodemographic, regional, and social assistance dummy variables are used to explore the impact of the programs on the intensity of cigarette consumption in Indonesia, simultaneously assessing the relationship between cigarette consumption and socioeconomic conditions. Results Our estimations using Tobit regressions confirm that social assistance recipients consume 3.39 cigarettes per capita per week more than non-recipients. The DiD regressions on IFLS panel data show that social assistance programs significantly increase cigarette consumption by 2.8 cigarettes per capita per week. We also find that: 1) smokers have lower socioeconomic indicators than nonsmokers in terms of nutrition and health and education expenditures, and 2) younger household members living with smokers have less educational attainment and higher average sick days. Conclusions There is reasonable evidence to support the hypothesis that social assistance programs in Indonesia have contributed to the greater intensity of tobacco consumption among the recipients. The findings call for policy reforms in social assistance programs to be warier with the eligibility conditions for social assistance recipients. Adding new conditions related to smoking behaviors might reduce the smoking intensity of those in low-income groups and, in the long run, might improve the effectiveness of social assistance programs in raising the socioeconomic welfare of the low-income population.

Objective The current governmental policies related to tobacco control in Indonesia are known to be not yet effective in reducing tobacco consumption. Therefore, increasing cigarette prices is one of effective instruments that should be supported by governments and public. This study aims to assess public support for cigarette price increase as well as to generate scientific evidence for the government and policymakers. Methods This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. The data were obtained through phone-based interviews in 1,000 respondents aged ≥ 18 years old in Indonesia. The interviews started on 1 May 2018 and ended on 31 May 2018. Results Respondents in this study were varied in terms of age, gender, level of education, income, occupation, the area of living, and smoking status. This study found that 88% of the respondents including 80% of smokers support cigarette price increase to prevent children from buying cigarettes. Around 66% smokers said they would stop smoking when the cigarette price is Rp60,000 (US$4.3) per package. The multivariate analysis revealed that age, income, cigarette expenditure per day, and perception on the current cigarette price are the predictors of support for cigarette price increase. Conclusions The increase in cigarette prices is supported by the majority of public including smokers. Cigarette price increase is supported by younger people and higher-income groups as they have less expenditure and less likely to smoke. Governments, academics, NGOs, and tobacco control activists should generate the understanding that increasing cigarette prices will improve the quality of life.

Indonesia is the real champions of smoking with nearly 32% of the adult populations are smokers. The prevalence of youth smoking has jumped more than fourfold during last two decades. This calls for serious effort on tobacco controlling. A high prevalence of tobacco consumption may have an adverse consequence for the future socioeconomic condition of household especially for children development. Since tobacco is addictive consumption, household often reduce other consumption to fulfil the elderly’s consumption of tobacco. As many cases that children are likely powerless in the household decision making, elderly who over controlled consumption’s decision might prioritize their tobacco consumption instead of investing on children development such as education, health, quantity and quality of food. This study utilize a longitudinal dataset of Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) aims at evaluating the impacts of parent smoking behavior on stunting indicated by children’s weight and height growth. An increase in tobacco consumption around two percentage point (1997-2014) has been compensated by a decrease in expenditure share of rice, protein and fat sources of food and education. These kinds of expenditure will significantly influence the children’s future development in terms of weight, height and cognitive ability. Based on our observation of children (