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This paper traces the establishment of standardized railway time in colonial India between 1854 and 1905, and explores how the colonized—as passengers and population—negotiated the temporal re-structuring introduced through railways. Millions were affected by the process through which the time of a single meridian was selected as an all-India railway time, and gradually deemed civil time, continuing even today as Indian Standard Time. The paper explores everyday responses to this dramatic change in ‘time-sense’ engendered through railways, both as speedy transport and as standardized time. This allows for a historical analysis of how individuals and societies deal in practice with abstract technological transformations, and of how colonized populations have navigated the modernizing intervention of imperialist states. It argues that the ways in which the population of colonial India accepted, contested, and appropriated the temporal standardization instituted through railways and railway time challenged imperial policies determined by reified presumptions of metropolitan versus colonial ‘time-sense’. Since these responses were often analogous to how people and societies across the globe were responding to temporal standardization, they disrupt imperial strategies that used time-sense to locate colonized populations outside of History, in effect excluding them from their own present. They thus serve to materially de-stabilize a narrative of colonial time-lag and to reclaim the historical present as a time in which the colonizer and colonized exist contemporaneously. Consequently, they reconfigure modernity as an experiential rather than as a normative historical present. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Tracing the history of accommodation for female passengers on Indian railways, this article explores the anxieties and imperatives that regulated the presence of women in railway spaces in colonial India. Examining the entry of women into the public space of the railway, it emphasizes how an axiomatic relationship between female seclusion, respectability and mobility became pivotal to the conversation about women passengers from the mid-nineteenth century onwards. This correlation both cemented a masculine affinity across racial boundaries and became, simultaneously, a discursive frame for arguing colonial difference. The article argues that even as railway spaces were meant to be moulded to the strict norms of female seclusion, the demands of profitability ensured that – in practice – most Indian women travelled in accommodation similar to that provided for women in other parts of the world. This disjunction between theory and practice did not dim the discursive correlation between female seclusion in railways and respectability. Neither did it undercut a masculine logic that used the security of Indian women passengers to negotiate racial politics in late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century India. Thus, while women became increasingly visible as railway passengers in colonial India, they remained virtually invisible as interlocutors, even when the conversation about their safety and security during railway travel increasingly occupied the public domain. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]