Search

Family ASPICULIDAE Won, Iams & Reed, 2005 Aspiculidae Won, Iams & Reed, 2005: 440, 441. Aspiculumidae – Won, Iams & Reed, 2005: 438 (nom. correct. Maletz [2011a: 130]). Neoaspiculumidae Won & Iams, 2011: 164., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 485, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["WON M. Z., IAMS W. J & REED K. 2005. - Earliest Ordovician (Early to MiddleTremadocian) radiolarian faunas of the Cow Head Group, Western Newfoundland. Journal of Paleontology 79 (3): 433 - 459. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 0022 - 3360 (2005) 079 2.0. CO; 2","MALETZ J. 2011 a. - Radiolarian skeletal structures and biostratigraphy in the early Palaeozoic (Cambrian-Ordovician). Palaeoworld 20: 116 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palwor. 2010.12.007","WON M. Z. & IAMS W. J. 2011. - Earliest Arenig Radiolarians from the Cow Head Group, Western Newfoundland. Journal of Paleontology 85 (1): 156 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 10 - 102.1"]}

Cyrtentactinia Foreman, 1963 Cyrtentactinia Foreman, 1963: 284. TYPE SPECIES. — Cyrtentactinia primotica Foreman, 1963 (Foreman 1963: 285, pl. 8, fig. 2a-c, pl. 9, fig. 3a-b). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Upper Devonian, Huron member, Ohio Shale, USA. TAXON CODE. — 229. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Relatively large spherical or subspherical cephalis, enclosing a spicule with six to perhaps eight (commonly seven) rays arising from the ends of an oblique median bar. Thorax, perforate or imperforate, with or without marginal teeth, not separated from the cephalis by regular collar pores. The rays of the internal spicule continue beyond the wall of the cephalis, and in and beyond the wall of the cephalis, and in and beyond the thoracic wall, as external spines” (Foreman 1963: 284). REVISED DIAGNOSIS. — “A single, perforate, pylomate lattice shell with internal spicular system incorporating six or seven rays. Externally, more than four main spines, usually seven and only rarely five, two to four of which are incorporated in the pylome margin. A pylome net is sometimes present and in some species, and in some individuals of other species, it is considered that spicules are secondary lost.” (Holdsworth 1973: 122)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 474, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["FOREMAN H. P. 1963. - Upper Devonian Radiolaria from the Huron member of the Ohio shale. Micropaleontology 9 (3): 267 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1484751","HOLDSWORTH B. K. 1973. - The Radiolaria of the Baltalimani Formation, lower Carboniferous, Istanbul, Paleozoic of Istanbul. Ege Universitesi Fen Fakultesi Kitaplar Serisi (Jeoloji) 40: 117 - 134."]}

Nazarovella De Wever & Caridroit, 1984 Nazarovella De Wever & Caridroit, 1984: 101. TYPE SPECIES. — Nazarovella gracilis De Wever & Caridroit, 1984 (De Wever & Caridroit 1984: 101, pl. 1, fig. 14-15, 17). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Upper Permian, Kamigori Belt, SW Japan. TAXON CODE. — 192. STATUS. — Homonym of the Triassic radiolarian Nazarovella Kozur & Mostler, 1979 (replacement name Raciditor by Sugiyama [2000]); and Junior synonym of Quadricaulis Caridroit & De Wever, 1986 (herein). DIAGNOSIS. — “Formes à 4 appendices inégaux disposés selon un modèle tétraédrique; 3 sont bien développés, le quatrième est petit. La partie centrale a une forme de tétraèdre globuleux.” (De Wever & Caridroit 1984: 101). DIAGNOSIS (ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY J. P. Caulet – RadWorld database). — “Shells with 4 unequal appendices distributed following a tetrahedral pattern; 3 of them are well-developed, the fourth being small. Central part displays a globular tetrahedral shape”. REMARKS We treat this genus as a junior synonym of Quadricaulus because the holotype appears to be a broken specimen of Quadricaulus, and the unequal size of the 4 th arm a result of that breakage., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 465, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["CARIDROIT M. & DE WEVER P. 1984. - Description de quelques nouvelles especes de Follicucullidae et d'Entactinidae (Radiolaires polycystines) du Permien du Japon. Geobios 17 (5): 639 - 644. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (84) 80035 - 2","KOZUR H. W. & MOSTLER H. 1979. - Beitrage zur Erforschung der mesozoischen Radiolarien. Teil III: Die Oberfamilien Actinommacea HAECKEL 1862 emend., Artiscacea HAECKEL 1882, Multiarcusellacea nov. der Spumellaria und triassische Nassellaria. Geologisch Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck 9 (1 / 2): 1 - 132.","SUGIYAMA K. 2000. - Replacement names for Permian stauraxon radiolarians. Paleontological Research 4 (3): 227, 228. https: // doi. org / 10.2517 / prpsj. 4.227","CARIDROIT M. & DE WEVER P. 1986. - Some late Permian radiolarians from pelitic rocks of the Tatsuno formation (Hyogo Prefecture), southwest Japan. Marine Micropaleontology 11: 55 - 90. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0377 - 8398 (86) 90005 - 8"]}

Nazarovella De Wever & Caridroit, 1984 Nazarovella De Wever & Caridroit, 1984: 101. TYPE SPECIES. — Nazarovella gracilis De Wever & Caridroit, 1984 (De Wever & Caridroit 1984: 101, pl. 1, fig. 14-15, 17). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Upper Permian, Kamigori Belt, SW Japan. TAXON CODE. — 192. STATUS. — Homonym of the Triassic radiolarian Nazarovella Kozur & Mostler, 1979 (replacement name Raciditor by Sugiyama [2000]); and Junior synonym of Quadricaulis Caridroit & De Wever, 1986 (herein). DIAGNOSIS. — “Formes à 4 appendices inégaux disposés selon un modèle tétraédrique; 3 sont bien développés, le quatrième est petit. La partie centrale a une forme de tétraèdre globuleux.” (De Wever & Caridroit 1984: 101). DIAGNOSIS (ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY J. P. Caulet – RadWorld database). — “Shells with 4 unequal appendices distributed following a tetrahedral pattern; 3 of them are well-developed, the fourth being small. Central part displays a globular tetrahedral shape”. REMARKS We treat this genus as a junior synonym of Quadricaulus because the holotype appears to be a broken specimen of Quadricaulus, and the unequal size of the 4 th arm a result of that breakage.

Aspiculum Won, Iams & Reed, 2005 Aspiculum Won, Iams & Reed, 2005: 441. TYPE SPECIES. — Aspiculum eccentricum Won, Iams & Reed, 2005 (Won et al. 2005: 441, fig. 5.5-5.10a, 5.10b). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Lower-middle Tremadocian (Lower Ordovician), Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland, Canada. TAXON CODE. — 284. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — A spherical to subspherical or oval skeleton with or without pylome and no spicule system. Where the shell wall is spherical, the central (basal layer or innermost layer) part of the shell wall eccentrically developed and the thickness of the shell wall, therefore, varied within a single specimen. A basal layer developed or not, and its meshwork two- or three-dimensionally interwoven. (Won et al. 2005: 441)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on pages 485-486, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["WON M. Z., IAMS W. J & REED K. 2005. - Earliest Ordovician (Early to MiddleTremadocian) radiolarian faunas of the Cow Head Group, Western Newfoundland. Journal of Paleontology 79 (3): 433 - 459. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 0022 - 3360 (2005) 079 2.0. CO; 2"]}

Apophysiactinia Won, 1997 Apophysiactinia Won, 1997a: 362. TYPE SPECIES. — Apophysiactinia trispinula Won, 1997 (Won 1997a: 364, pl. 6, fig. 13, 14, 17). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Frasnian (Upper Devonian), Gogo Formation, Canning Basin, Western Australia. TAXON CODE. — 077. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “With or without (?) a spherical shell, six rays arising from a median microbar, each ray having three apophyses at one or two levels. The apophyses can be elements of mesh forming a very loosely constructed shell or lie free on spines. Microthorns present along the rays and apophyses.” (Won 1997a: 362). REMARKS This genus is assigned to the Family Archaeosemantidae Kozur & Mostler 1981 the definition of which was emended by De Wever et al. (2001).

Deflandrellium Cheng, 1986 Deflandrellium Cheng, 1986: 134. TYPE SPECIES. — Deflandrellium georgesi Cheng, 1986 (Cheng 1986: 134, pl. 7, fig. 7, 13). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Upper Famennian (Upper Devonian), Woodford Formation, Ouachita Mountains, Oklahoma, USA. TAXON CODE. — 224. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Test as with family but possessing five asymmetrically arranged spines on shell surface, and one subapical horn and four feet. Cephalis spherical, perforate having sparsely to densely distributed pores with pore cones. Pylome large, circular with four feet surrounding of which one foot is always slightly higher in position. The narrow pylome is skirt-like, imperforate lacking a marginal fringe.” (Cheng 1986: 134)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 473, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["CHENG Y. - N. 1986. - Taxonomic Studies on Upper Paleozoic Radiolaria. National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan, Special Publication, vol. 1, 310 p."]}

Labyrinthia Maletz & Bruton, 2007 Labyrinthia Maletz & Bruton, 2007: 281. TYPE SPECIES. — Labyrinthia inexpectata Maletz & Bruton, 2007 (Maletz & Bruton 2007: 281, fig. 27A-O). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Isograptus lunatus graptolite zone, Chewtonian-Castlemainian (Lower Ordovician), Valhallfonna Formation, Spitsbergen. TAXON CODE. — 236. STATUS. — Junior synonym of Beothuka Won & Iams, 2011. Won & Iams (2011). DIAGNOSIS. — “Labyrinthine spherical radiolarian with an indistinct microsphere and a variable number of external spines; labyrinthine mesh made of thin, anastomosing bandages.”(Maletz & Bruton 2007: 281)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 476, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["MALETZ J. & BRUTON D. L. 2007. - Lower Ordovician (Chewtonian to Castlemainian) radiolarians of Spitsbergen. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5: 245 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1477201907002039","WON M. Z. & IAMS W. J. 2011. - Earliest Arenig Radiolarians from the Cow Head Group, Western Newfoundland. Journal of Paleontology 85 (1): 156 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 10 - 102.1"]}

Kantollum Cheng, 1986 Kantollum Cheng, 1986: 163. TYPE SPECIES. — Kantollum pittsburgense Cheng, 1986 (Cheng 1986: 164, pl. 2, fig. 4, 8, 22). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Famennian to lower Kinderhookian (Upper Devonian to Lower Carboniferous), Woodford Formation, Ouachita Mountains, Oklahoma, USA. TAXON CODE. — 230. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Test as with subfamily, conical, strongly or weakly lobulate. Four or more lobes with strictures at joints. Single layer of irregularly arranged pore frames; microgranular layer usually covering the spherical to subspherical cephalis. Sturdy apical and/or subapical horns and spines confined to the cephalic wall.” (Cheng 1986: 142)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on pages 474-475, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["CHENG Y. - N. 1986. - Taxonomic Studies on Upper Paleozoic Radiolaria. National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan, Special Publication, vol. 1, 310 p."]}

Archaeocenosphaera Obut & Iwata, 2000 Archaeocenosphaera Obut & Iwata, 2000: 33. TYPE SPECIES. — Archaeocenosphaera muricata Obut & Iwata, 2000 (Obut & Iwata 2000: 34, pl. 1, figs 1-3, 6-7). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Lower Cambrian, Gorny Altai, Southern West Siberia. TAXON CODE. — 050. STATUS. — Junior synonym of Altaiesphaera Obut & Iwata, 2000 (herein). DIAGNOSIS. — “Spheroidal oval radiolarians with one porous cortical shell, 80-100 µm diameter. Internal suture or spicules remain uncertain.” (Obut & Iwata 2000: 33). REMARKS In addition to being a junior synonym of Altaiesphaera, it is also a homonym of a Mesozoic radiolarian genus (type species Archaeocenosphaera ruesti Pessagno & Yang in Pessagno, Six & Yang, 1989)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 433, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["OBUT O. T. & IWATA K. 2000. - Lower Cambrian Radiolaria from the Gorny Altai (southern West Siberia). Novosti Paleontologii i Stratigrafii 2 - 3: 33 - 37.","PESSAGNO E. A., JR., SIX W. M. & YANG Q. 1989. - The Xiphostylidae Haeckel and Parvivaccidae, n. fam, (Radiolaria) from the North American Jurassic. Micropaleontology 35 (3): 193 - 255. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1485682"]}

Apophysiactinia Won, 1997 Apophysiactinia Won, 1997a: 362. TYPE SPECIES. — Apophysiactinia trispinula Won, 1997 (Won 1997a: 364, pl. 6, fig. 13, 14, 17). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Frasnian (Upper Devonian), Gogo Formation, Canning Basin, Western Australia. TAXON CODE. — 077. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “With or without (?) a spherical shell, six rays arising from a median microbar, each ray having three apophyses at one or two levels. The apophyses can be elements of mesh forming a very loosely constructed shell or lie free on spines. Microthorns present along the rays and apophyses.” (Won 1997a: 362). REMARKS This genus is assigned to the Family Archaeosemantidae Kozur & Mostler 1981 the definition of which was emended by De Wever et al. (2001)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 438, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["WON M. Z. 1997 a. - Review of family Entactiniidae (Radiolaria), and taxonomy and morphology of Entactiniidae in the late Devonian (Frasnian) Gogo Formation, Australia. Micropaleontology 43 (4): 333 - 369. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1485930","KOZUR H. W. & MOSTLER H. 1981. - Beitrage zur Erforschung der mesozoischen Radiolarien. Teil IV: Thalassosphaeracea HAECKEL 1862, Hexastylacea HAECKEL 1862 emend. PETRUSEVSKAJA 1979, Sponguracea HAECKEL 1862 emend. und weitere triassische Lithocycliacea, Trematodiscacea, Actinommacea und Nassellaria. Geologisch Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, Sonderband 1: 1 - 208.","DE WEVER P., DUMITRICA P., CAULET J. P., NIGRINI C. & CARIDROIT M. 2001. - Radiolarians in the Sedimentary Record. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 533 p."]}

Cerarchocyrtium Deflandre, 1973 Cerarchocyrtium Deflandre, 1973d: 151. TYPE SPECIES. — Cerarchocyrtium ambiguum Deflandre, 1973d (Deflandre 1973d: 151, pl. 1, fig. 9, pl. 4, fig. 1). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Visean (Lower Carboniferous), Cabrières, Hérault, Montagne Noire, France. TAXON CODE. — 220. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Céphalis sphérique pourvu de deux cornes et d’un podome à 3 pieds avec un pseudo-thorax plus ou moins développé. Système trabéculaire à 5 trabécules.” (Deflandre 1973d: 151). DIAGNOSIS (English translation by J. P. Caulet – RadWorld database). — “Spherical cephalis bearing two horns and a podome with three feet and a more or less well-developed pseudo-thorax. Internal spicule with five spines.”, Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on pages 472-473, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["DEFLANDRE G. 1973 d. - Sur quelques nouvelles especes d' Archocyrtium, radiolaires Pylentonemidae du Viseen de Cabrieres. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris), Serie D: Sciences naturelles 277: 149 - 152. http: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 5474901 n"]}

Aspiculum Won, Iams & Reed, 2005 Aspiculum Won, Iams & Reed, 2005: 441. TYPE SPECIES. — Aspiculum eccentricum Won, Iams & Reed, 2005 (Won et al. 2005: 441, fig. 5.5-5.10a, 5.10b). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Lower-middle Tremadocian (Lower Ordovician), Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland, Canada. TAXON CODE. — 284. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — A spherical to subspherical or oval skeleton with or without pylome and no spicule system. Where the shell wall is spherical, the central (basal layer or innermost layer) part of the shell wall eccentrically developed and the thickness of the shell wall, therefore, varied within a single specimen. A basal layer developed or not, and its meshwork two- or three-dimensionally interwoven. (Won et al. 2005: 441).

Neoaspiculum Won & Iams, 2011 Neoaspiculum Won & Iams, 2011: 165. TYPE SPECIES. — Neoaspiculum headense Won & Iams, 2011 (Won & Iams 2011: 165, fig. 6.1-6.10, 6.12-6.17). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Floian (Lower Ordovician), Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland, Canada. TAXON CODE. — 286. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Spherical pylomate or non-pylomate skeleton consisting of multiple layers, each of which is indistinctly or distinctly separated from the neighboring layer.Meshwork commonly composed of bars, bandages, rarely displaying wide interpore areas, all of these types rarely co-occurring within a specimen. Shape and degree of development of a proloculus variable.” (Won & Iams 2011: 165)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 486, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["WON M. Z. & IAMS W. J. 2011. - Earliest Arenig Radiolarians from the Cow Head Group, Western Newfoundland. Journal of Paleontology 85 (1): 156 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 10 - 102.1"]}

Diploplegma Hinde, 1890 Diploplegma Hinde, 1890: 48. TYPE SPECIES. — Diploplegma cinctum Hinde, 1890 (Hinde 1890: 48, pl. 3, fig. 10). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. —Upper Dapingian-Sandbian, Middle Ordovician from cherts in the Southern Uplands, Scotland. TAXON CODE. — 308. STATUS. — Nomen dubium. DIAGNOSIS. — “Liosphaerida with a relatively large inner (cortical?) test of irregularly reticulate or spongy framework and an outer shell of the same structure, the two connected by radial bars. In this genus the inner test is sufficiently large to be regarded as an inner cortical shell, and in this respect it resembles Liosphaera, Haeckel (‘Challenger’ Report, pt. i. p. 76), which has two cortical shells. It differs from Liosphaera, however, in the irregularly reticulate or spongy nature of tests.” (Hinde 1890: 48). REMARK It is not possible to determine the nature of this radiolarian from the figured specimen., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 490, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["HINDE G. J. 1890. - Notes on Radiolaria from the Lower Palaeozoic rocks (Llandeilo-Caradoc) of the south of Scotland. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 6 (31): 40 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939008693993"]}

Tamonella Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980 Tamonella Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980: 7. TYPE SPECIES. — Tamonella multispinosa Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler, 1980 (Dumitrica et al. 1980: 7, pl. 10, fig. 1, 3, 8). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Upper Anisian – lower Ladinian, Southern Alps, area of Recoaro and Tretto, Italy. TAXON CODE. — 248. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. —“Elongated-ellipsoidal spongy shell.Spongy network arrangedinmanylayers.Microsphereminute.Thenumerous (mostlymore than 10) spines are rather short, needle-like and situated only in the pole areas. They all have nearly the same length” (Dumitrica et al. 1980: 7)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 478, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["DUMITRICA P., KOZUR H. & MOSTLER H. 1980. - Contribution to the radiolarian fauna of the Middle Triassic of the Southern Alps. Geologisch Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck 10: 1 - 46."]}

Neoaspiculum Won & Iams, 2011 Neoaspiculum Won & Iams, 2011: 165. TYPE SPECIES. — Neoaspiculum headense Won & Iams, 2011 (Won & Iams 2011: 165, fig. 6.1-6.10, 6.12-6.17). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Floian (Lower Ordovician), Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland, Canada. TAXON CODE. — 286. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Spherical pylomate or non-pylomate skeleton consisting of multiple layers, each of which is indistinctly or distinctly separated from the neighboring layer.Meshwork commonly composed of bars, bandages, rarely displaying wide interpore areas, all of these types rarely co-occurring within a specimen. Shape and degree of development of a proloculus variable.” (Won & Iams 2011: 165).

Paurinella Kozur & Mostler, 1981 Paurinella Kozur & Mostler, 1981: 49. TYPE SPECIES. — Paurinella curvata Kozur & Mostler, 1981 (Kozur & Mostler 1981: 49, pl. 4, fig. 3, 6). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Anisian-Ladinian, Recoaro, Passo della Gabiola, Italy Taxon code: 246. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Schale spongiös, sphärisch bis subsphärisch, stets mit mehr als 10 konzentrisch angeordneten Schichten um eine winzige Mikrosphäre. Die drei Hauptstacheln sind rund und liegen in einer Ebene, z.T. sind sie gebogen.” (Kozur & Mostler 1981: 49). DIAGNOSIS (English translation J. P. Caulet – RadWorld database). — “Spongy shell, spherical to sub-spherical, invariably with more than ten concentrically arranged spheres around a tiny microsphere. The three main spines are round and are located in a plane, and are sometimes bent.”, Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 478, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["KOZUR H. W. & MOSTLER H. 1981. - Beitrage zur Erforschung der mesozoischen Radiolarien. Teil IV: Thalassosphaeracea HAECKEL 1862, Hexastylacea HAECKEL 1862 emend. PETRUSEVSKAJA 1979, Sponguracea HAECKEL 1862 emend. und weitere triassische Lithocycliacea, Trematodiscacea, Actinommacea und Nassellaria. Geologisch Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, Sonderband 1: 1 - 208."]}

Copiconulus Feng in Feng, He, Gu, Jin & Meng, 2006 Copiconulus Feng in Feng, He, Gu, Jin & Meng, 2006a: 31. TYPE SPECIES. — Copiconulus solidus Feng in Feng, He, Gu, Jin & Meng, 2006 (Feng et al. 2006a: 31, pl. 4, fig. 1-8). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Upper Permian, Dongpan section, southwest Guangxi, South China. TAXON CODE. — 293. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Test coniform, its height nearly equal to or slightly larger than maximum width. Outer shell spongy, with poorly or welldeveloped conical mammae, with or without spines. Pores small and subcircular. Spines short, three-bladed or rod-like. Inner shell small, spherical, spongy, and unclear in structure because of recrystallization. Shells between outer and inner shells thin, close to each other, coniform and connected by fine radial beams.” (Feng in Feng et al. 2006a: 31)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 487, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["FENG Q. L., HE W., GU S., JIN Y. & MENG Y. 2006 a. - Latest Permian Spumellaria and Entactinaria (Radiolaria) from South China. Revue de Micropaleontologie 49: 21 - 43. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. revmic. 2005.11.003"]}

Ellipsocopicyntra Kozur & Mostler, 1989 Ellipsocopicyntra Kozur & Mostler, 1989: 218. TYPE SPECIES. — Ellipsocopicyntra oviformis Kozur & Mostler, 1989 (Kozur & Mostler 1989: 218, pl. 15, fig. 1). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Kungurian, Koshelev Formation, Cis-Urals, Russia. TAXON CODE. — 243. STATUS. — Junior synonym of Copiellintra (by Noble & Jin 2010: 134). DIAGNOSIS. — “Mit den Familienmerkmalen. Gehäuse ellipsoidal. An den Polarregionen (lange Achse) treten 1-2 mehr Schalen auf als äquatorial (kurze Achse). Stacheln zahlreich, dreikantig, über die ganze Schale verteilt. Ausbildung der Mikrosphäre und ihrer unmittelbaren Umgebung nicht bekannt.” (Kozur & Mostler 1989: 218). DIAGNOSIS (English translation by Jörg Maletz). — “As with family, ellipsoidal body. At the polar regions (long axis) occur 1-2 more shells than equatorial (short axis). Spines numerous, triangular, spread over the entire shell. Structure of the microsphere and its immediate surroundings is not known.”, Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 477, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["KOZUR H. W. & MOSTLER H. 1989. - Radiolarien und schwammskleren aus dem Unterperm des Vorurals. Geologisch Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, Sonderband 2: 147 - 275.","NOBLE P. J. & JIN Y. 2010. - Radiolarians from the Lamar Limestone, Guadalupe Mountains, West Texas. Micropaleontology 56 (1 - 2): 117 - 147. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 40607078"]}

Cyrtisphaeractenium Deflandre, 1972 Cyrtisphaeractenium Deflandre, 1972b: 14; 1960: 216 (nomen nudum). TYPE SPECIES. — Cyrtisphaeractenium mendax Deflandre, 1960 (Deflandre 1960: 216, pl. 1, fig. 19, nomen nudum); Deflandre 1972a: 3535, pl. 1, fig. 5-11, pl. 2, fig. 4-5, pl. 3, fig. 1-6; 1972b: 15. AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Visean (Lower Carboniferous), Cabrières, Hérault, Montagne Noire, France. TAXON CODE. — 222. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Céphalis sphérique perforé avec des pores arrondis, largement espacés et peu nombreux, muni de quatre cornes costulées dont l’une est toujours courte et conique et deux autres grandes et non apicales. Ouverture large à bord portant une collerette épaissie, de laquelle partent de longues pointes rapprochées en dents de peigne, avec un podome formé de trois longues cornes tricostulées, droites ou un peu courbées, entre lesquelles subsistent des vestiges souvent très réduits de l’appareil pectiné. Système trabéculaire interne connu seulement par quelques vestiges en tigelles grêles, issues de la base des cornes et franchement dirigées vers le centre.» (Deflandre 1972b: 14). DIAGNOSIS (English translation by Taniel Danelian). — Cephalis spherical, perforated by rounded pores that are not numerous and well-spaced, bearing four costate horns one of which is always short and conical, the two others are large and not apical. The opening is large and bears a thick collar, from which long spikes extend, they are brought together in the form of brush, with a podome that is formed by three long tri-bladed horns, which are straight or slightly curved, through which exist the remains of a pectinate (parallel-ridged) apparatus. The internal spicular (trabecular) system is known only from some remains with slender stalks extending from the base of the horns and truly directed towards the center. ABRIDGED DESCRIPTION (translated from Deflandre [1972b] by J. P. Caulet). — See also Holdsworth (1973)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 473, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["DEFLANDRE G. 1972 b. - Remarques complementaires sur la morphologie et la nomenclature de quelques genres de Radiolaires du Paleozoique. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris), Serie D: Sciences naturelles 275 (1): 13 - 16. http: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 57786873","DEFLANDRE G. 1960. - A propos du developpement des recherches sur les Radiolaires fossiles. Revue de Micropaleontologie 2 (4): 212 - 218.","DEFLANDRE G. 1972 a. - Le systeme trabeculaire interne chez les Pylentonemides et les Popofskyellides, Radiolaires du Paleozoique. Phylogenese des Nassellaires. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris), Serie D: Sciences naturelles 274 (26): 3535 - 3540. http: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 5682741 m","HOLDSWORTH B. K. 1973. - The Radiolaria of the Baltalimani Formation, lower Carboniferous, Istanbul, Paleozoic of Istanbul. Ege Universitesi Fen Fakultesi Kitaplar Serisi (Jeoloji) 40: 117 - 134."]}

Trigonosphaera Feng in Feng, Gu, Jiang & Jin, 2004 Trigonosphaera Feng in Feng, Gu, Jiang & Jin, 2004: 137. TYPE SPECIES. — Trigonosphaera calvata Feng in Feng, Gu, Jiang & Jin, 2004 (Feng et al. 2004: 142, pl. 3, fig. 1-7, pl. 4, fig. 1). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Upper Changhsingian (uppermost Permian), Dongpan section, Dalong Formation, Southern China. TAXON CODE. — 306. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Test consists of a single round-triangular cortical shell, without medullary shell and internal spicule. The shell is composed of two spongy layers. The two layers are similar in thickness, but different in structure: the inner layer is comprised of large, irregular pore frames and the outer layer, of small, irregular pore frames. Numerous beams connect the two layers.” (Feng in Feng et al. 2004: 137). REMARK Some centrally directed remains of the inner layer seem to suggest that there existed a central structure that was later dissolved by fossilization., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on pages 489-490, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["FENG Q. L., GU S., JIANG M. & JIN Y. 2004. - Two new radiolarian genera from the uppermost Permian of southern China. Revue de Micropaleontologie 47 (3): 135 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0035 - 1598 (04) 00033 - 9"]}

Mostlerium Cheng, 1986 Mostlerium Cheng, 1986: 136. TYPE SPECIES. — Mostlerium unicum Cheng, 1986 (Cheng 1986: 136, pl. 4, fig. 7, 8, 20, 23). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Lower Carboniferous, Oklahoma and Arkansas, USA. TAXON CODE. — 226. STATUS. —Junior synonym of Pararchocyrtium Deflandre,1972 (herein). DIAGNOSIS. — “Test as with family [Archocyrtidae] but possessing seven spines on the shell surface; three spines located on the upper hemisphere, of which one slightly lower in position and much shorter; four other spines located on the lower hemisphere surrounding the pylome margin. Cephalis subspherical, perforate having large, circular pylome. Pylome margin having expanded skirt; narrow and imperforate.” (Cheng 1986: 136). REMARKS Noble et al. (2008: 47) note the instability of the position of spines (either as feet or lateral spines) in Pararchocyrtium, and question the validity of using the number of feet as a criterion for genus level distinction in several of the archocyrtid taxa. We synonymize herein., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 474, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["CHENG Y. - N. 1986. - Taxonomic Studies on Upper Paleozoic Radiolaria. National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan, Special Publication, vol. 1, 310 p.","NOBLE P. J., TEKIN U. K., GEDIK I. & PEHLIVAN S. 2008. - Middle to Upper Tournaisian Radiolaria of the Baltalimani Formation, Istanbul, Turkey. Journal of Paleontology 82 (1): 37 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 06 - 046.1"]}

Archaeocenosphaera Obut & Iwata, 2000 Archaeocenosphaera Obut & Iwata, 2000: 33. TYPE SPECIES. — Archaeocenosphaera muricata Obut & Iwata, 2000 (Obut & Iwata 2000: 34, pl. 1, figs 1-3, 6-7). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Lower Cambrian, Gorny Altai, Southern West Siberia. TAXON CODE. — 050. STATUS. — Junior synonym of Altaiesphaera Obut & Iwata, 2000 (herein). DIAGNOSIS. — “Spheroidal oval radiolarians with one porous cortical shell, 80-100 µm diameter. Internal suture or spicules remain uncertain.” (Obut & Iwata 2000: 33). REMARKS In addition to being a junior synonym of Altaiesphaera, it is also a homonym of a Mesozoic radiolarian genus (type species Archaeocenosphaera ruesti Pessagno & Yang in Pessagno, Six & Yang, 1989).

Spongosphaera Won, 1997 Spongosphaera Won, 1997b: 410. TYPE SPECIES. — Spongosphaera grandispongiosa Won, 1997 (Won 1997b: 410, pl. 9, fig. 15-20). TAXON CODE. — 122. STATUS. — Homonym. DIAGNOSIS. — “The skeleton consists of two shells, the outer spongy, the inner a latticed shell, and a six- to eight-rayed internal spicule with a median bar. No inner apophyses are present, but outer apophyses are clearly to faintly developed.” (Won 1997b: 410). REMARKS This is a homonym for the Holocene radiolarian Spongosphaera Ehrenberg, 1847. Plenosphaera Park & Won, 2012 is the replacement name.

Spongosphaera Won, 1997 Spongosphaera Won, 1997b: 410. TYPE SPECIES. — Spongosphaera grandispongiosa Won, 1997 (Won 1997b: 410, pl. 9, fig. 15-20). TAXON CODE. — 122. STATUS. — Homonym. DIAGNOSIS. — “The skeleton consists of two shells, the outer spongy, the inner a latticed shell, and a six- to eight-rayed internal spicule with a median bar. No inner apophyses are present, but outer apophyses are clearly to faintly developed.” (Won 1997b: 410). REMARKS This is a homonym for the Holocene radiolarian Spongosphaera Ehrenberg, 1847. Plenosphaera Park & Won, 2012 is the replacement name., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 447, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["WON M. Z. 1997 b. - The proposed new radiolarian subfamily Retentactiniinae (Entactiniidae) from the late Devonian (Frasnian) Gogo Formation, Australia. Micropaleontology 43 (4): 371 - 418. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1485931","EHRENBERG C. G. 1847. - Uber die mikroskopischen kieselschaligen Polycystinen als machtige Gebirgsmasse von Barbados und uber das Verhaltniss deraus mehr als 300 neuen Arten bestehenden ganz eigenthumlichen Formengruppe jener Felsmasse zu den jetzt lebenden Thieren und zur Kreidebildung. Eine neue Anregung zur Erforschung des Erdlebens. Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Konigliche Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1847: 40 - 60. http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 11226274","PARK I. - Y. & WON M. - Z. 2012. - Tropical radiolarian assemblages from the Lower Carboniferous Delle Phosphatic Member of the Woodman Formation of Utah, USA. Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea 28 (1 - 2): 29 - 101."]}

Robotium Cheng, 1986 Robotium Cheng, 1986: 137. TYPE SPECIES. — Robotium validum Cheng, 1986 (Cheng 1986: 139, pl. 3, fig. 3, 10, 11, 17, 21). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Lower Carboniferous, Oklahoma and Arkansas, USA. TAXON CODE. — 228. STATUS. — Junior synonym of Pararchocyrtium Deflandre, 1972 (herein). DIAGNOSIS. — “Test as with family [Archocyrtidae] but possessing six asymmetrically disposed spines on the shell surface with two subapical horns and four feet.” (Cheng 1986: 137). REMARKS See remarks under Mostlerium. Family POPOFSKYELLIDAE Kozur & Mostler, 1981 emend Cheng (1986), Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 474, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["CHENG Y. - N. 1986. - Taxonomic Studies on Upper Paleozoic Radiolaria. National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan, Special Publication, vol. 1, 310 p.","KOZUR H. W. & MOSTLER H. 1981. - Beitrage zur Erforschung der mesozoischen Radiolarien. Teil IV: Thalassosphaeracea HAECKEL 1862, Hexastylacea HAECKEL 1862 emend. PETRUSEVSKAJA 1979, Sponguracea HAECKEL 1862 emend. und weitere triassische Lithocycliacea, Trematodiscacea, Actinommacea und Nassellaria. Geologisch Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, Sonderband 1: 1 - 208."]}

Totollum Schwartzapfel & Holdsworth, 1996 Totollum Schwartzapfel & Holdsworth, 1996: 142. TYPE SPECIES. — Totollum blomei Schwartzapfel & Holdsworth, 1996 (Schwartzapfel & Holdsworth 1996: 146, pl. 10, fig. 1, 2, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 17). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. — Upper Famennian (Upper Devonian), Woodford Formation, Criner Hills and southern Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma, USA. TAXON CODE. — 232. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Test two-chambered, three-chambered, or multichambered, with or without strictures at joints, conical in shape, non-lobulate to distinctly lobulate in outline. First chamber small, hemispherical with two subapical horns. Horns thorn-like; solid, circular in axial section.Two diametrically opposed lateral rods originating close to base of first chamber, incorporated in the shell wall, and projecting either beyond the very base of the shell or halfway around the shell to form a wing-like structure. Test with single layer of pore frames with circular, elliptical or irregular, worm-like pores; pores usually densely and evenly distributed on the wall surface of the distal chambers. First chamber skeletal elements, extremely delicate, usually not preserved; confined to the interior of the first chamber only.Test with very weakly developed partition(s).” (Schwartzapfel & Holdsworth 1996: 142)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 475, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["SCHWARTZAPFEL J. A. & HOLDSWORTH B. K. 1996. - Upper Devonian and Mississippian radiolarian zonation and biostratigraphy of the Woodford, Sycamore, Caney and Goddard Formations, Oklahoma. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication 33: 1 - 275."]}

Sinosphaera Feng in Feng, Gu, Jiang & Jin, 2004 Sinosphaera Feng in Feng, Gu, Jiang & Jin, 2004: 137. TYPE SPECIES. — Sinosphaera spinosa Feng in Feng, Gu, Jiang & Jin, 2004 (Feng et al. 2004: 137, pl. 1, fig. 1-10, pl. 2, fig. 1-7, pl. 3, fig. 9-12). AGE AND LOCATION OF TYPE MATERIAL. —Upper Changxingian (uppermost Permian), Dongpan section, Dalong Formation, Southern China. TAXON CODE. — 120. STATUS. — Valid. DIAGNOSIS. — “Test consists of a spherical to subspherical, doublelayered cortical shell. Both layers are spongy and connected by numerous beams. The outer layer is thicker than the inner one. Pores on both layers are irregularly arranged. Medullary shell and internal spicule are absent.” (Feng in Feng et al. 2004: 137)., Published as part of Noble, Paula, Aitchison, Jonathan C., Danelian, Taniel, Dumitrica, Paulian, Maletz, Jörg, Suzuki, Noritoshi, Cuvelier, Jessie, Caridroit, Martial & O'Dogherty, Luis, 2017, Taxonomy of Paleozoic radiolarian genera, pp. 419-502 in Geodiversitas 39 (3) on page 447, DOI: 10.5252/g2017n3a4, http://zenodo.org/record/5206585, {"references":["FENG Q. L., GU S., JIANG M. & JIN Y. 2004. - Two new radiolarian genera from the uppermost Permian of southern China. Revue de Micropaleontologie 47 (3): 135 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0035 - 1598 (04) 00033 - 9"]}