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Accurate predictions of radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) levels can help implement measures to reduce exposure and check regulatory compliance. Therefore, this study aims to predict the RF-EMF levels in the medium using an artificial neural network (ANN). The work was conducted at Ondokuz Mayis University, Kurupelit Campus, where the measurement location has line-of-sight to the base stations. Band selective measurements were also performed to assess the contribution of 2G/3G/4G services to the total RF-EMF level, which was found to be the highest among all services within the total band. Long-term RF-EMF measurements were carried out for 35 days within the frequencies of 100 kHz to 3 GHz. Then, an ANN model with Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) and Bayesian Regulation (BR) algorithms was proposed, which utilized inputs from real-time RF-EMF measurements. The performance of the models was assessed in terms of mean squared error (MSE) and regression performance. The average MSE and regression performances of the models were similar, with the lowest testing MSEs of 2.78 × 10−3 and 3.76 × 10−3 for LM and BR methods, respectively. The analysis of the models showed that the proposed models help to predict the RF-EMF level in the medium with up to 99% accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the ever-increasing use of mobile communications in India, health risks associated with exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) transmitted by mobile phones and base stations has become the focus of research. Internationally, there have been numerous studies on RF-EMF risk perception, but this issue is scarcely addressed in India. The present study evaluates the level of risk perception of Indians associated with RF-EMF exposure from mobile phones and base stations and assesses the underlying reasons for their concerns. We conducted a qualitative study on a small group of Indians (n = 25) from varied socioeconomic backgrounds, followed by a large-scale population (n = 500) survey to identify the primary issues of concern. The results show that many participants, irrespective of their social group, have a positive attitude towards mobile phones and are willing to accept the risks of using them, but are against the installation of base stations. Our study confirms that lack of knowledge about mobile communications technology, health concerns about mobile phones and base stations, community concern regarding base station deployment and media influence have a significant impact on risk perception among Indians. Carefully planned communication techniques are required to decrease risk perceptions and increase acceptance of mobile communications infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the potential effects of long-term evolution (LTE) radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on cell proliferation using SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. The growth rate and proliferation of SH-SY5Y cells were significantly decreased upon exposure to 1760 MHz RF-EMF at 4 W/kg specific absorption rate (SAR) for 4 hr/day for 4 days. Cell cycle analysis indicated that the cell cycle was delayed in the G0/G1 phase after RF-EMF exposure. However, DNA damage or apoptosis was not involved in the reduced cellular proliferation following RF-EMF exposure because the expression levels of histone H2A.X at Ser139 (γH2AX) were not markedly altered and the apoptotic pathway was not activated. However, SH-SY5Y cells exposed to RF-EMF exhibited a significant elevation in Akt and mTOR phosphorylation levels. In addition, the total amount of p53 and phosphorylated-p53 was significantly increased. Data suggested that Akt/mTOR-mediated cellular senescence led to p53 activation via stimulation of the mTOR pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. The transcriptional activation of p53 led to a rise in expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21 and p27. Further, subsequent inhibition of CDK2 and CDK4 produced a fall in phosphorylated retinoblastoma (pRb at Ser807/811), which decreased cell proliferation. Taken together, these data suggest that exposure to RF-EMF might induce Akt/mTOR-mediated cellular senescence, which may delay the cell cycle without triggering DNA damage in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing concerns regarding the adverse biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs), which are generated by common electronic devices, on the human brain led us to investigate their impact on Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to establish the effects of RF-EMF on the expression of molecular markers associated with amyloid precursor protein (APP), cell death, and clonogenic survival in HT22 and APP-overexpressing 7w-PSML cells. We compared the effects of RF-EMF at a high specific absorption rate (SAR) level with the neuronal-cell-death-inducing effects of ionizing radiation (IR). RF-EMF exposure (8 W/kg SAR) promoted the protein expression of ADAM10 (-secretase) in the HT22 cells (p < 0.05) and downregulated the APP mRNA level in the 7w-PSML cells (p < 0.01). In contrast, IR (10 Gy) significantly reduced the APP and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) levels without altering their respective mRNA levels in these cells. Interestingly, IR exposure significantly upregulated BACE1 (-secretase) at both the protein and mRNA levels, suggesting adverse effects in AD. IR induced cell death and reduced clonogenic survival in both cell lines. Although RF-EMF (high SAR level) influenced APP processing, it did not induce any deleterious change in either cell line. Thus, further studies are necessary to clarify the influence of RF-EMF on AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the increased public concern about the deleterious biological consequences of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs), the involvement of RF-EMFs in neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD), has received increased consideration. To investigate the effect of long-term RF-EMF exposure on AD progression, we exposed 5xFAD mice to 1950 MHz RF-EMF at a specific absorption rate of 5.0 W/kg for 2 h/day and 5 days/week for 8 months. Behavioral changes were assessed by an open field test and an object recognition memory task after RF exposure was terminated. In addition, cerebral glucose metabolism was analyzed in the brains of the 5xFAD mice using 18F-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography. The hyperactivity-like and anxiolytic behaviors of the 5xFAD mice in open field tests were rescued by RF exposure. Furthermore, long-term RF-EMF exposure improved the cognitive deficits of 5xFAD mice that were observed in the object recognition memory test. Consistent with the behavioral changes, glucose metabolism in the hippocampus and amygdala regions of the brains of 5xFAD mice following RF exposure was significantly increased compared to glucose metabolism in the brains of sham-exposed mice. These data suggest that long-term exposure to RF-EMF might exert beneficial effects on AD in 5xFAD mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] A preliminary job-exposure matrix (JEM) for radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) was created based on self-reported occupational information from a multi-country population-based study of approximately 10,000 participants combined with available measurement data compiled in a source-exposure matrix (spot measurements). In order to address the limited personal occupational RF-EMF measurement data available in the literature, we performed a measurement campaign among workers in various occupations in Spain and France. Personal full-shift measurements were conducted using RadMan 2XT™ (Narda) devices. A worker diary was used to capture information on occupational and background sources of RF exposure during the shift. Inclusion of occupations to be measured was initially based on exposure prevalence and level information in the preliminary JEM and expert judgment. Personal full-shift measurements were conducted among 333 workers representing 46 ISCO88 occupations. Exposure to electric (E) and magnetic (H) fields was infrequent with >99% of measurements below the detection limit of the device (≥1% of the 1998 ICNIRP standards). A total of 50.2% and 77.2% of workers were ever exposed to E and H fields respectively (having at least one recorded 1-second measurement above the detection limit). Workers in elementary occupations, technicians and associate professionals, plant and machine operators and assemblers had somewhat greater numbers of measurements above the detection limit, higher maximum values and longer exposure durations. A small proportion of measurements were ≥100% of the standards, though these exceedances were brief (generally a few seconds in duration). Female workers and workers reporting use of any RF-EMF emitting source were more likely to have a measured exposure to E and H fields. We conducted personal RF-EMF measurements among workers in various occupations in Spain and France. Overall, RF-EMF exposure ≥1 % ICNIRP was infrequent, despite some intermittent exposures ≥100% observed among workers in some occupations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this article was to explore the hypothesis that non-thermal, weak, radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) have an effect on living plants.Subject and methods: In this study, we performed an analysis of the data extracted from the 45 peer-reviewed scientific publications (1996–2016) describing 169 experimental observations to detect the physiological and morphological changes in plants due to the non-thermal RF-EMF effects from mobile phone radiation. Twenty-nine different species of plants were considered in this work.Results: Our analysis demonstrates that the data from a substantial amount of the studies on RF-EMFs from mobile phones show physiological and/or morphological effects (89.9%,p< 0.001). Additionally, our analysis of the results from these reported studies demonstrates that the maize, roselle, pea, fenugreek, duckweeds, tomato, onions and mungbean plants seem to be very sensitive to RF-EMFs. Our findings also suggest that plants seem to be more responsive to certain frequencies, especially the frequencies between (i) 800 and 1500 MHz (p< 0.0001), (ii) 1500 and 2400 MHz (p< 0.0001) and (iii) 3500 and 8000 MHz (p= 0.0161).Conclusion: The available literature on the effect of RF-EMFs on plants to date observed the significant trend of radiofrequency radiation influence on plants. Hence, this study provides new evidence supporting our hypothesis. Nonetheless, this endorses the need for more experiments to observe the effects of RF-EMFs, especially for the longer exposure durations, using the whole organisms. The above observation agrees with our earlier study, in that it supported that it is not a well-grounded method to characterize biological effects without considering the exposure duration. Nevertheless, none of these findings can be directly associated with human; however, on the other hand, this cannot be excluded, as it can impact the human welfare and health, either directly or indirectly, due to their complexity and varied effects (calcium metabolism, stress proteins, etc.). This study should be useful as a reference for researchers conducting epidemiological studies and the long-term experiments, using whole organisms, to observe the effects of RF-EMFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of spatial and temporal trends in the environmental exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) is a key prerequisite for RF-EMF risk assessment studies attempting to establish a link between RF-EMF and potential effects on human health as well as on fauna and flora. In this paper, we determined the validity of RF exposure modelling based on inner-area kriging interpolation of measurements on the surrounding streets. The results vary depending on area size and shape and structural factors; a Spearman coefficient of 0.8 and a relative error of less than 3.5 dB are achieved on a data set featuring a closed measurement ring around a decently sized area (1 km 2 , with an average minimum distance of the encircled area to the ring of less than 100 m), containing mainly low, detached buildings. In larger areas, additional inner-area sampling is advised, lowering the average minimum distance between sampled and interpolated locations to 100 m, to achieve the same level of accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Epidemiological studies on the potential health effects of RF-EMF from mobile phone base stations require efficient and accurate exposure assessment methods. Previous studies have demonstrated that the 3D geospatial model NISMap is able to rank locations by indoor and outdoor RF-EMF exposure levels. This study extends on previous work by evaluating the suitability of using NISMap to estimate indoor RF-EMF exposure levels at home as a proxy for personal exposure to RF-EMF from mobile phone base stations. Methods For 93 individuals in the Netherlands we measured personal exposure to RF-EMF from mobile phone base stations during a 24 h period using an EME-SPY 121 exposimeter. Each individual kept a diary from which we extracted the time spent at home and in the bedroom. We used NISMap to model exposure at the home address of the participant (at bedroom height). We then compared model predictions with measurements for the 24 h period, when at home, and in the bedroom by the Spearman correlation coefficient ( r sp ) and by calculating specificity and sensitivity using the 90th percentile of the exposure distribution as a cutpoint for high exposure. Results We found a low to moderate r sp of 0.36 for the 24 h period, 0.51 for measurements at home, and 0.41 for measurements in the bedroom. The specificity was high (0.9) but with a low sensitivity (0.3). Discussion These results indicate that a meaningful ranking of personal RF-EMF can be achieved, even though the correlation between model predictions and 24 h personal RF-EMF measurements is lower than with at home measurements. However, the use of at home RF-EMF field predictions from mobile phone base stations in epidemiological studies leads to significant exposure misclassification that will result in a loss of statistical power to detect health effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Epidemiological studies on mobile phone radiation typically rely on phone use history. • MOBI-Kids is the first study to estimate RF and ELF dose from wireless phones. • RF and ELF doses vary by age, phone model, communication system and amount of use. • Communication system and location in the brain are key determinants of dose. • Duration and number of calls are likely to be crude proxies of dose. Wireless phones (both mobile and cordless) emit not only radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) but also extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields, both of which should be considered in epidemiological studies of the possible adverse health effects of use of such devices. This paper describes a unique algorithm, developed for the multinational case-control MOBI-Kids study, that estimates the cumulative specific energy (CSE) and the cumulative induced current density (CICD) in the brain from RF and ELF fields, respectively, for each subject in the study (aged 10–24 years old). Factors such as age, tumour location, self-reported phone models and usage patterns (laterality, call frequency/duration and hands-free use) were considered, as was the prevalence of different communication systems over time. Median CSE and CICD were substantially higher in GSM than 3G systems and varied considerably with location in the brain. Agreement between RF CSE and mobile phone use variables was moderate to null, depending on the communication system. Agreement between mobile phone use variables and ELF CICD was higher overall but also strongly dependent on communication system. Despite ELF dose distribution across the brain being more diffuse than that of RF, high correlation was observed between RF and ELF dose. The algorithm was used to systematically estimate the localised RF and ELF doses in the brain from wireless phones, which were found to be strongly dependent on location and communication system. Analysis of cartographies showed high correlation across phone models and across ages, however diagonal agreement between these cartographies suggest these factors do affect dose distribution to some level. Overall, duration and number of calls may not be adequate proxies of dose, particularly as communication systems available for voice calls tend to become more complex with time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) are commonly deployed in various environments. The WLAN data packets are not transmitted continuously but often worst-case exposure of WLAN is assessed, assuming 100% activity and leading to huge overestimations. Actual duty cycles of WLAN are thus of importance for time-averaging of exposure when checking compliance with international guidelines on limiting adverse health effects. In this paper, duty cycles of WLAN using Wi-Fi technology are determined for exposure assessment on large scale at 179 locations for different environments and activities (file transfer, video streaming, audio, surfing on the internet, etc.). The median duty cycle equals 1.4% and the 95th percentile is 10.4% (standard deviation SD = 6.4%). Largest duty cycles are observed in urban and industrial environments. For actual applications, the theoretical upper limit for the WLAN duty cycle is 69.8% and 94.7% for maximum and minimum physical data rate, respectively. For lower data rates, higher duty cycles will occur. Although counterintuitive at first sight, poor WLAN connections result in higher possible exposures. File transfer at maximum data rate results in median duty cycles of 47.6% (SD = 16%), while it results in median values of 91.5% (SD = 18%) at minimum data rate. Surfing and audio streaming are less intensively using the wireless medium and therefore have median duty cycles lower than 3.2% (SD = 0.5–7.5%). For a specific example, overestimations up to a factor 8 for electric fields occur, when considering 100% activity compared to realistic duty cycles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Wound healing (WH) proceeds through four distinct phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Impaired WH may be the consequence of the alteration of one of these phases and represents a significant health and economic burden to millions of individuals. Thus, new therapeutic strategies are the topics of intense research worldwide. Although radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) has many medical applications in rehabilitation, pain associated with musculoskeletal disorders, and degenerative joint disorders, its impact on WH is not fully understood. The process of WH begins just after injury and continues during the inflammatory and proliferative phases. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms by which RF-EMF can improve WH is required before it can be used as a non-invasive, inexpensive, and easily self-applicable therapeutic strategy. Thus, the aim of this study is to explore the therapeutic potential of different exposure setups of RF-EMF to drive faster healing, evaluating the keratinocytes migration, cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression. The results showed that RF-EMF treatment promotes keratinocytes' migration and regulates the expression of genes involved in healing, such as MMPs, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, and pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines, to improve WH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapidly increasing popularity of 5G mobile technology, the effect of radiofrequency radiation on human health has caused public concern. This study explores the effects of a simulated 3.5 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMF) environment on the development and microbiome of flies under intensities of 0.1 W/m2, 1 W/m2 and 10 W/m2. We found that the pupation percentages in the first 3 days and eclosion rate in the first 2 days were increased under exposure to RF-EMF, and the mean development time was shortened. In a study on third-instar larvae, the expression levels of the heat shock protein genes hsp22 , hsp26 and hsp70 and humoral immune system genes AttC , TotC and TotA were all significantly increased. In the oxidative stress system, DuoX gene expression was decreased, sod2 and cat gene expression levels were increased, and SOD and CAT enzyme activity also showed a significant increase. According to the 16S rDNA results, the diversity and species abundance of the microbial community decreased significantly, and according to the functional prediction analysis, the genera Acetobacter and Lactobacillus were significantly increased. In conclusion, 3.5 GHz RF-EMF may enhance thermal stress, oxidative stress and humoral immunity, cause changes in the microbial community, and regulate the insulin/TOR and ecdysteroid signalling pathways to promote fly development. [Display omitted] • Simulating the most representative 3.5 GHz RF-EMF band of 5G in China. • We study the long-term effects of 3.5 GHz RF-EMF on flies' development. • The microbial community may participate in the development under long-term RF-EMF. • It provides a reference for the hidden health effects of RF-EMF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is one of the most inducible proteins to play a cytoprotective role under stressful conditions. Previously we generated hsp 70.1-deficient mice to elucidate the in vivo function of HSP70 in detail. The renal tissues and embryonic fibroblasts of these mice were shown to be more vulnerable to hyperosmotic stress. Since RF (radiofrequency) energy has been suggested to be an environmental stressor, we carried out a study to determine whether sub-chronic RF exposure can cause constitutive induction of a stress response at a cellular and/or molecular level in hsp 70.1-deficient mice due to repeated stimulation. Materials and methods: Eight-week-old hsp 70.1-deficient mice were exposed twice daily for 45 min, with a 15 min interval, 5 days a week for 10 weeks. Whole-body average specific absorption rate was 0.4 W/Kg for fields of both 849 MHz and 1763 MHz. Major tissues were histopathologically analysed, and immunocytochemically evaluated for cell proliferative activity. Apoptosis was investigated by TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. To determine whether RF radiation elicits a stress response, the expression level of heat shock proteins (HSP) and phosphorylation of the stress-activated kinases were also observed by western blots. Results: No difference was observed in the histopathological analysis between sham- and RF-exposed mice. There was no evidence of increased proliferative and apoptotic activities. The levels of HSP90, HSP70, and HSP25 showed no obvious changes. RF exposure did not affect the phosphorylation status of the major stress-activated kinase (MAPK); extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), C-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) or p38 MAPK. Conclusion: The hsp 70.1-deficient mice did not show any significant changes in terms of cell proliferation, apoptosis, or stress response due to exposure of 849 or 1,763 MHz RF fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Personal exposimeters are often used for RF-EMF measurements, but have shortcomings. • We developed a novel on-body calibrated device with distributed sensors (BWDM). • BWDM is designed to minimize body shielding and to use frequency specific antennas. • We measured RF-EMF exposures in parallel with three types of devices. • Exposimeters provide slightly lower exposures but rank averaged exposures accurately. Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) is often measured with personal exposimeters, but the accuracy of measurements can be hampered as carrying the devices on-body may result in body shielding. Further, the compact design may compromise the frequency selectivity of the sensor. The aim of this study was to compare measurements obtained using a multi-band body-worn distributed-exposimeter (BWDM) with two commercially available personal exposimeters (ExpoM-RF and EmeSpy 200) under real-life conditions. The BWDM measured power density in 10 frequency bands (800, 900, 1800, 2100, 2600 MHz, DECT 1900 MHz, WiFi 2.4 GHz; with separate uplink/downlink bands for 900, 1800 and 2100 MHz); using 20 separate antennas integrated in a vest and placed on diametrically opposite locations on the body, to minimize body-shielding. RF-EMF exposure data were collected from several microenvironments (e.g. shopping areas, train stations, outdoor rural/ urban residential environments, etc.) by walking around pre-defined areas/routes in Belgium, Spain, France, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Measurements were taken every 1–4 s with the BWDM in parallel with an ExpoM-RF and an EmeSpy 200 exposimeter. We calculated medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs) and compared difference, ratios and correlations of geometric mean RF-EMF exposure levels per microenvironment as measured with the exposimeters and the BWDM. Across 267 microenvironments, medians and IQR of total BWDM measured RF-EMF exposure was 0.13 (0.05–0.33) mW/m2. Difference: IQR of exposimeters minus BWDM exposure levels was −0.011 (−0.049 to 0.0095) mW/m2 for the ExpoM-RF and −0.056 (−0.14 to −0.017) for the EmeSpy 200; ratios (exposimeter/BWDM) of total exposure had an IQR of 0.79 (0.55–1.1) for the ExpoM-RF and 0.29 (0.22–0.38) for the EmeSpy 200. Spearman correlations were 0.93 for the ExpoM-RF vs the BWDM and 0.96 for the EmeSpy 200 vs the BWDM. Results indicate that exposimeters worn on-body provide somewhat lower total RF-EMF exposure as compared to measurements conducted with the BWDM, in line with effects from body shielding. Ranking of exposure levels of microenvironments showed high correspondence between the different device types. Our results are informative for the interpretation of existing epidemiological research results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of our study was to investigate effects MAPK proteins on hippocampal levels in two-generation male rat brain the prenatally exposure to 2450 MHz radiofrequencyelectromagnetic field (RF-EMF). Methods: Wistar Albino genus 12 female rats and 4 male rats were used this study. They were divided into a control and three exposure groups including a male and three female rats. The exposure groups were exposed by 2450 MHz RFEMF 12h/day through the experiment. Control group was not exposed.1st groups were exposed male rat but not exposed female rats. 2nd groups were exposed both male rat and female rats. 3th groups were not exposed male rat and were exposed female rats. Before 30 days from fertilization was exposed RF for 12 h/day. At the end of 30 days all groups were fertilized. When male rats were two months old, six male rats from each group were sacrificed under general anesthesia and hippocampus was taken. The hippocampal levels of selected kinases of all male rats were measured using Western Blotting technique. The other male and female rats were used in the second generation studies. Results: First generation male rats;There were statistical significantly difference between the control group and exposure groups in pERK level (p<0.05).But there were not statistical significantly difference between the control group and exposure groups in ERK, p38 and p-P38 levels. Second generation male rats;p-ERK and p-P38 MAPK levels were statistical significantly decreased in the 2nd group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Total protein levels were not statistical significantly difference between the control group and exposure groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Study findings confirmed that phosphorylation levels of pERK and p-P38 were significantly increased after EMF exposed in exposure groups. These findings indicated that EMF exposed rats may lead to changes in the function of the MAPK pathway affecting cognitive processes such as learning and memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of mobile phone use has raised questions regarding the possible biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure on oxidative stress and brain inflammation. Despite accumulative exposure of humans to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) from mobile phones, their long-term effects on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the aging brain have not been studied. In the present study, middle-aged C57BL/6 mice (aged 14 months) were exposed to 1950 MHz electromagnetic fields for 8 months (specific absorption rate (SAR) 5 W/kg, 2 h/day, 5 d/week). Compared with those in the young group, levels of protein (3-nitro-tyrosine) and lipid (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal) oxidative damage markers were significantly increased in the brains of aged mice. In addition, levels of markers for DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, p53, p21, γH2AX, and Bax), apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1)), astrocyte (GFAP), and microglia (Iba-1) were significantly elevated in the brains of aged mice. However, long-term RF-EMF exposure did not change the levels of oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptosis, astrocyte, or microglia markers in the aged mouse brains. Moreover, long-term RF-EMF exposure did not alter locomotor activity in aged mice. Therefore, these findings indicate that long-term exposure to RF-EMF did not influence age-induced oxidative stress or neuroinflammation in C57BL/6 mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the prenatal effects of 2450 MHz radiofrequency-electromagnetic field (RFEMF) exposure on development of brain tissue in rat fetus and on histopathological changes in female rats and on hippocampal levels of protein kinases including ERK/ MAPK and p38/38 in male rats. Methods: 12 Wistar Albino female rats (150-250 g) and 4 Wistar Albino male rats (250-350 g) were used this study. They were divided into a control and three exposure groups including a male and three female rats. The exposure groups were exposed by 2450 MHz EMF. Control group was not exposed. 1st groups were exposed male rat but not exposed female rats. 2nd groups were exposed both male rat and female rats. 3th groups were not exposed male rat and were exposed female rats. Exposing time was 12 hours for 30 days. At the end of 30 days all groups were fertilized. Brain of all fetus and all female rats were took 10% formaldehyde for histopathological evaluation. The hippocampal levels of selected kinases of all male rats were measured using Western Blotting technique. Results: There were statistical significant difference between the control group and exposure groups in pERK level (p<0.05).But there were not statistical significant difference between the control group and exposure groups in ERK, p38 and p-P38 levels.The histological appearance of the brain tissue of the control groups was normal. Females and fetuses exposed to EMF had irregular cortex-cellular placement and vascular dilatation in the 1st and 2nd groups compared to the control. Conclusion: Western blot analysis confirmed that the expression of pERK was significantly increased after EMF exposed in exposure rats, and thus can activated the ERK pathway which affected the function of learning and memory in rats. EMF can causes damage to both the fetus and the adult brain. Acknowledgments:This work was supported by the Erciyes University-The Scientific Research Projects of Turkey (ERUBAP); Project number: TCD-2017-7275. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]