93 results on '"RADIO wave propagation"'
Search Results
2. Atmospheric Propagation Modelling for Terrestrial Radio Frequency Communication Links in a Tropical Wet and Dry Savanna Climate.
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Isabona, Joseph, Imoize, Agbotiname Lucky, Ojo, Stephen, Lee, Cheng-Chi, and Li, Chun-Ta
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RADIO frequency , *RADIO (Medium) , *ATMOSPHERIC models , *RADIO wave propagation , *DISTRIBUTION (Probability theory) - Abstract
Atmospheric impairment-induced attenuation is the prominent source of signal degradation in radio wave communication channels. The computation-based modeling of radio wave attenuation over the atmosphere is the stepwise application of relevant radio propagation models, data, and procedures to effectively and prognostically estimate the losses of the propagated radio signals that have been induced by atmospheric constituents. This contribution aims to perform a detailed prognostic evaluation of radio wave propagation attenuation due to rain, free space, gases, and cloud over the atmosphere at the ultra-high frequency band. This aim has been achieved by employing relevant empirical atmospheric data and suitable propagation models for robust prognostic modeling using experimental measurements. Additionally, the extrapolative attenuation estimation results and the performance analysis were accomplished by engaging different stepwise propagation models and computation parameters often utilized in Earth–satellite and terrestrial communications. Results indicate that steady attenuation loss levels rise with increasing signal carrier frequency where free space is more dominant. The attenuation levels attained due to rain, cloud, atmospheric gases, and free space are also dependent on droplet depths, sizes, composition, and statistical distribution. While moderate and heavy rain depths achieved 3 dB and 4 dB attenuations, the attenuation due to light rainfall attained a 2.5 dB level. The results also revealed that attenuation intensity levels induced by atmospheric gases and cloud effects are less than that of rain. The prognostic-based empirical attenuation modeling results can provide first-hand information to radio transmission engineers on link budgets concerning various atmospheric impairment effects during radio frequency network design, deployment, and management, essentially at the ultra-high frequency band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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3. Study of RF waves on plasma.
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Smith, T., Strong, K., Ibenki, S., Sen, S., and Avasthi, D.
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GEOMAGNETISM , *SHORTWAVE radio , *RADIO waves , *RADIO wave propagation , *RADIO frequency , *PLASMA waves - Abstract
The interaction of radio frequency waves as it propagates through a plasma medium – has fascinated the plasma physicists for decades. The ionosphere is crucial for radio wave propagation. Short radio waves reflect from the F-layer and spread over long distances (up to two-three thousand kilometers) due to a high altitude of the layer. Long and medium radio waves propagate in the E- and D-layers. The anisotropy of ionospheric plasma due to the Earth's magnetic field accounts for the presence of two radio wave components, ordinary (O-mode) and extraordinary (X-mode). Powerful, high-frequency (HF) radio waves can be used to temporarily modify the ionosphere. These controlled, active experiments have proven useful both for studies of the natural upper atmosphere through observations of the ionospheric response to HF-induced perturbations, and for basic physics investigations exploiting the ionosphere as a large, natural plasma laboratory-without-walls. Here, we study these wonderful aspects through a student project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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4. Effect of the plasma sheath on the propagation of low frequency radio waves.
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Yang, Xin and Wei, Bing
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PLASMA sheaths , *RADIO waves , *RADIO frequency , *FINITE difference time domain method , *RADIO wave propagation - Abstract
The plasma sheath formed around a hypersonic vehicle traveling through the atmosphere will affect the quality of wireless signals. To fully grasp this effect, it is necessary to comprise the vehicle antennas in the investigations, which is considered in our work. Firstly, the discrete plasma sheath data is generated by using COMSOL. Then, combining the shift-operator Finite-Difference Time-Domain method and numerical methods such as the high-dimensional Lagrange interpolation, an electromagnetic algorithm designed for the discrete plasma sheath data is developed. Based on this, the influence of the plasma sheath on the radio wave propagation is studied under different flight condition. Results show that, due to the influence both of the plasma sheath and of the vehicle antenna, the radio waves exhibit rich propagation behaviors, such as the frequency-band shift and the tail diffraction, etc. Compared with other studies, the results in this paper more approximately reflect the propagation characteristics of radio waves in the hypersonic environment, and can provide a reference for the related applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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5. Secure Vehicular Communications Through Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces.
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Ai, Yun, deFigueiredo, Felipe A. P., Kong, Long, Cheffena, Michael, Chatzinotas, Symeon, and Ottersten, Bjorn
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RADIO wave propagation , *PHYSICAL layer security , *VEHICULAR ad hoc networks , *SIGNAL-to-noise ratio , *INTELLIGENT transportation systems , *RADIO frequency - Abstract
Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) is considered as a revolutionary technique to improve the wireless system performance by reconfiguring the radio wave propagation environment artificially. Motivated by the potential of RIS in vehicular networks, we analyze the secrecy outage performance of RIS-aided vehicular communications in this paper. More specifically, two vehicular communication scenarios are considered, i.e., a vehicular-to-vehicular (V2V) communication where the RIS acts as a relay and a vehicular-to-infrastructure (V2I) scenario where the RIS functions as the receiver. In both scenarios, a passive eavesdropper is present attempting to retrieve the transmitted information. Closed-form expressions for the secrecy outage probability (SOP) are derived and verified. The results demonstrate the potential of improving secrecy with the aid of RIS under both V2V and V2I communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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6. Glow discharge excited at low to high radio frequencies around active dipoles in the ionosphere.
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James, H. Gordon and Yau, Andrew W.
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GLOW discharges , *SHORTWAVE radio , *RADIO wave propagation , *IONOSPHERIC plasma , *RADIO frequency , *IONOSPHERE , *STELLAR luminosity function - Abstract
We present the first space-borne observation of optical emissions of both neutral and ionized argon atoms resulting from a radio-frequency glow discharge (RF-GD) from a sounding rocket payload. The Observations of Electric-field Distributions in the Ionospheric Plasma — a Unique Strategy-C (OEDIPUS-C) payload was designed to separate into two sub-payloads on its up-leg. This separation permitted a number of two-point measurements, including those on radio wave propagation from the active dipole antennas on the upper sub-payload to the synchronized receiving dipoles on the lower sub-payload. A white-light video camera on the lower sub-payload recorded strong luminosity around the active dipoles during the first 15 s after sub-payload separation, when argon gas jets were providing propulsion to separate the two sub-payloads. Parts of the ejected argon appeared as a glowing volume where the large radio-frequency (RF) fields from the two active dipoles excited the optical emission, as the sub-payload separation increased from 2 to 55 m. The shape and intensity of the luminosity were well repeated as a function of the swept frequency (0.025–8.000 MHz), but their frequency dependences were distinctly different from those of sounder-accelerated electrons measured onboard, and deduced to result from the nonlinearity of the glow discharge. The observation is to our knowledge the first of its kind, and is interpreted in terms of a RF-GD energized by the strong near electric fields of the transmitting dipoles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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7. Characterizing the radio quiet region behind the lunar farside for low radio frequency experiments.
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Bassett, Neil, Rapetti, David, Burns, Jack O., Tauscher, Keith, and MacDowall, Robert
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RADIO interference , *RADIO wave propagation , *ELECTRODYNAMICS , *LUNAR surface , *RADIO frequency , *RADIOS - Abstract
Low radio frequency experiments performed on Earth are contaminated by both ionospheric effects and radio frequency interference (RFI) from Earth-based sources. The lunar farside provides a unique environment above the ionosphere where RFI is heavily attenuated by the presence of the Moon. We present electrodynamics simulations of the propagation of radio waves around and through the Moon in order to characterize the level of attenuation on the farside. The simulations are performed for a range of frequencies up to 100 kHz, assuming a spherical lunar shape with an average, constant density. Additionally, we investigate the role of the topography and density profile of the Moon in the propagation of radio waves and find only small effects on the intensity of RFI. Due to the computational demands of performing simulations at higher frequencies, we propose a model for extrapolating the width of the quiet region above 100 kHz that also takes into account height above the lunar surface as well as the intensity threshold chosen to define the quiet region. This model, which we make publicly available through a Python package, allows the size of the radio quiet region to be easily calculated both in orbit or on the surface, making it directly applicable for lunar satellites as well as surface missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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8. Numerical and Experimental Characterization of RF Waves Propagation in Ion Sources Magnetoplasmas.
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Torrisi, Giuseppe, Mascali, David, Sorbello, Gino, Castro, Giuseppe, Celona, Luigi, and Gammino, Santo
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RADIO frequency , *THEORY of wave motion , *ION sources , *COMPUTER simulation , *FINITE element method , *MAGNETIC resonance - Abstract
This paper describes 3-D numerical simulations and radio frequency (RF) measurements of wave propagation in microwave-heated magnetized plasmas of ion sources. Full-wave solution of Maxwell’s equations has been addressed through the finite-element method commercial software COMSOL. Our numerical model takes into account the strongly inhomogeneous and anisotropic magnetized “cold” plasma medium. The simulations reproduce the main features of the wave–plasma interaction of the flexible plasma trap (FPT) that recently came into operations at INFN-LNS. A two-pin RF probe has been ad hoc developed and used as a plasma-immersed antenna for measuring local wave electric fields in the FPT device. The measurements of plasma electron density and RF electric field, performed for different external magnetic field configurations, allowed direct comparison with the assumed simulation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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9. Power Loss in Reverberation Chambers by Antennas and Receivers.
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Cozza, Andrea
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ANTENNAS (Electronics) , *RADIO frequency , *ELECTROMAGNETIC waves , *RADIO wave propagation , *ELECTRIC lines - Abstract
Antennas, and more generally any equipment under test (EUT) capable of coupling to impinging electromagnetic waves, are well-known sources of power loss in reverberation chambers (RCs). As such, it is fundamental to model their contribution to an RC quality factor. The standard model available in the literature is based on power dissipated in loads connected to an antenna. This letter argues about the inaccuracy of this description, where internal dissipation within an antenna (or EUT), associated to potentially low radiation efficiencies, is neglected. An alternative model is validated by showing its self-consistency in predicting change in loading effects as opposed to the standard model. It is expected to have practical importance for tests performed in the low-frequency range of RCs, where antenna-related dissipation is the dominant loss mechanism, and in particular for EUTs which can be expected to display poor radiation efficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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10. Detection, Tracking, and Interdiction for Amateur Drones.
- Author
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Guvenc, Ismail, Koohifar, Farshad, Singh, Simran, Sichitiu, Mihail L., and Matolak, David
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DRONE aircraft , *COMPUTER vision , *RADAR , *RADIO frequency , *RADIO wave propagation - Abstract
Unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones, are expected to play major roles in future smart cities, for example, by delivering goods and merchandise, serving as mobile hotspots for broadband wireless access, and maintaining surveillance and security. The goal of this survey article is to study various potential cyber and physical threats that may arise from the use of UAVs, and subsequently review various ways to detect, track, and interdict malicious drones. In particular, we review techniques that rely on ambient radio frequency signals (emitted from UAVs), radars, acoustic sensors, and computer vision techniques for detection of malicious UAVs. We present some early experimental and simulation results on range estimation of UAVs and receding horizon tracking of UAVs. Finally, we summarize common techniques that are considered for interdiction of UAVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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11. Measurement-based analysis of specular and dense multipath components at 94 GHz in an indoor environment.
- Author
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Hanssens, Brecht, Martínez-Inglés, María-Teresa, Tanghe, Emmeric, Plets, David, Molina-García-Pardo, José-María, Oestges, Claude, Martens, Luc, and Joseph, Wout
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RADIO wave propagation , *SHORTWAVE radio propagation , *RADIO technology , *RADIO frequency , *BANDWIDTHS - Abstract
In this study, the authors present a measurement-based analysis of the indoor radio channel characteristics of both the specular and dense multipath components [specular part of the channel (SMC) and diffuse part of the channel] at 94 GHz within a 3 GHz bandwidth. On the basis of an investigation of the frequency stationarity of this band, they have selected multiple sub-bands to perform their evaluation. A method is developed that allowed for the estimation of the specular propagation paths, after which the remainder is regarded as the diffuse spectrum. Radio channel characteristics such as the path loss, root-meansquare delay spread, and the SMC ratio have been calculated as a function of transmitter-receiver distance, and in the different sub-bands. On the basis of the diffuse spectrum, the behaviour of the reverberation time is analysed for the first time in the 94 GHz band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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12. Elevation Pattern Analysis of Common Passive Bistatic Radar Illuminators of Opportunity.
- Author
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O Hagan, Daniel W., Griffiths, Hugh D., Ummenhofer, S. Martin, and Paine, Stephen T.
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RADIO wave propagation , *ELECTROMAGNETIC wave propagation , *COMPUTER simulation , *RADIO frequency , *RADIO technology - Abstract
In this paper, the elevation coverage of common passive radar illuminators of opportunity is evaluated. In constructing radar performance metrics, it is imperative to include the radiation characteristics of the source, both in azimuth and elevation. Many passive radar performance studies have considered only one plane, the azimuth, neglecting to incorporate the elevation plane in models. The noninclusion of elevation patterns has primarily been due to lack of precise detail of their specification and nature. The authors have consulted the broadcast antenna manufacturing industry and present here transmitter elevation patterns for the three prevalent passive radar illuminators of opportunity: frequency modulation radio, digital audio broadcast, and digital video broadcast terrestrial. The patterns presented are typical of broadcast patterns in use throughout the world. The patterns have already been used by a number of national research institutes for more accurate passive radar system modeling. Simulations will show that airborne targets frequently reside outside of the elevation main lobe, which has direct consequences for target detection performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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13. ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERISTICS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR 5G MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS.
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Ancans, G., Stafecka, A., Bobrovs, V., Ancans, A., and Caiko, J.
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5G networks , *NETWORK performance , *MOBILE communication systems equipment , *RADIO wave propagation , *BANDWIDTHS , *WIRELESS communications , *RADIO frequency - Abstract
One of the main objectives of the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems, also known as IMT-2020, is to increase the current data rates up to several gigabits per second (Gbit/s) or even up to 10 Gbit/s and higher. One of the possibilities to consider is the use of higher frequencies in order to enlarge the available bandwidth. Wider bandwidth is necessary to achieve much higher data rates. It should be noted that wireless broadband transmission technologies require frequencies for their development. The main goal of the research is to investigate the characteristics and requirements of 5G mobile communication systems. The paper provides an insight into deployment scenario and radio wave propagation in frequencies above 24 GHz of IMT-2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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14. Outdoor and indoor sources of residential radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, personal cell phone and cordless phone use, and cognitive function in 5–6 years old children.
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Guxens, Mònica, Vermeulen, Roel, van Eijsden, Manon, Beekhuizen, Johan, Vrijkotte, Tanja G.M., van Strien, Rob T., Kromhout, Hans, and Huss, Anke
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RADIO frequency , *CORDLESS telephones , *COGNITIVE ability , *CHILDREN'S health , *RADIO wave propagation ,ELECTROMAGNETIC fields & health - Abstract
Background Little is known about the exposure of young children to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) and potentially associated health effects. We assessed the relationship between residential RF-EMF exposure from mobile phone base stations, residential presence of indoor sources, personal cell phone and cordless phone use, and children's cognitive function at 5–6 years of age. Methods Cross-sectional study on children aged 5–6 years from the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) study, the Netherlands (n=2354). Residential RF-EMF exposure from mobile phone base stations was estimated with a 3D geospatial radio wave propagation model. Residential presence of indoor sources (cordless phone base stations and Wi-Fi) and children's cell phone and cordless phone use was reported by the mother. Speed of information processing, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and visuomotor coordination was assessed using the Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks. Results Residential presence of RF-EMF indoor sources was associated with an improved speed of information processing. Higher residential RF-EMF exposure from mobile phone base stations and presence of indoor sources was associated with an improved inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility whereas we observed a reduced inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility with higher personal cordless phone use. Higher residential RF-EMF exposure from mobile phone base stations was associated with a reduced visuomotor coordination whereas we observed an improved visuomotor coordination with residential presence of RF-EMF indoor sources and higher personal cell phone use. Conclusions We found inconsistent associations between different sources of RF-EMF exposure and cognitive function in children aged 5–6 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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15. On and Off-Body Radio Channel Performance of a Dual Band and Dual Mode Antenna.
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Khan, Mohammad Monirujjaman
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RADIO wave propagation , *PERFORMANCE evaluation , *ANTENNAS (Electronics) , *WIRELESS communications , *RADIO frequency - Abstract
In this paper, measurement results of onbody radio propagation channels at 2.45 GHz and offbody radio propagation channels at 1.9 GHz using dual band and dual mode (DBDM) antenna are presented. The proposed antenna works at two different frequencies with different radiation modes. Experiments are performed first in the chamber and then in an indoor environment. The path loss has been characterized for ten different on-body radio channels at 2.45 GHz. Five off-body radio channels are studied at 1.9 GHz. The path loss was modeled as a function of distance for onbody radio propagation at 2.45 GHz and off-body radio propagation at 1.9 GHz. For on-body propagation, the path loss exponent is noticed to be 2.48 and 2.22 in the camber and sensor laboratory, respectively. For offbody radio propagation case, the path loss exponent is noticed to be 1.27. The proposed antenna shows very good on-body and off-body radio propagation channel performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
16. Analysis of the wave field mode structure on the Moscow-Akademik Vernadskii Antarctic station superlong path.
- Author
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Krasheninnikov, I., Popov, A., and Stakhanova, I.
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DOPPLER effect , *RADIO frequency , *SIGNAL processing , *FREQUENCY shift keying , *RADIO wave propagation , *IONOSPHERE , *SPECTRUM analysis - Abstract
The Doppler spectrum of an exact time harmonic radio signal for the frequency of 5 MHz on the Moscow-Akademik Vernadskii Ukrainian Antarctic station radio path in November 2002, which had two clearly defined spectral groups, has been analyzed. It is shown that an insignificant frequency shift corresponds to a standard radio wave propagation in a short direct direction. The assumption that the formation of a spectral group with a considerable frequency shift is refraction is theoretically justified based on a simplified model of the morning terminator transition region. The field strength, signal-to-noise ratio, and Doppler frequency shift obtained in the scope of the IRI-2001 extended global ionospheric model for the classical radio wave propagation modes on a superlong radio path are estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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17. Utilization of the MF Band for Providing Digital Radio Services in Greece.
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Papatsoris, A. D. and Varsamis, D.
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INTERNATIONAL broadcasting , *RADIO frequency , *RADIO wave propagation , *SINGLE frequency network , *TELECOMMUNICATION , *RADIO audiences - Abstract
Many national and international broadcasters have recently realized the advantages of a complementary digital broadcast system at lower frequencies and especially below 30 MHz. Nevertheless, the inherent limited fidelity of existing AM services is causing listeners to search for other alternatives. In this paper, the propagation characteristics of the Medium Frequency band are explored for providing acceptable quality digital radio services of nationwide coverage in Greece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
18. Item level characterization of mm-wave indoor propagation.
- Author
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Fuschini, F., Häfner, S., Zoli, M., Müller, R., Vitucci, E., Dupleich, D., Barbiroli, M., Luo, J., Schulz, E., Degli-Esposti, V., and Thomä, R.
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WIRELESS communications , *RADIO wave propagation , *RADIO frequency , *ENERGY bands , *SCATTERING (Physics) - Abstract
According to the current prospect of allocating next generation wireless systems in the underutilized millimeter frequency bands, a thorough characterization of mm-wave propagation represents a pressing necessity. In this work, an 'item level' characterization of radiowave propagation at 70 GHz is carried out. The scattering properties of several, different objects commonly present in indoor environment are investigated by means of measurements carried out in an anechoic chamber. The measured data have been also exploited to tune some parameters of a 3D ray tracing model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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19. Single-sensor RF emitter localization based on multipath exploitation.
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O?connor, Alan, Setlur, Pawan, and Devroye, Natasha
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RADIO frequency , *TIME-of-arrival estimation , *MULTIPATH channels , *RADIO wave propagation , *SIGNAL-to-noise ratio , *RADIO transmitter-receivers - Abstract
This paper considers the problem of passive localization of a wideband RF emitter by exploiting the multipath interaction of the signal with the environment, as occurs in urban settings. The feasibility of localizing using times of arrival (TOAs) of multipath components is examined. Localization of an emitter with a known waveform in a bounded three-dimensional volume, without prior knowledge of the time of emission, is shown to be possible if there are at least five TOAs corresponding to known propagation paths. The primary contribution is a method to correctly associate measured TOAs with scattering surfaces. This method can cope with some unresolved TOAs, as well as spurious TOA measurements (clutter). Simulations are used to test the effects of scene geometry, clutter, and surface roughness on localization performance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
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20. The Effect of Ponderomotive Force of a Laser Pulse on the Frequency Shift of its X-mode Propagation.
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Shahrassai, L., Sobhanian, S., and Khosravi, H.
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PONDEROMOTIVE force , *ULTRASHORT laser pulses , *RADIO frequency , *ELECTRONIC excitation , *SOUND waves , *ELECTROMAGNETIC waves , *WAVE equation , *RADIO wave propagation - Abstract
The ponderomotive force of a laser pulse launched into relatively rarefied plasma excites an ion acoustic wave and an electromagnetic wave inside the plasma. The ion acoustic wave induces some perturbation in the plasma density. The wave equation is written for the ion acoustic wave and the relative density perturbation δn/n is calculated as function of this wave's frequency ωA. The produced electromagnetic wave propagates through the plasma in the presence of a magnetic field both in O(ordinary) and X(extraordinary) modes. In this work estimation is made for the frequency shift of the X-mode propagation due to the density perturbation in relatively rarefied magnetized plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
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21. Stray RF Power Estimates From EC Exploitation During ITER Plasma Operations.
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Gandini, F., Henderson, M., Nazare, C., Darbos, C., Gassmann, T., Purohit, D., and Omori, T.
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RADIO frequency , *FUSION reactors , *TOKAMAKS , *ELECTRIC discharges , *ELECTRIC breakdown , *ABSORPTION , *PLASMA gases , *RADIO wave propagation - Abstract
The EC H&CD system of ITER tokamak is an essential tool for all the phases of ITER operation. Different levels of EC power are required through all the plasma discharge: up to 6.7 MW for assisting the breakdown and burn through, up to 20 MW for current drive and saw-teeth control from the equatorial launcher and up to 20 MW for NTM stabilization from the upper launchers. The assistance to breakdown and burn through is characterized by a very low (if not negligible) RF power absorption by the plasma. A significant level of stray radiation may also arise from partial absorption due to non-optimal plasma parameters and/or wrong injected polarization. The stray power radiated in the vacuum chamber is estimated as a first step toward mitigating potential harmful consequence to in-vessel structures and diagnostics. Power loading of the chamber walls (peek power and average power density for straight beam propagation in the empty chamber) and diffuse stray radiation effects are simulated to infer suitable strategies to avoid damage to first wall and to microwave sensitive components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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22. High frequency fast wave current drive for DEMO.
- Author
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Koch, R., Lerche, E., Van Eester, D., and Nightingale, M.
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RADIO frequency , *TOKAMAKS , *ION cyclotron resonance spectrometry , *ELECTRIC currents , *PLASMA devices , *RELIABILITY in engineering , *VACUUM technology , *RADIO wave propagation , *REFRACTIVE index - Abstract
A steady-state tokamak reactor (SSTR) requires a high efficiency current drive system, from plug to driven mega-amps. RF systems working in the ion-cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) have high efficiency from plug to antenna but a limited current drive (CD) efficiency and centrally peaked CD profiles. The latter feature is not adequate for a SSTR where the current should be sufficiently broad to keep the central safety factor (possibly significantly) above 1. In addition, the fact that the fast wave (FW) is evanescent at the edge limits coupling, requiring high voltage operation, which makes the system dependent on plasma edge properties and prone to arcing, reducing its reliability. A possible way to overcome these weaknesses is to operate at higher frequency (10 times or more the cyclotron frequency). The advantages are: (1) The coupling can be much better (waves propagate in vacuum) if the parallel refractive index n∥ is kept below one, (2) The FW group velocity tends to align to the magnetic field, so the power circumnavigates the magnetic axis and can drive off-axis current, (3) Due to the latter property, n∥ can be upshifted along the wave propagation path, allowing low n∥ launch (hence good coupling, large CD efficiency) with ultimately good electron absorption (which requires higher n∥). Note however that the n∥ upshift is a self-organized feature, that electron absorption is in competition with α-particle absorption and that uncoupling of the FW from the lower hybrid resonance at the edge requires n∥ slightly above one. The latter possibly counterproductive features might complicate the picture. The different aspects of this potentially attractive off-axis FWCD scheme are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
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23. Characterization of Pathloss Using Okumura-Hata Model and Missing Data Prediction for Oman.
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Nadir, Zia and Ahmad, Muhammad Idrees
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RADIO wave propagation , *WIRELESS communications , *GSM communications , *RADIO frequency , *REGRESSION analysis , *SIMULATION methods & models - Abstract
In this chapter we aim to adapt a propagation model for Salalah city (Oman) as we examine the applicability of Okumura-Hata model in Oman in GSM frequency band. The study is a part of an ongoing work by authors, which is being carried out for an urban area on the data obtained from local operator. We accomplished the modification of the model by investigating the variation in pathloss between the measured and predicted values, according to the Okumura-Hata propagation model for a cell in Salalah city and then finding the missing experimental data with cubic regression and spline interpolation. We also verified it by applying the model for other cells. The mean square error (MSE) was calculated between measured path loss values and those predicated on the basis of Okumura-Hata model for an open area. The MSE went up to 6dB, which is an acceptable value for the signal prediction. The model showed a significant difference in an open area that allowed necessary changes to be introduced in the model. Modified equation was also re-verified for another new cell in an open area which gave acceptable results. Theoretical simulation by Okumura-Hata Model and the obtained experimental data is compared and analyzed further using a cubic regression on the set of the experimental data. Scatter plot of the experimental data on pathloss verses distance reveals a third order polynomial trend in the experimental data. Therefore, the cubic regression model was used to estimate the parameters by minimizing the sum of squares of the white noise. The coefficient of determination of this regression suggested that about 90% variation in pathloss can be explained. Theoretical simulation by Okumura-Hata Model and the obtained experimental data is compared and analyzed further using a piece-wise cubic spline to interpolate the set of the experimental data and finding the missing experimental data points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
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24. Precipitation in relation to radio wave propagation studies in India.
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Sarkar, S. K.
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METEOROLOGICAL precipitation , *RAINFALL , *RADIO frequency , *RADIO wave propagation , *ATMOSPHERIC water vapor - Abstract
In this presentation efforts have been made to highlight the research work made on precipitation characterization and its effects on radio wave propagation particularly at frequency above 10 GHz over the Indian subcontinent. The work carried out on attenuation of radio wave due to water vapour, rain and cloud has been highlighted. To evolve better formulations suitable to tropical countries especially for Indian conditions, extensive research efforts are still needed in relation to precipitation effects on radio wave propagation. © 2007 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
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25. Path-sum calculations for rf current drive.
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Belo, Jorge H., Bizarro, Joa˜o P. S., and Rodrigues, Paulo
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RADIO wave propagation , *FOKKER-Planck equation , *RADIO frequency - Abstract
Path sums and Gaussian short-time propagators are used to solve two-dimensional Fokker-Planck models of lower-hybrid (LH) and electron-cyclotron (EC) current drive (CD), and are shown to be well suited to the two limiting situations where the rf quasilinear diffusion coefficient is either relatively small, D[sub rf] ≈ 0.1, or very large, D[sub rf] → ∞, the latter case enabling a special treatment. Results are given for both LHCD and ECCD in the small D[sub rf] case, whereas the limiting situation is illustrated only for ECCD. To check the accuracy of path-sum calculations, comparisons with finite difference solutions are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2001
26. A new global model for the ionospheric F2 peak height for radio wave propagation.
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Hoque, M. M. and Jakowski, N.
- Subjects
- *
IONOSPHERIC radio wave propagation , *RADIO wave propagation , *IONOSPHERIC electron density , *RADIO frequency , *NONLINEAR statistical models , *GLOBAL Positioning System , *IONOSONDES , *MATHEMATICAL models - Abstract
The F2-layer peak density height hmF2 is one of the most important ionospheric parameters characterizing HF propagation conditions. Therefore, the ability to model and predict the spatial and temporal variations of the peak electron density height is of great use for both ionospheric research and radio frequency planning and operation. For global hmF2 modelling we present a nonlinear model approach with 13 model coefficients and a few empirically fixed parameters. The model approach describes the temporal and spatial dependencies of hmF2 on global scale. For determining the 13 model coefficients, we apply this model approach to a large quantity of global hmF2 observational data obtained from GNSS radio occultation measurements onboard CHAMP, GRACE and COSMIC satellites and data from 69 worldwide ionosonde stations. We have found that the model fits to these input data with the same root mean squared (RMS) and standard deviations of 10%. In comparison with the electron density NeQuick model, the proposed Neustrelitz global hmF2 model (Neustrelitz Peak Height Model - NPHM) shows percentage RMS deviations of about 13% and 12% from the observational data during high and low solar activity conditions, respectively, whereas the corresponding deviations for the NeQuick model are found 18% and 16%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Optimum Wireless Powering of Sensors Embedded in Concrete.
- Author
-
Jiang, Shan and Georgakopoulos, Stavros V.
- Subjects
- *
WIRELESS sensor networks , *CONCRETE , *STRUCTURAL health monitoring , *ELECTROMAGNETIC waves , *RADIO frequency , *RADIO wave propagation , *HUMIDITY , *EQUIPMENT & supplies - Abstract
The optimization of wireless powering of sensors embedded in concrete is studied here. Our analytical results focus on calculating the transmission loss and propagation loss of RF waves penetrating into concrete at different humidity conditions. Specifically, this analysis leads to the identification of an optimum frequency range within 20–80 MHz that is validated through antenna coupling full-wave EM simulations. Also, an optimized rectenna is designed in order to calculate the battery charging time. Finally, the effects of reinforced bars to RF power transfer are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Propagation mechanism modelling in the near region of circular tunnels.
- Author
-
Guan, K., Zhong, Z., Ai, B., and Briso-Rodrıguez, C.
- Subjects
- *
RADIO transmitters & transmission , *TUNNELS , *WAVEGUIDES , *RADIO wave propagation , *RADIO frequency , *SOLID geometry , *RADIO broadcasting , *ELECTRICAL conductors - Abstract
Along with the increase in operating frequencies in advanced radio communication systems utilised inside tunnels, the location of the break point is further and further away from the transmitter. This means that the near region lengthens considerably and even occupies the whole propagation cell or the entire length of some short tunnels. To begin with, this study analyses the propagation loss resulting from the free-space mechanism and the multi-mode waveguide mechanism in the near region of circular tunnels, respectively. Then, by conjunctive employing the propagation theory and the three-dimensional solid geometry, a general analytical model of the dividing point between two propagation mechanisms is presented for the first time. Moreover, the model is validated by a wide range of measurement campaigns in different tunnels at different frequencies. Finally, discussions on the simplified formulae of the dividing point in some application situations are made. The results in this study can be helpful to grasp the essence of the propagation mechanism inside tunnels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Tone reservation technique based on geometric method for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing peak-to-average power ratio reduction.
- Author
-
Guel, D., Palicot, J., and Louët, Y.
- Subjects
- *
ORTHOGONAL frequency division multiplexing , *WIRELESS communications , *WIRELESS sensor networks , *ELECTRONIC amplifiers , *RADIO wave propagation , *RADIO frequency , *COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), has recently attracted considerable attention because of its features to combat delay spread or frequency selective fading of wireless or wireline channels. One of the major drawbacks of OFDM is the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) which leads to an inefficient use of high power amplifiers (HPA) in communications systems. The authors first briefly review the principle of geometric method (GM) that they previously proposed. This method has a couple of well identified drawbacks as the necessity of adding a radio frequency (RF) filter, the increasing of power amplifier band and the bit error rate degradation if PAPR is largely mitigated. Consequently we propose in this paper a new method to improve GM performance. This method mixes tone reservation (TR) technique and GM called 'TR-GM' in order to efficiency reduce the high PAPR of OFDM signals. In addition, the proposed TR-GM technique is compared with TR based on second order cone programming ('TR-SOCP') and TR based on the gradient-project ('TR-GP') techniques in terms of PAPR reduction, average power variation and complexity. The comparative study has shown that, the proposed TR technique seems to be a good compromise between PAPR reduction, complexity, and average power variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Inverse problems in cancellous bone: Estimation of the ultrasonic properties of fast and slow waves using Bayesian probability theory.
- Author
-
Anderson, Christian C., Bauer, Adam Q., Holland, Mark R., Pakula, Michal, Laugier, Pascal, Bretthorst, G. Larry, and Miller, James G.
- Subjects
- *
WAVES (Physics) , *SPEED , *ULTRASONIC wave attenuation , *RADIO wave propagation , *RADIO frequency , *SOUND waves - Abstract
Quantitative ultrasonic characterization of cancellous bone can be complicated by artifacts introduced by analyzing acquired data consisting of two propagating waves (a fast wave and a slow wave) as if only one wave were present. Recovering the ultrasonic properties of overlapping fast and slow waves could therefore lead to enhancement of bone quality assessment. The current study uses Bayesian probability theory to estimate phase velocity and normalized broadband ultrasonic attenuation (nBUA) parameters in a model of fast and slow wave propagation. Calculations are carried out using Markov chain Monte Carlo with simulated annealing to approximate the marginal posterior probability densities for parameters in the model. The technique is applied to simulated data, to data acquired on two phantoms capable of generating two waves in acquired signals, and to data acquired on a human femur condyle specimen. The models are in good agreement with both the simulated and experimental data, and the values of the estimated ultrasonic parameters fall within expected ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Variability of gravity wave occurrence frequency and propagation direction in the upper mesosphere observed by the OH imager in Northern Colorado
- Author
-
Dou, Xiankang, Li, Tao, Tang, Yihuan, Yue, Jia, Nakamura, Takuji, Xue, Xianghui, Williams, Bifford P., and She, Chiao-Yao
- Subjects
- *
GRAVITY waves , *MESOSPHERE , *RADIO wave propagation , *RADIO frequency , *UPPER atmosphere observations , *HYDRODYNAMICS - Abstract
Abstract: Based on 5 years of OH imager data between September 2003 and September 2008 over Yucca Ridge Field Station, CO (40.7ºN, 104.9ºW), we presented the variation of gravity wave (GW) occurrence frequency and propagation direction in the upper mesosphere. In summer the GW occurrence frequency was extremely high at above 95% compared to other seasons (around 85%). The GW propagation direction showed a strong northward (poleward) preference in summer and a southward (equatorward) preference in winter. This could be possibly due to ducting of waves in the mesopause thermal structure and wave generation by the strong deep convection located at south side in summer and possible storms located at north side in winter. Westward traveling waves were rare, but eastward were frequent. In addition to seasonal variability, significant interannual variability was also observed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. A New Procedure for Assessing the Sensitivity of Antennas Using the Unscented Transform.
- Author
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deMenezes, Leonardo R. A. X., Soares, Antônio J. M., Silva, Franklin C., Terada, Marco A. B., and Correia, Davi
- Subjects
- *
RADIO direction finders , *REFLECTOR antennas , *ANTENNAS (Electronics) , *RADIO wave propagation , *RADIO frequency , *ELECTROMAGNETISM - Abstract
In this communication, we introduce a new procedure to analyze the sensitivity of antennas. The procedure is based on the method of unscented transform (UT) developed by Julier and Uhlman in 1997. Although the UT is used in control engineering, the method has only recently been applied to electromagnetic (EM) problems. This work describes the application of the UT both for single and multiple random variables cases. The UT method is applied to problems using examples involving different types of antennas. In each example, the UT method is combined with different numerical methods to perform the sensitivity analysis of wire or reflector antennas. In the first example, the results were validated with results from the Monte Carlo technique. The second example investigated the convergence of the UT procedure, and the final example compared UT results with measured data. The main conclusion is that UT is a feasible alternative to the popular Monte Carlo technique, with the advantage of being far less computationally expensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Retrodirective Array Performance in the Presence of Near Field Obstructions.
- Author
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Fusco, Vincent F. and Buchanan, Neil
- Subjects
- *
SCANNING systems , *ANTENNA arrays , *ANTENNAS (Electronics) , *RADIO wave scattering , *RADIO wave propagation , *RADIO frequency - Abstract
We investigate the situation where there are obstructing elements present in the near field of a retrodirective array. We describe three scattering cases, (1) by an array of straight wires, (2) by low loss medium density fibre board partially obscuring the array, and (3) by concrete blocks, totally and then partially obscuring the array. For all scenarios retrodirective action was shown to be able to provide various degrees of automatic compensation for loss in gain relative to that which would have occurred for a conventional (non-retrodirective) array in the presence of the same scattering screens. Gain improvements of up to 10 dB were observed when the retrodirective array was used. In addition we show how the induced variation of received and re-transmited amplitudes across the array, caused by the scattering screens, is the principle mechanism causing deterioration of the retrodirective arrays monostatic response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Optimization and Modeling of Sparse Conformal Retrodirective Array.
- Author
-
Sun, Jim S., Goshi, Darren S., and Itoh, Tatsuo
- Subjects
- *
SCANNING systems , *ANTENNA arrays , *GENETIC algorithms , *RADIO waves , *RADIO wave propagation , *RADIO frequency - Abstract
Conformal scanning arrays are important for scanning ranges beyond ±90 degrees and the retrodirective array (RDA) is known as a promising candidate for this application. We discuss the optimization of a previously realized conformal sparse RDA by means of the genetic algorithm, and the RDA numerical model that is used in this approach. In particular, we improve the numerical model of the RDA by identifying practical factors that previous model failed to account for. The impact of each practical factor on the RDA monostatic pattern is visualized, and the improved model provides much better prediction of the monostatic pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Differentially-Fed Millimeter-Wave Yagi-Uda Antennas With Folded Dipole Feed.
- Author
-
Alhalabi, Ramadan A. and Rebeiz, Gabriel M.
- Subjects
- *
DIPOLE antennas , *ANTENNAS (Electronics) , *RADIO waves , *RADIO frequency , *RADIO wave propagation , *POLARIZATION (Electricity) - Abstract
Differentially-driven Yagi-Uda antennas have been developed for millimeter-wave applications. The antennas are built on both sides of a Teflon substrate (εγ = 2.2). A key design aspect is the use of a folded dipole feed which increases the input impedance from 18Ω (standard dipole case) to 150 Ω and is compatible with coplanar strip lines. A 7-element design results in a gain of 8-10 dB at 22-26 GHz and a cross-polarization level of < -22 dB. The differentially-fed Yagi-Uda antenna with folded dipole results in high radiation efficiency (> 90% at 22-26 GHz) and is suitable for mm-wave point-to-point links communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Landmobile Radiowave Multipaths' DOA-Distribution: Assessing Geometric Models by the Open Literature's Empirical Datasets.
- Author
-
Wong, Kainam Thomas, Yue Ivan Wu, and Abdulla, Minaz
- Subjects
- *
WIRELESS communications , *WIRELESS LANs , *ANALYSIS of variance , *RADIO wave scattering , *RADIO wave propagation , *RADIO frequency - Abstract
"Geometric modeling" idealizes the spatial geometric relationships among the transmitter, the scatterers, and the receiver in a wireless propagation channel—to produce closed-form formulas of various channel-fading metrics (e.g., the distribution of the azimuth angle-of-arrival of the arriving multipaths). Scattered in the open literature are numerous such "geometric models," each advancing its own closed-form formula of a fading metric, each based on a different idealization of the spatial geometry of the scatterers. Lacking in the open literature is a comprehensive and critical comparison among all such single-cluster geometric-model-based formulas of the arriving multipaths' azimuth direction-of-arrival distribution. This paper fills this literature gap. The comparison here uses all empirical data legibly available in the open literature for landmobile wireless radiowave propagation. No one geometric model is best by all criteria and for all environments. However, a safe choice is the model with a Gaussian density of scatterers centered at the transmitter. Despite this model's simplicity of having only one degree of freedom, it is always either the best fitting model or offers an LSE within one third of an order-of-magnitude as the best fitting model for all empirical dataset of all environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Effect of Human Presence on UWB Radiowave Propagation Within the Passenger Cabin of a Midsize Airliner.
- Author
-
Chiu, Simon and Michelson, David G.
- Subjects
- *
ULTRA-wideband antennas , *ANTENNAS (Electronics) , *RADIO wave propagation , *RADIO waves , *AIRCRAFT cabins , *RADIO frequency , *WIRELESS communications - Abstract
We have characterized the effect of human presence on path gain and time dispersion over ultrawideband (UWB) channels within the passenger cabin of a typical midsize airliner. We measured a few hundred channel frequency responses over the range 3.1-6.1 GHz between various locations within a Boeing 737-200 aircraft, with and without volunteers occupying the passenger seats. The links were deployed in a point-to-multipoint configuration with the transmitting antenna along the centre-line of the forward part of the cabin at either the ceiling or headrest level and the receiving antenna at the headrest or armrest level at selected locations throughout the rest of the cabin. As the density of occupancy increased from empty to full, path gain dropped by no more than a few dB on the ceiling-to-headrest paths but dropped by up to 10 dB on the ceiling-to-armrest and headrest-to-armrest paths. The gain reduction reached its maximum at the mid-point of the cabin and decreased thereafter. In all cases, increasing the density of occupancy caused the distance dependence of the rms delay spread to decrease greatly, the decay rate of the scattered components in the power delay profile (PDP) to almost double and the number of significant paths to drop by almost half. The results suggest that human presence substantially affects both path gain and time dispersion within the aircraft and should therefore be considered when assessing the performance of in-cabin wireless systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Development of the CPML for Three-Dimensional Unconditionally Stable LOD-FDTD Method.
- Author
-
Ahmed, Iftikhar, Eng Huat Khoo, and Erping Li
- Subjects
- *
THREE-dimensional display systems , *RADIO waves , *RADIO wave propagation , *RADIO frequency , *FINITE element method , *MATCHED groups - Abstract
A convolutional perfectly matched layer (CPML) is developed for three-dimensional unconditionally stable, locally one dimensional (LOD)-finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The formulation of the LOD-FDTD CPML is derived and numerical results are demonstrated at different positions for different Courant Friedrich Levy numbers in the simulation domain. The method is validated numerically with FDTD-CPML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Optimized Analytic Field Propagator (O-AFP) for Plane Wave Injection in FDTD Simulations.
- Author
-
Tengmeng Tan and Potter, Mike
- Subjects
- *
RADIO waves , *ALIASES & aliasing (Television) , *BEAMFORMING , *RADIO wave propagation , *RADIO frequency , *RADIO wave scattering - Abstract
Optimizations are proposed for the original frequency domain analytic field propagator (AFP) to source plane waves in a 1D/2D/3D total-field scattered-field (TF/SF) FDTD formulation. The proposed technique essentially produces no field leakage error (limited by -300 dB machine precision error) with finite sampling points dictated by temporal aliasing constraints. By taking advantage of the inherent 1D nature of a plane wave, the memory requirements for the original AFP are reduced significantly. The proposed optimized solution (O-AFP) greatly reduces the computational complexity by calculating a number of spatial fields of O(N) rather than O(N2), which then makes the technique practical enough to include fully 3D simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. On the Combination of Tropospheric and Local Environment Propagation Effects for Mobile Satellite Systems Above 10 GHz.
- Author
-
Liolis, Konstantinos P., Panagopoulos, Athanasios D., and Scalise, Sandro
- Subjects
- *
RADIO wave propagation , *RADIO frequency , *RADIO transmitter fading , *ARTIFICIAL satellites , *SHADOWING theorem (Mathematics) , *ATTENUATION (Physics) , *PREDICTION models , *NUMERICAL analysis , *QUANTITATIVE research - Abstract
Land mobile satellite (LMS) channels at the L (1/2 GHz) and S (2/4 GHz) frequency bands are mainly affected by propagation effects due to the local environment of a mobile terminal, such as multipath, shadowing, and blockage. Future systems for mobile satellite services (MSS) will operate at higher frequency bands, such as Ku (12/14 GHz) and Ka (20/30 GHz), where the tropospheric propagation effects also play an important role. Experimental campaigns conducted so far for Ku/Ka-band LMS channels have not considered any possible correlation between the tropospheric and local environment propagation effects. However, recent experimental work has indicated that these fading effects are not independent. As a first analytical approach to this open problem, a novel statistical analysis is presented in this paper. Emphasis is put on Ku/Ka-band LMS channels whose fading events can be modeled by the Ricean distribution with a relatively high K-factor. A novel analytical relationship between the Ricean K-factor and the rain attenuation effects is derived, and based on them, an analytical statistical prediction model for the distribution of the Ricean K-factor is derived. Particular attention is paid to the rainfall spatial inhomogeneity, as well as to the different effects of the climatic area of interest (temperate versus tropical) on the Ricean K-factor statistics. Thus, the presented analysis considers both spatially correlated bivariate lognormal and gamma statistics for the accurate characterization of rain attenuation. The proposed models are flexible and incorporate the impact of several critical operational, climatic, and geometrical parameters of an LMS channel on its multipath behavior under rainfall conditions. Useful numerical results are provided, specific future planned work is outlined, and the need for further experimental verification data is also pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Statistical Characterization of 60-GHz Indoor Radio Channels.
- Author
-
Smulders, Peter F. M.
- Subjects
- *
RADIO frequency , *RADIO stations , *RADIO transmitter fading , *DOPPLER effect , *RADIO wave propagation - Abstract
An extensive review of the statistical characterization of 60-GHz indoor radio channels is provided from a large number of published measurement and modeling results. First, the most prominent driver applications for 60 GHz are considered in order to identify those environment types that need to be characterized most urgently. Large-scale fading is addressed yielding path-loss parameter values for a generic 60-GHz indoor channel model as well as for the office environment in particular. In addition, the small-scale channel behavior is reviewed including the modeling of time-of-arrival and angle-of-arrival details and statistical parameters related to delay spread, angular spread and Doppler spread. Finally, some research directions for future channel characterization are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Three-Dimensional Urban EM Wave Propagation Model for Radio Network Planning and Optimization Over Large Areas.
- Author
-
Cone, Yoann and Lostanlen, Yves
- Subjects
- *
THREE-dimensional display systems , *ELECTROMAGNETIC waves , *RADIO frequency , *RADIO wave propagation , *METROPOLITAN areas , *RADIO transmitter-receivers , *MIMO systems , *STRUCTURAL optimization , *BROADBAND communication systems - Abstract
A new 3-D urban electromagnetic wave propagation model is presented. It provides fast 3-D deterministic predictions in urban radio configurations and over large areas. The various techniques to make it suitable to the network planning and optimization of large wireless networks are described. The resulting radio propagation maps exhibit seamless coverage between the various environments (dense urban, urban, and suburban). The model efficiently addresses all types of outdoor transmitter configurations (macrocells, minicells, microcells, and picocells) and all types of receiver locations (at ground level, over the rooftop, and at high building floors). It predicts the field strength as well as the dominant specular contributions of the impulse responses to build ray spectra (including delays and angles). Thus, the model may also be used to estimate the performances of new radio systems [diversity and multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO)]. The narrowband power prediction of the model is evaluated by comparison with microcell measurements. The evaluation stresses the advantage of 3-D modeling compared with the vertical-plane approach or 2-D ray tracing. Finally, the ability of the model to simulate radio wideband characteristics in a complex environment is demonstrated by comparing delay-spread estimates to measurements collected from a high-macrocell transmitter in a hilly city and to arrival angles collected in a suburban macrocell area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Statistical modelling of radio wave propagation under sporadic E-Layer influence
- Author
-
Sherstyukov, O.N., Akchurin, A.D., and Ryabchenko, E.Yu.
- Subjects
- *
SPORADIC E (Ionosphere) , *STATISTICS , *RADIO wave propagation , *LATITUDE , *IONOSPHERIC electron density , *RADIO frequency - Abstract
Abstract: A technique of modelling the one-hop radio wave propagation at middle latitudes in the presence of sporadic E-Layer is presented. The technique is focused on the performance of the long-term forecast of the maximum usable frequency range and on the increase of the radio communication reliability. Examples of calculation for medium-distance paths are shown. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Empirical Near Ground Path Loss Modeling in a Forest at VHF and UHF Bands.
- Author
-
Meng, Yu Song, Lee, Yee Hui, and Ng, Boon Chong
- Subjects
- *
RADIO wave propagation , *RADIO frequency , *NUMERICAL analysis , *ELECTROMAGNETIC waves , *GROUND-cushion phenomenon , *RADIO waves , *HEAD waves , *PLANTATIONS - Abstract
Near ground radio wave propagation is examined in a tropical plantation experimentally at VHF and UHF bands. The propagation loss with forest depth is empirically analyzed using an integrated model combining both the foliage induced effect and the ground effect. Several well-known empirical foliage models are compared and analyzed. It is observed that the fitted ITU-R model taking into account the ground reflection, can provide a close approximation to the path loss in a tropical palm plantation. However, the accuracy of this model becomes poor when lateral wave dominates in the VHF band. A modification to the ITU-R model is then proposed taking into consideration the lateral wave effect. The modified model is verified using measured and found to have higher accuracy for large foliage depth in the VHF band as compared to the existing empirical foliage models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Requirements for Piezoelectric Thin Film Applications to Radio Frequency Acoustic Wave Devices.
- Author
-
Hashimoto, Ken-Ya, Omori, Tatsuya, and Yamaguchi, Masatsune
- Subjects
- *
THIN films , *PIEZOELECTRIC materials , *FERROELECTRIC crystals , *RADIO frequency , *CRYSTAL grain boundaries , *RADIO wave propagation , *PIEZOELECTRICITY - Abstract
This paper discusses the requirements for piezoelectric thin film applications to radio frequency (RF) surface and bulk acoustic wave (SAW/BAW) devices. First, we survey the basic properties of RF SAW/BAW devices. We then discuss how device performances depend on the acoustic and piezoelectric properties of the piezoelectric thin films. Next, we discuss the effects of crystal grains and their boundaries within the thin films, and show how the binding strength of crystal grains affects the excitation and propagation of acoustic waves. Finally, we present basic design and characterization procedures for an SAW transversal filter employing an AlN/diamond structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Millimeter-Wave Propagation Channel Characterization for Short-Range Wireless Communications.
- Author
-
Suiyan Geng, Kivinen, Jarmo, Xiongwen Zhao, and Vainikainen, Pertti
- Subjects
- *
TELECOMMUNICATION systems , *RADIO wave propagation , *RADIO frequency , *DIFFERENTIABLE dynamical systems , *WIRELESS communications , *ELECTRIC lines , *SHADOWING theorem (Mathematics) , *RADIO broadcasting , *OPTICAL diffraction - Abstract
This paper presents and analyzes the results of millimeter-wave 60-GHz frequency range propagation channel measurements that are performed in various indoor environments for continuous-route and direction-of-arrival (DOA) measurement campaigns. The statistical parameters of the propagation channel, such as the number of paths, the RMS delay spread, the path loss, and the shadowing, are inspected. Moreover, the interdependencies of different characteristics of the multipath channel are also investigated. A linear relationship between the number of paths and the delay spread is found, negative cross correlation between the shadow fading and the delay spread can be established, and an upper bound exponential model of the delay spread and the path loss is developed to estimate the worst case of the RMS delay spread at given path loss. Based on the DOA measurements that are carried out in a room [line of sight (LOS)] and in a corridor with both LOS and nonline-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios, radio-wave propagation mechanisms are studied. It is found that considering the direct wave and the first-order reflected waves from smooth surfaces is sufficient in the LOS cases. Transmission loss is very high; however, diffraction is found to be a significant propagation mechanism in NLOS propagation environments. The results can be used for the design of 60-GHz radio systems in short-range wireless applications [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. A 60 GHz Wireless Network for Enabling Uncompressed Video Communication.
- Author
-
Singh, Harkirat, Oh, Jisung, Kweon, ChangYeul, Qin, Xiangping, Shao, Huai-Rong, and Ngo, Chiu
- Subjects
- *
DIGITAL video , *STREAMING technology , *WIRELESS LANs , *BIT rate , *RADIO frequency , *BANDWIDTHS , *RADIO wave propagation , *DATA transmission systems , *MULTIMEDIA systems - Abstract
Uncompressed high-definition video streaming over wireless personal area networks is a challenging problem because of the high data rate requirement and channel variations. With the advances in RF technology and the huge bandwidth available worldwide in the 57-66 GHz millimeter-wave unlicensed spectrum, mmWave WPANs that can support multigigabit transmission are being developed. However, compared to low-frequency signals (2.4 or 5 GHz), mmWave signals are more fragile; indeed, the propagation losses are significantly higher. In this article we present an mmWave system for supporting uncompressed HD video up to 3 Gb/s. The system includes various efficient error protection and concealment schemes that exploit unequal error resilience properties of uncompressed video. Some of them have been adopted in the emerging 60 GHz WPAN standards such as WirelessHD, ECMA TC48, and IEEE 802.15.3c. Simulations using real uncompressed HD images indicate that the proposed mmWave system can maintain, under poor channel conditions, good average peak-signal-to-noise-ratio and low video quality metric scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Proximity Effects of Metallic Environments on High Frequency RFID Reader Antenna: Study and Applications.
- Author
-
Xianming Qing and Zhi Ning Chen
- Subjects
- *
RADIO frequency identification systems , *EFFECT of radiation on metals , *RADIO frequency , *FREQUENCIES of oscillating systems , *ELECTRIC impedance , *ANTENNAS (Electronics) , *ELECTRIC interference , *RADIO wave propagation , *PARALLEL resonant circuits - Abstract
We study the proximity effects of metallic environments on the performance of high frequency (HF) radio frequency identification (RFID) reader antenna operating at 13.56 MHz. The performance of a typical HF REID reader loop antenna in the proximity of various metal plate configurations is experimentally investigated in terms of resonant frequency, field intensity, and field distribution. The study shows that the presence of the metal plates shifts up the resonant frequency of the antenna and weakens its field intensity. The proximity effects are strongly dependent on the size of the metal plate, distance between the plate and the antenna as well as the orientation of the plate. Such effects greatly degrade the reading range and restrict the co-existence of HF RFID systems. A solution to alleviate the effects is to re-tune or co-design the reader antenna in proximity with the metallic objects based on the information from the study. As an example, a loop antenna is co-designed with a metal plate to configure a metal-backed loop antenna, and optimized for an RFID smart shelf system to restrain the interference and enhance the detection accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Radio-Wave-Propagation Modeling in the Presence of Multiple Knife Edges by the Bidirectional Parabolic-Equation Method.
- Author
-
Oraizi, Homayoon and Hosseinzadeh, Shahram
- Subjects
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RADIO wave propagation , *RADIO waves , *PARABOLIC differential equations , *ELECTROMAGNETIC waves , *RADIO frequency - Abstract
Fast full-wave computation of fields is the main reason for a radio system planner to apply the parabolic-equation method (PEM) for radio-coverage prediction. In this paper, the capability of PEM for the determination of backward electromagnet- ic-field scattering by single and multiple knife edges is investigated. For the wave equation, a suitable solution is considered. Contrary to the available formulations for the PEM, the proposed method includes a backward-propagating term. For both the forward and backward terms, the split-step algorithm is employed. Similar to the terrain-masking method, the effect of edges is exerted by the Fresnel-Kirchhof approximation into the forward-propagating wave. For the backward field, a similar algorithm is derived. Then, an iterative marching algorithm is developed for modeling radio wave propagation over multiple knife edges. Numerical results are compared with those of Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD) and finite-difference time-domain methods for the single-knife-edge problem. In addition, the effect of the backward-propagating field on radio wave propagation is investigated. The effect of edge locations and heights on the backward scattered field and number of computational iterations is studied. It is seen that, for the single knife edge, the backward scattered field depends on the height and location of the edge. The intensity of the backscattered field is a monotonic increasing function of the edge height. In addition, by increasing the edge height, the beam width of the backward scattered field increases. In ranges far from the knife edge in front of it, the field spreads, and its amplitude decreases. For multiple knife edges, it is seen that, in addition to the single backward scattered field, radio-wave-propagation modeling requires multiple forward-backward terms between successive edges. The geometry of the problem determines the required number of terms for sufficient accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. The emergence of the propagation wave vector in high field NMR: analysis and implications.
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NUCLEAR magnetic resonance , *WAVELENGTHS , *RADIO wave propagation , *RADIO frequency , *RADIATION , *PHYSICS experiments , *DIELECTRICS , *MAGNETIC fields - Abstract
At ultra high field strength (>4 T), the RF-wavelength relative to the dimension of the human body leads to significant excitation field (B1) inhomogeneity arising out of wave propagation effects. The excitation field is thus spatio-temporal and in conjunction with the increase in tissue conductivity, wave propagation phenomena can no longer be ignored. We thus find the propagation of radiation at ultra high fields new phenomena commonly observed in quantum optics but traditionally negligible in NMR such as spatio-temporal phase modulation of the excitation field such that the identity between pulse area and flip angle is no longer valid. In this paper, the emergence of field propagation phenomena in NMR experiments is analytically and experimentally demonstrated. It is shown that in addition to the well-studied dielectric resonance phenomena at high magnetic fields, propagation effects transform the excitation pulse into an adiabatic excitation. The high field strength also means that nonlinear effects such as self-induced transparency, propagation phenomena such as transient four wave mixing, are now possible in NMR experiments. It is shown and experimentally demonstrated at 7 T that additional constraints due to phase matching considerations are imposed on the formation of echoes in high field NMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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